(@TEAMFLOOD) Motion in 1D - Aakash RM Modules PDF

Chapter 3
Motion in a Straight Line

Chapter Contents
z Position, Path length and Motion of a body in a straight line is also termed as rectilinear motion.
Displacement
Only one position co-ordinate is required to describe the one dimensional
z Average velocity and motion.
Average speed
POSITION, PATH LENGTH AND DISPLACEMENT
z Instantaneous velocity and
speed (i) Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial and final
positions is known as the magnitude of displacement and it is
z Acceleration directed from initial to final position. Following points should be
noted about displacement.
z Kinematic equations of
uniformly accelerated motion (a) It may be positive, negative or zero.
z Graphs (b) It is the vector from initial position to the final position of the
object.
z Motion under gravity (c) It is not affected by the shift of position of the origin of the
coordinate axes.
z Relative velocity
(d) Displacement of an object is independent of the path followed
by the object.
(e) It has units of length.
(ii) Distance : The total length of actual path traversed by the body
between initial and final positions is called distance.
(a) It is a scalar quantity.
(b) It may be positive or zero (if object at rest), but never be
negative.
(c) Distance  (displacement)
(d) In straight line motion in one direction distance and magnitude
of displacement are equal.
(e) Distance travelled between two positions gives length of actual
path while displacement is length of unique path.
(f) For a moving particle, distance never decreases with time.
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38 Motion in a Straight Line NEET
Example 1 : Displacement of a person moving from A to B along a semicircular path of radius R is 100 m.
What is the distance travelled by him?
Solution : Displacement = 2R
 100 = 2R R
 R = 50 A O B
The distance travelled by the person is R.
So, the distance travelled by the person is 3.14  50 = 157 m
AVERAGE VELOCITY AND AVERAGE SPEED

z Average velocity is defined as the change in the position or displacement
of object divided by the time interval in which the displacement occurs. x
change in position x2  x1
v   x2 P2
total time taken t2  t1
z Average speed is defined as the total path length travelled divided by the
total time interval during which the motion has taken place. x1
P1
t
Total path length t1 t2
Average speed =
Total time interval
Note :
(i) Average speed is a scalar while average velocity is a vector both having same units and
dimensions.
(ii) Average speed of a particle in a given time interval is never less than the magnitude of the average
velocity because distance follows scalar addition while displacement follows vector addition.
(iii) The magnitude of average velocity in an interval need not be equal to its average speed in that interval.
(iv) An object may have varying velocity, without having varying speed, as in case of a uniform circular
motion because velocity can change even by changing direction.
(v) If velocity is constant, then speed will also be constant, but if the speed is constant then velocity
may or may not be constant, as in case of uniform circular motion.
(vi) It is not possible to have a situation in which the speed of the particle is never zero but the
average speed in an interval is zero.
(vii) It is not possible to have a situation in which the speed of a particle is always zero but the average
speed is not zero.
(viii) Average speed or velocity depends on time interval over which it is defined.
(ix) For a given time interval average velocity has single value while average speed can have many values
depending on path followed.
(x) If after motion the body comes back to its initial position then average velocity is zero but the
average speed is greater than zero and finite.
(xi) For a moving body average speed can never be negative or zero (unless t   ) while average
velocity can be zero.
(xii) In general, average speed, is not equal to magnitude of average velocity. However, it can be so if
the motion is along a straight line without change in direction.
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NEET Motion in a Straight Line 39
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED

z The instantaneous velocity of an object at a given instant of time is defined as the limit of
x
average velocity as the time interval t, becomes infinitesimally small i.e., v  lim and the
t  0  t
dx
limit of the ratio x/t as t approaches to zero is called the derivative of x w.r.t. t and is written as .
dt
z Instantaneous speed is magnitude of instantaneous velocity.
Differentiation: Graphically, differentiation means slope of graph at a point on graph.

If y = f(x)
dy
Then = differentiation of y w.r.t. x
dx
dy
represents that how fast y change when we change x
dx
d(xn )
 nx n 1 ; where n is constant
dx
d (au ) du du du dx
a ;  
dx dx dt dx dt
d (uv ) dv du d (u / v ) 1  du dv 
u v ;  2 v dx  u dx 
dx dx dx dx v  
du du / dx

dv dv / dx
d d
(sin x )  cos x ; (cos x )   sin x
dx dx
d d
(tan x )  sec 2 x ; (cot x )  cosec 2 x
dx dx
d d
(sec x )  tan x sec x ; (cosecx )   cot x cosecx
dx dx
d du d 1
(u )n  nu n 1 ; (In u ) 
dx dx du u
d u
(e )  eu
du
Maxima and Minima

It is one of the application of differential calculus. Consider a physical quantity y depends on another
quantity x as shown below. It is clear from the graph at x = x1 and x = x2, the value of y is maximum and
minimum respectively. Now, at both points A and B the angle of tangent with x-axis is zero. Therefore at
both points A and B slope of curve is zero.
y
A
x
O x1 x2
As we know slope of curve gives rate of change of y w.r.t. x. Therefore at x = x1 and x = x2, the slope of graph
is zero.
Remember :
At maxima At minima
dy dy
0 0
dx dx
d 2y d 2y d 2y d  dy 
2
0  0 [where    ; called second order derivative of y w.r.t. x]
dx dx 2 dx 2 dx  dx 
Example 2 : The displacement x of an object is given as a function of time, x = 2t + 3t2

Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the object at t = 2 s
Solution : x = 2t + 3t2
dx
v  2  6t
dt
Substituting the value of t as 2, we get
v=2+62
= 14 m/s
So the instantaneous velocity of the object at time t = 2 s is 14 m/s
ACCELERATION

Time rate of change of velocity is known as acceleration. It is a vector quantity. If v is the change in
velocity in time t, then

v
Average acceleration, a 
t

dv d2 x
Instantaneous acceleration, a   .
dt dt 2
z Uniform Acceleration : If the velocity of the body changes in equal amount during each equal time
interval; then the acceleration of the body is said to be uniform. Acceleration is uniform when neither
its direction nor magnitude change with respect to time.
z Variable Acceleration : If the velocity of body changes by different amounts during equal time interval,
then the acceleration of the body is known as variable acceleration. Acceleration is variable if either
its direction or magnitude or both change with respect to time. A good example of variable
acceleration is the acceleration in uniform circular motion.
Note :
(i) Acceleration may result due to the change in the direction of velocity without any change in the
magnitude of the velocity (i.e., speed)
(ii) If the velocity is zero at an instant, the acceleration need not be zero at that instant as in case
of motion under gravity at the topmost point.
(iii) If a particle has non-zero acceleration its velocity has to vary. (either in magnitude or in direction
or in both)
(iv) There is no definite relation between the direction of velocity vector and the direction of acceleration
vector. So when a particle is in motion, its acceleration may be in any direction.
(v) It is possible that an object can be increasing in speed when its acceleration is decreasing as
in case of a raindrop.
(vi) It is possible that the acceleration of a body changes its direction without its displacement or
velocity changing direction. As in case of accelerating a car and then Braking.
(vii) If the velocity of a particle in straight line motion is zero for a time interval then acceleration has
to be zero at all instant within that time interval.
(viii) The velocity of an object can reverse direction even when the acceleration of the object is
constant. For example, in case of motion under gravity.
(ix) It is not possible to have constant velocity and variable acceleration.
(x) If the magnitude of velocity is constant and only its direction changes with time, then acceleration
is perpendicular to the velocity vector.
(xi) For a particle moving in straight line, its acceleration must be along the same line.
(xii) It is possible to round a curve with constant acceleration as in case of a projectile.
(xiii) When an object is thrown in a direction different from the line of constant acceleration then it
follows a parabolic path.
Integration: Graphically integration means area under the graph.
Fundamental formulae of integration :
n x n 1
1. x dx 
n 1
 c; provided n  – 1
0 x 0 1
2.  dx   x dx  0 1
 x c
3.  u  v  dx  udx   vdx
4.  cudx  c  udx , where c is a constant and u = f(x)
n x n 1
5.  kx k
n 1
c
1
6.  x dx  loge x  c
x
7. e dx  e x  c
ax eax
8. e dx 
a
c
x ax
9. a dx 
loge a
c
10. (i)  sin x dx  – cos x  c
cos nx
(ii)  sin  nx  dx  – n
c
(iii)  cos x dx  sin x  c

sin nx
(iv)  cos  nx  dx  n
c
2
(v)  sec x dx  tan x  c
(vi)  sec x tan x  sec x  c

(vii)  cosec x cot x dx  –cosec x  c
ax  b n 1 ax  b n 1
11.   ax  b  dx 
n
c  c
 n  1 .
d
ax  b   n  1 a
dx
a a log  ax  b 
12.  ax  b  dx   c  log  ax  b   c
d
 ax  b 
dx
Geometrical Significance of Integrals
Suppose the curve for function y = f(x) is as shown in figure.
y
x x
O a x + dx b
b
Let y is value of function at x. So, y dx is area of small strip of thickness dx at distance x and ∫ a
y dx is sum
of the areas of all strips (each of width dx) taken from x = a to x = b.
b
So, ∫ a
y dx represent area under curve from x = a to x = b.
Example 3 : The velocity of an object is changing with time and relation is given by the following equation.
v = 2t + 3t2
Calculate the position of the object from the origin at t = 2 s.
Assume particle to be at origin at t = 0
dx
Solution : We know, v 
dt
So position x is given by x   vdt
2 2t 2 3t 3
=  (2t  3t ) dt    t2  t3
2 3
Substituting the value of t as 2 s, we get
x = (2)2 + (2)3 = 4 + 8 = 12 m
Position of object is 12 m from the origin at t = 2 s.
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
Obtain Equations of Motion Using Calculus Method

1. Derivation of velocity-time relation
By the definition of acceleration, it is the rate of change of velocity,
dv
i.e., a
dt
 dv = adt
Integrating both sides we get
 dv  a  dt
As acceleration is constant therefore, we take it outside the integral. On velocity we take limit u to v
and time from 0 to t
v t
 dv  a  dt
u 0
v
 v u
 at
 v – u = at
or we get v  u  at
2. Derivation of displacement-time relation
Further we know velocity is given by the rate of change of position w.r.t. time
dx
v
dt
We get, vdt = dx
Now in the above equation v is not independent of t. So we replace the value of v by v = u + at and
get
(u + at)dt = dx
Now integrating L.H.S. and R.H.S. from limits 0 to t and x0 to x respectively, we get
t t x
u  dt  a  tdt   dx
0 0 x0
1 2
 ut  at  ( x  x0 )
2
1
or x  x0  ut  at 2
2
3. Derivation of velocity-displacement relation
Again we can write
dv dv dx
a   {Dividing and multiplying by dx}
dt dx dt
dv
 a v
dx
 adx = vdv
Integrating L.H.S. and R.H.S. in limit x0 to x and u to v respectively we get
x v
a  dx   vdv
x0 u
v 2  u2
 a( x  x0 ) 
2
 v 2  u 2  2a( x  x0 )
where (x – x0) is the displacement of the object.
Note : These equations are applicable only when acceleration (a) remains constant in magnitude and
direction both.
GRAPHS
1. Straight line : If the variation of a physical quantity y with other physical quantity x is linear, then it can
be written as
y = mx + C
Here m = tan is called slope of graph with positive x-axis and C is intercept on y-axis
 is the angle measured with positive x-direction
Anticlockwise (+ve) tan (> 90°) = –ve

Clock wise (–ve) tan(– ) = – tan
y y
y
 = +ve  > 90°
 = +ve
tan  = +ve m = tan  = (–ve)
tan = +ve C>0
C>0 C<0
O 
C x
x C x
O O
(1) (2) (3)
y = 0° y = 0 y > 90°

m = tan (0°) = 0 m = tan = 0 m = –ve
y= C
C>0 C<0 C<0
x x
O O
y=–C
x
O
(4) (5) (6)
2. Some important Curves with variable slopes: To calculate slope at any point of curve, draw tangent
at that point of curve. And then measure slope (i.e. tan) of tangent with positive x-direction.
y  < 90° y  < 90° y  > 90°
(+ve) slope P (–ve) slope
P P (+ve) slope
 
x x x
O O O
(1) (2) (3)
y 2
y y
 > 90°
(–ve) slope 2 2 > 1
P2 2 < 1
P m2 > m1 1 m2 < m1
P1 1 P1
x x x
O (4) O (5) O (6)
3. Parabola: If one of the physical quantity y is quadratic and other quantity x linear or vice versa. Then
graph between x and y is parabola.
x  y 2 or x  Cy 2 x  Cy 2 y  x 2 or y  Cx 2
Where C is (+ve) constant C is (+ve) constant C is (+ve) constant
y y
x O
O
O x
(1) (2) (3)
2
y  –x
y 2
y = –Cx
y2 2
O C is (+ve) constant x = Cy
x
O x
(4) (5)
4. Ellipse : If the two quantities x and y are quadratic in any equation. Then graph between x and y is ellipse
The equation of ellipse

y
2 2
x y
2
 2  1and a  b
a b
Minor axis
2b F2 O F1 x
Here F1 and F2 are called Focii of ellipse
–ae ae
2a = length of major axis
2b = length of minor axis 2a

Major axis
b2
z Eccentricity of ellipse e  1  2 (a > b)
a
z Ellipse converts into Circle if a = b
z Area of ellipse A = ab
5. Circle : The general equation of circle (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2 y
r = radius of circle
x1 and y1 are co-ordinates of centre x

(0, 0)
If x1 = 0, y1 = 0 then centre of circle is at origin
And x2 + y2 = r2 (Equation of circle with centre at origin)

6. Hyperbola : The commonly used equation of hyperbola
1 1
(1) xy = C or y  (2) xy 2  C or x 
x y2
Where C is +ve constant Where C is +ve constant
y
y
x
O
x
O
Rectangular hyperbola
z Graphs between different Quantities
1. Position Time Graph : From position time (x – t) graph we can calculate velocity, and position at any
time can be study directly
(1) To calculate displacement, calculate change in Position
(2) To calculate velocity, calculate slope of graph
x x x x
t t t t
O O O O
 = 0°, v = tan = 0  = const.  goes on increasing  goes on decreasing
object at rest a = 0 v = const. v goes on increasing v goes on decreasing
a=0 positive acceleration Negative acceleration
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2. Velocity-time graph : From (v – t) graph

(1) Velocity can be read directly
(2) Displacement : To calculate displacement from (v – t) graph, calculate area under the graph.
(3) Acceleration : To calculate acceleration from (v – t) graph, calculate slope of graph from (+ve)
x-axis.
v v
t t
O O t1 t2
(1) (2)
Velocity v = constant Velocity goes on increasing
Displacement = Area of rectangle Displacement = Area of trapezium
a = tan = 0 Acceleration = Constant
v v
(+) (Increases) (+) (Decreases)
t t
O O
(3) (4)
Displacement = area under graph Acceleration = tan (Positive decreasing)
Acceleration = tan (Increasing) Displacement = area under graph
v v
 > 90
 > 90
O t O t
(5) (6)
Velocity decreases Velocity decreases
Decreasing (–ve) acceleration Increasing (–ve) acceleration
3. Acceleration-time graph  From (a - t) graph we can calculate.

(1) Acceleration at any point (Instantaneous acceleration)
(2) Change in velocity area under (a - t) graph.
a a a
t t t
O O O
(1) (2) (3)
a = constant Increasing acceleration Decreasing Acceleration
v = Area of rectangle v = Area of trapezium v = Area of triangle
Example 4 : A car was moving at a rate of 18 km/h. When the brakes were applied, it comes to rest in a
distance of 100 m. Calculate the retardation produced by the brakes.
Solution : Using the equation of motion
v2 – u2 = 2as …(i)
v = 0, u = 18 km/h = 5 m/s, S = 100 m
So, substituting the values in equation (i) we get
5  5 1
a     0.125 m/s2
2  100 8
So, the retardation produced by the brakes is 0.125 m/s2.
MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
Whenever a body is thrown up or down or released from a height, it falls freely under the effect of gravitational
force of earth. Experiments show that all bodies fall towards earth with same acceleration. This is called
acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by ‘g’.
Its value is g = 9.8 m/s2  10 m/s2.

Here we shall study the motion of a body thrown straight up and allowed to fall freely under gravity.
v=0
Highest point
u u
ta = g td = g
g g
H
u v=u
t=0
Ground
A body is thrown at t = 0 from ground with initial velocity u. The velocity goes on decreasing till it becomes
zero at highest point.
Using v = u + at
0 = u – gt  ta = u/g (time of ascent)
Using v2 – u2 = 2as
02 – u2 = 2 (–g) H
u2 1 2
 H  gta
2g 2
Downward motion (Taking downward direction as positive)

Initial velocity = 0 v = u + at
Final velocity = v v = 0 + gtd
Time of descent = td v = gtd
Displacement = H
Using
1 2
S  ut  at
2
1 2
H 0 g td
2
1 2
From above H  g td  ta = td = u/g  v = u i.e., final speed = initial speed.
2
z Graphs for a Particle Thrown Vertically Upwards with Velocity v0 :

x
v02
2g v v a
v0 v0
t0 2t0
(0, 0) t (0, 0) t (0, 0) t (0, 0) t
t0 2t0 t0 2t 0
v –v0 –g
t0 = g0
Displacement vs. time Velocity vs. time Speed vs. time Acceleration vs. time
Illustration
z Stopping distance : When brakes are applied to a moving vehicle, the distance it travels before stopping
is called stopping distance. It is an important factor for road safety.
We can calculate the stopping distance of a vehicle if we know its initial velocity or braking acceleration that
is caused by the braking by using kinematic equations of motions.
v2 = u2 – 2as
where v = 0, s is the stopping distance, u is initial velocity, a is the retardation produced by brakes
 2as = u2
u2
 s
2a
Stopping distance is proportional to the square of the initial velocity. Stopping distance is an important factor
considered in setting speed limits.
(1) A particle is dropped and another particle is thrown downward with initial velocity u at same instant, then
during fall
(a) Relative acceleration is always zero
(b) Relative velocity is always u.
x
(c) Time at which their separation becomes x is .
u
(2) Two bodies are thrown upwards with same initial velocity with time gap . They will meet after a time t
from projection of first body.
 u
t  
2 g
(3) If a body is projected upward from certain height h with initial speed u, then
(a) Speed at same level is u.
(b) Speed at the ground level is u u

t=0
v  u 2  2gh h
(c) Time require to attain same level

v = u 2 + 2gh
2u
=
g t=T
(d) Total time of flight (T) is obtained by solving the quadratic equation.
1
h = – uT + gT 2
2
(4) If body is moving with constant acceleration then velocity midway between A and B is
u2  v 2 A u C v B v
v 
2 x=0 x = L/2 x=L
(5) If a body starts from rest with acceleration  and then retards to rest with retardation , such that total
time of journey is T.
  
(a) Maximum velocity during the trip v max.    .T v
  
1    2 vmax
(b) Length of the journey L   T .
2  
 x x 
1 2
v
(c) Average velocity of the trip = max. . 1 2
2 t
T
x1  t1 t1 t2
(d)  
x2  t 2 .
(6) When a body is thrown upward so that it takes t seconds to reach its highest point, then
(a) Distance travelled in (t)th second = distance travelled in (t + 1)th second.
(b) Distance travelled in (t – 1)th second = distance travelled in (t + 2)th second.
(c) Distance travelled in (t – r)th second = distance travelled in (t + r + 1)th second.
Note :
z For a body starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration, the ratio of distances covered
in 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, etc. is 12 : 22: 32 etc. i.e., 1 : 4 : 9 etc.
z A body starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration has distances covered by it in 1st,
2nd and 3rd seconds in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 etc. i.e., odd numbers only.
z A body moving with a velocity v is stopped by application of brakes after covering a distance s.
If the same body moves with a velocity nv, it stops after covering a distance n2s by the application
of same brake force.
z If a body is projected upwards or falls freely then the direction of acceleration is downwards in both
cases (downwards).
z In the absence of air resistance, the velocity of projection is equal to the velocity with which the
body strikes the ground.
z In case of air resistance, the time of ascent is less than time of descent for a body projected
vertically upward.
z For a body projected vertically upwards, the magnitude of velocity at any given point on the path
is same whether the body is moving in upwards or downward direction.
z For a freely falling body (starting from rest)
(i) Speed  time
(ii) Speed  Dis tan ce fallen
(iii) Distance fallen  (time)2
z Ratio of maximum heights reached by different bodies projected with velocities u1, u2, u3 etc. is
equal to u12, u22, u33 etc. and ratio of times of ascent is u1 : u2 : u3 etc.
g
z Distance travelled by a freely falling body starting from rest in 1st second is always or 4.9 m,
2
irrespective of height h.
Important Points
z If a body is thrown vertically upwards and retardation due to air resistance (a) is to be taken into account,
then the time of ascent (t1) is less than time of descent (t2) i.e. (t2 > t1).
z If u is initial velocity of projection then
u u2
Time of ascent t1  and h 
(g  a) 2( g  a )
t1
h
u2 1 t2
Time of descent  (g  a )t 22
2(g  a ) 2
u
t2 
(g  a )(g  a )
z If a body is projected vertically upwards, such that it passes through a fixed point P at height (h) after
time t1 and t2 respectively. Then
g
(1) Speed of projection u  (t1  t2 )
2
Hmax
1
(2) Height of the point h  g t1t 2
2
P t1 t2
g
(3) Speed of body at point P, uP  (t2  t1 )
2 h
g t=0
(4) Maximum height reached by body Hmax  (t1  t2 )2
8
g
(5) Height reached by ball above point P  (t2  t1 )2
8
z If two bodies 1 and 2 are projected simultaneously with velocity v1 and v2 respectively, then time of
meeting of bodies.
v1
v1 t=0
t=0 t=0
v1
1 h
h 2
v2
v2 v2
t=0
t=0 2 1 t=0
h h h
t t t
v 2  v1 v 2  v1 v 2  v1
z Time will not be negative. If time is negative then body will not meet.
z A body is thrown vertically upwards, from top of tower reach the ground in time t1. If it thrown vertically
downwards with same height reach ground in time t2. If it fall freely from same height then time taken
to reach ground.
t  t1 t2
EXERCISE
1. A particle moves along a circular path of radius R. The distance and displacement of the particle after one
complete revolution is
(1) 0, 2r (2) 2r, 0
(3) 0, r (4) r, 0
2. A particle starts from the origin, goes along x-axis to the point (10 m, 0) and then returns along the same
line to the point (–10 m, 0). The distance and displacement of the particle during the trip are
(1) 20 m, 0 (2) 30 m, 10 m
(3) 30 m, – 10 m (4) 20 m, – 10 m
3. A person starts walking and comes back to its initial position after 2 h, then which of the following quantity
is zero?
(1) Path length (2) Average speed
(3) Displacement (4) Time
4. A car is moving on a straight road covers one third of the distance with a speed of 20 km/h and the rest with
a speed of 60 km/h. The average speed of the car is
(1) 40 km/h (2) 50 km/h
(3) 36 km/h (4) 55 km/h
5. A car travels half of the distance with constant velocity 40 km/h and another half with a constant velocity of
60 km/h along a straight line. The average velocity of the car is
(1) 24 km/h (2) 48 km/h
(3) 60 km/h (4) 40 km/h
6. The position-time graph of a moving particle is shown. The instantaneous velocity of the particle is negative
at the point
B
Position
C D
A
Time
(1) A (2) B
(3) C (4) D
7. The position-time graphs of two cars A and B are straight lines making angles 30° and 60° with the time axis
respectively. The ratio of velocities of A and B is
(1) 1: 3 (2) 1 : 3
(3) 3 :1 (4) 3 : 1
8. The variation of velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is as shown in the figure given below. The
distance travelled by the particle in 5 s is
A B
20
v (m/s)
10
D E C
0 1 2 3 4 5
t (s)
(1) 60 m (2) 30 m
(3) 40 m (4) 50 m
9. The velocity-time graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown in the figure given below
2 A E F
v (m/s)
1
B D G
0
1 2 3 4 5
–1
t(s)
–2
C
The displacement of the particle in 5 second is
(1) 0.5 m (2) 1 m
(3) 2 m (4) 4 m
10. The ratio of velocity of two objects A and B is 1 : 3. If the position-time graph of object A is inclined to time
axis at 30°, then the position-time graph of object B is inclined to time axis at
(1) 0° (2) 90°
(3) 30° (4) 60°
11. The maximum and minimum values of the function y = x3 – 3x2 + 6 are
(1) 2, 0 (2) 6, 0
(3) 6, 2 (4) 4, 2
2
12. If y  , then the minimum value of y is
sin   3 cos 
(1) 1 (2) 2
1 1
(3) (4)
3 1 2
13. A metallic disc is being heated. Its area A(in m2) at any time t (in second) is given by A = 5t 2 + 4t + 8. The
rate of increase in area at t = 3 s is
(1) 30 m2/s (2) 24 m2/s
2
(3) 65 m /s (4) 34 m2/s
dy
14. y = cos(5 – 3t), =
dt
(1) 5 sin (5 – 3t) (2) 3 sin (5 – 3t)
(3) –5 sin (5 – 3t) (4) –3 sin (5 – 3t)
dx
15.  3x  5 
(1) Not defined (2) ln (3x + 5) + c
ln(3 x  5)
(3) + c (4) 3ln (3x + 5) + c
3
16. A particle starting from rest undergoes a rectilinear motion with acceleration a. The variation of a with time t
is shown below. The maximum velocity attained by the particle during its motion is
10
2
a (m/s )
12
t(s)
(1) 120 m/s (2) 60 m/s
(3) 22 m/s (4) 80 m/s
17. The displacement-time graph of two moving objects A and B are shown in the figure given below. Which of
the following is incorrect?
x
B
A
t
(1) B is moving with constant velocity
(2) A is moving with increasing speed
(3) B is moving with non-zero constant acceleration
(4) Acceleration of A may be constant
18. A body moving with uniform retardation covers 3 km before its speed is reduced to half of its initial value. It
comes to rest in another distance of
(1) 1 km (2) 2 km
1
(3) 3 km (4) km
2
19. A ball is thrown vertically upward with a velocity u from the top of a tower. If it strikes the ground with velocity
3u, the time taken by the ball to reach the ground is
u 2u
(1) (2)
g g
3u 4u
(3) (4)
g g
1 2
20. The displacement of a body is given by s  gt , where g is acceleration due to gravity. The velocity of the
2
body at any time t is
gt 3 gt 2
(1) (2)
6 2
gt
(3) gt (4)
2
21. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a tower with a speed of 100 m/s. It strikes the pond near
the base of the tower after 25 second. The height of the tower is
(1) 500 m (2) 125 m
(3) 625 m (4) 425 m
22. A ball falls freely from rest. The ratio of the distances travelled in first, second, third and fourth second is
(1) 4 : 3 : 2 : 1 (2) 7 : 5 : 3 : 1
(3) 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 (4) 1 : 3 : 5 : 7
23. A ball is thrown vertically upward attains a maximum height of 45 m. The time after which velocity of the ball
become equal to half the velocity of projection? (use g = 10 m/s2)
(1) 2 s (2) 1.5 s
(3) 1 s (4) 0.5 s
24. A car travelling with a velocity of 80 km/h slowed down to 44 km/h in 15 s. The retardation is
(1) 0.67 m/s2 (2) 1 m/s2
(3) 1.25 m/s2 (4) 1.5 m/s2
25. A person driving a car with a speed 72 km/h, suddenly sees a boy crossing the road. If the distance moved
by car, before the person applies brakes is 5 m, the reaction time of the person is
(1) 0.5 s (2) 0.10 s
(3) 10 s (4) 0.25 s
RELATIVE VELOCITY
z When two objects A and B are moving with different velocities, then the velocity of one object A with respect
to another object B is called the relative velocity of object A w.r.t. object B.
Let xA(t) and xB(t) be the positions of A and B respectively at time t, then relative velocity of A w.r.t B is,
d
v AB  [ x A (t )  xB (t )]  v A  v B
dt
Similarly,
vBA = vB – vA
Example 5 : Two trains having lengths 120 m and 100 m are running in the opposite directions with velocities
40 km/h and 50 km/h. In what time they will completely cross each other?
Solution : Relative velocity of one train w.r.t. second = 40 – (– 50) = 90 km/h = 25 m s–1
Total distance travelled = 120 + 100 = 220 m
Distance 220
Time    8.8 s
Velocity 25
EXERCISE
26. Two cars are moving along a straight line in opposite direction with the same speed v. The relative velocity of
two cars w.r.t. each other is
(1) 2 v (2) v
v
(3) (4) Zero
2
27. Two objects A and B are moving with speeds vA and vB respectively in the same direction. The magnitude of relative
velocity of A w.r.t. B is
(1) vA – vB (2) vA + vB
(3) vB – vA (4) vA/vB
28. Two objects A and B are moving in opposite directions with speeds vA and vB respectively, the magnitude of
relative velocity of A w.r.t. B is
(1) vA – vB (2) vA + vB
(3) vA . vB (4) vA/vB
29. The relative velocity of two objects A and B is 10 m/s. If the velocity of object A is 40 m/s then the velocity
with which B is moving is (assume both objects are moving in same direction)
(1) 10 m/s (2) 40 m/s
(3) 30 m/s (4) 15 m/s
30. Two trains are moving in a straight line in the same direction with a speed of 80 km/h. The relative velocity of
one train w.r.t. other is
(1) 80 km/h (2) 40 km/h
(3) Zero (4) 160 km/h
31. Which of the following position-time graphs correctly represents two moving objects A and B with zero relative velocity?
(1) x (m) (2) x (m)
t (s) t (s)
(3) x (m) (4) x (m)
t (s) t (s)
32. A boat takes two hours to travel 8 km down and 8 km up the river when the water is still. How much time
will the boat take to make the same trip when the river starts flowing at 4 kmph?
(1) 2 hour (2) 2 hour 40 minute
(3) 3 hour (4) 3 hour 40 minute
33. On a foggy day, two drivers spot in front of each other when 80 metre apart. They were travelling at 70 kmph
and 60 kmph. Both apply brakes simultaneously which retard the cars at the rate of 5 [m/s2]. Which of the
following statements is correct ?
(1) The collision will be averted (2) The collision will take place
(3) They will cross each other (4) They will just collide
34. Two objects A and B are moving with velocities vA and vB respectively along positive x-axis. If vA < vB then,
which of the following position-time graphs is correctly showing the velocity of A and B?
A
B
B
x (m) x (m) A
(1) (2)
t (s) t (s)
B
B
x (m) A x (m)
(3) (4)
A
t (s) t (s)
35. A taxi leaves the station X for station Y every 10 minutes. Simultaneously, a taxi leaves the station Y also
for station X every 10 minutes. The taxis move at the same constant speed and go from X to Y or vice-versa
in 2 hours. How many taxis coming from the other side will each taxi meet enroute from Y to X ?
(1) 10 (2) 11
(3) 12 (4) 23

t
en
nm nment
sig ssig
As A Assignment
Assignment
5. The numerical ratio of displacement to the distance
SECTION - A
covered is always [NCERT Pg. 41]
NCERT Based MCQs
(1) < 1 (2) = 1
1. A car travels with speed 3 m s–1 for the first half
distance of the journey and with speed 6 m s–1 for (3)  1 (4)  1
the remaining half. What is the average speed of 6. A particle moves for 20 s with speed 6 m/s and
the entire journey? [NCERT Pg. 42] then speed 8 m/s for another 20 s and finally
(1) 6 m s–1 (2) 18 m s–1 moves with speed 10 m/s for next 20 s. What is
the average speed of the particle?
(3) 9 m s–1 (4) 4 m s–1
[NCERT Pg. 42]
2. A car travels from A to B at a speed of 40 km h–1
and returns back on the same track at a speed of (1) 6 m/s (2) 8 m/s
60 km h–1. Average velocity will be (3) 10 m/s (4) Zero
[NCERT Pg. 42] 7. The position of a body moving in a straight line is
(1) 60 km h–1 (2) Zero x = (2t2 + 2t + 9), where x is in metre and t is in
 dx 
(3) 48 km h–1 (4) 50 km h–1 second. The velocity v  v   of the body at
 dt 
3. A particle starts from rest and accelerates t = 1 s is [NCERT Pg. 43]
constantly with a m/s 2 for T second and then (1) 6 m/s (2) 8 m/s
retards uniformly with same rate till it comes to
rest. The position time (x-t) graph of the particle is (3) 4 m/s (4) 2 m/s
best represented by [NCERT Pg. 45] 8. The position of a particle moving along the y-axis
is given as y = 3t – t2, where y is in metre and
x x
t is in second. The time when the particle attains
maximum position in positive y direction will be
[NCERT Pg. 49]
(1) (2)
(1) 1.5 s (2) 4 s
t t (3) 2 s (4) 3 s
T 2T T 2T
9. The acceleration (a)-time (t) graph of a particle
x x moving in a straight line is as shown in figure. At
time t = 0, the velocity of particle is 10 m/s. What
is the velocity at t = 8 s? [NCERT Pg. 45]
t
(3) (4) T 2T 2
a (m/s )
t
T 2T 2
0
4. An athlete completes one round of a circular track t(s)
2 4 6 8
of radius R in 20 s with constant speed. What will –2
be his displacement at the end of 1 minute –4
10 second? [NCERT Pg. 40] –6
(1) Zero (2) 2R (1) 2 m/s (2) 4 m/s
(3) 2R (4) 7R (3) 10 m/s (4) 12 m/s
Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456
10. A body is falling from height h it takes 8 s to reach

SECTION - B
the ground. The time it takes to cover the first one
fourth of height is [NCERT Pg. 50] Objective Type Questions
(1) 4 s (2) 6 s 1. A particle is moving in a straight line such that its
(3) 2 s (4) 5 s displacement (X) is related to time (t) as
X = (3 – 4t + 5t 2)m. The correct velocity-time
3 (v-t) graph will be
2
11. Evaluation of t dt  x , then x will be equal to
v v
0
[NCERT Pg. 48]

(1) (2)
(1) Zero (2) 3
O t O t
(3) 9 (4) 27
12. The three initial and final position of a man on the v v
x-axis are given as [NCERT Pg. 40]
(i) (–4 m, 6 m) (3) (4)
(ii) (4 m, –3 m) O t O t
(iii) (–4 m, 2 m) 2. The velocity-time (v-t) graph for a particle in straight
line motion is given below.
Which pair gives the negative displacement?
v
(1) (i) (2) (ii)
(3) (iii) (4) (i) and (iii) O t
13. Which of the following is a one dimensional
motion? [NCERT Pg. 39]
The corresponding acceleration-time (a-t) graph will
(1) Landing of an aeroplane be
(2) Moon revolving around the earth a a
(3) Motion of wheels of moving car
(4) Train running on a straight track (1) O t (2) O t
14. A 300 m long train is moving with a uniform velocity

of 90 km/h. The time taken by the train to cross a a
another train of length 700 m moving with same
speed in opposite direction is [NCERT Pg. 51] (3) O t (4) O t
(1) 56 s
(2) 68 s 3. A particle is thrown vertically up with initial
(3) 20 s velocity of 60 m/s. The distance covered by the
particle in first two seconds of descent will be
(4) 92 s (take g = 10 m/s2)
15. When a car is stopped by applying brakes, it stops (1) 5 m (2) 15 m
after travelling a distance of 100 m. If speed of car (3) 20 m (4) 40 m
is halved and same retarding acceleration is applied
4. If the initial speed of a particle is u and its
then it stops after travelling a distance of
acceleration is given as a = At 3 , where A is
[NCERT Pg. 50] constant and t is time, then its final speed v will
be given as
(1) 25 m
(2) 50 m At 4
(1) u + At4 (2) u 
4
(3) 75 m
At 3
(4) 100 m (3) u + At3 (4) u 
3
5. A car moving with speed v on a straight track can 9. If velocity v of a particle moving on a straight line
be stopped in a distance x by applying brakes. If as a function of time t is given as v = 5 – t (m/s)
same car is moving with speed 2v and brakes then the distance covered by the particle in first
provide half the retardation then car will stop after 10 s is
travelling distance (1) 5 m (2) 15 m
x x (3) 25 m (4) 50 m
(1) (2)
4 2
10. The position-time (x-t) graph for a particle moving
x along x-axis is as shown. Average speed of the
(3) (4) 8x
8 particle between t = 0 to t = 8 s is
6. A ball is projected vertically upwards. Its speed at
half of maximum height is 30 m/s. Maximum height x(m)
attained by the ball is 10
(1) 60 m 5
(2) 40 m
(3) 30 m 0 2 4 6 8 t(s)
(4) 90 m
(1) Zero (2) 8 m/s
7. Two cars A and B are approaching each other
head-on with speeds 20 m/s and 10 m/s (3) 3.75 m/s (4) 4.25 m/s
respectively. When their separation is X then A and 11. Two trains each of length 150 m are moving in
B start braking at 4 m/s2 and 2m/s2 respectively. opposite direction at 36 km/hr and 72 km/hr
Minimum value of X to avoid collision is respectively. Time taken by them to just cross
(1) 60 m each other completely is
(2) 75 m (1) 4 s (2) 6 s
(3) 80 m (3) 8 s (4) 10 s
(4) 90 m 12. If the speed-position (v-x) relation of a particle
8. The acceleration-time (a-t) graph for a particle moving in a straight line is given as v2 = a – bx2
moving along x-axis is as shown in figure (where a and b are constants) then the
acceleration of the particle is proportional to
a (1) x4 (2) x
(3) x3 (4) x2
O t 13. A particle moves from x = +3 m to x = +6 m and
then to x = –2 m along x-axis. Total distance
covered and displacement are respectively
(1) –5 m, –5 m
The corresponding position-time (x-t) graph of the (2) 5 m, –5 m
particle may be represented by
(3) 11 m, 5 m
x x
(4) 11 m, –5 m
14. Choose the correct statement.
(1) (2)
O t O t (1) Average velocity is a vector quantity
x x (2) Average speed does not have direction
(3) Distance covered cannot be less than the
(3) (4) magnitude of displacement
O t O t (4) All of these
15. Galileo’s law of odd numbers reflects that a particle 22. A person takes T 1 second on the stationary
starting from rest with uniform acceleration covers escalator to cover some distance. The person
distance (in equal time intervals in straight line takes T2 second in the moving escalator to cover
motion) in the ratio same distance by same velocity. If person is at
rest on the escalator then time taken by him to
(1) 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 (2) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
cover same distance is
(3) 1 : 2 : 4 : 8 (4) 1 : 3 : 5 : 7
T2 T1 T2 T1
16. If a particle is at rest then it (1) T  T (2)
2 1 T2  T1
(1) May be accelerated
T2 T1 T2  T1
(2) Must be accelerated (3) (4)
T1  T2 2
(3) May not be accelerated
23. Acceleration of a body is given by the equation
(4) Both (1) and (3) a = (4 – 3v) m/s2. Speed v is in m/s and t is in
second. If initial velocity is zero then terminal
17. A particle at rest, falls under gravity (g = 9.8 m/s2)
velocity of the body is
such that it travels 53.9 m in last second of its
journey. Total time of fall is
4 3
(1) 4 s (2) 5 s (1) m/s (2) m/s
3 4
(3) 6 s (4) 7 s (3) 4 m/s (4) Infinite
18. An object moves along x-axis such that its position
24. Two graphs between velocity and time of particles
varying with time t is given as x = 4t – t2 (x is in
A and B are given. The ratio of their acceleration
metre and time t in second). The distance travelled
by the object from t = 0 to t = 3 s is aA
aB is
(1) 3 m (2) 5 m
(3) 12 m (4) 21 m Velocity (m/s)
19. A body moving along straight line covers a distance A
in three equal parts with speed 2 m/s, 3 m/s and B
45°
4 m/s, then its average speed is
30°
13
(1) 12 m/s (2) m/s
12 Time (s)
O
36 12 3 1
(3) m/s (4) m/s (1) (2)
13 13 2 3
20. The velocity of a particle moving in positive x-axis 2
is according to relation v = 4 x . If at t = 0
(3) 3 (4)
3
particle is at x = 0, then the velocity and 25. Figure given below shows the graph of velocity v of
acceleration at t = 2s are given as particle moving along x-axis as a function of time t.
(1) 4 m/s, 4 m/s2 (2) 2 m/s, 2 m/s2 Average acceleration during t = 1 s to t = 7 s is
(3) 2 m/s, 4 m/s2 (4) 4 m/s, 2 m/s2
v (m/s)
21. A body moving with uniform acceleration is having
velocity 2 m/s and 8 m/s at t = 1 s and t = 4 s 30
respectively. Then average velocity of particle in the
time interval t = 1 s to t = 4 s is 20
(1) 2 m/s
0 t (s)
2 6 8
(2) 3 m/s
(3) 5/3 m/s (1) 1.5 m/s2 (2) 1 m/s2
(4) 5 m/s (3) 2 m/s2 (4) 2.5 m/s2
6. A stone falls freely under gravity. It covers distances
SECTION - C
h1, h 2 and h 3 in the first 5 seconds, the next
Previous Years Questions 5 seconds and the next 5 seconds respectively. The
1. A person travelling in a straight line moves with a relation between h1, h2 and h3 is [NEET-2013]
constant velocity v1 for certain distance ‘x’ and with h2 h3
a constant velocity v2 for next equal distance. The (1) h1  
3 5
average velocity v is given by the relation
(2) h2 = 3h1 and h3 = 3h2
[NEET-2019 (Odisha)]
(3) h1 = h2 = h3
1 1 1 2 1 1
(1) v  v  v (2) v  v  v (4) h1 = 2h2 = 3h3
1 2 1 2
7. The motion of a particle along a straight line is
v v1  v 2
(3)  (4) v  v 1 v 2 described by equation x = 8 + 12t – t3, where x is
2 2
in metre and t in second. The retardation of the
2. Preeti reached the metro station and found that the particle when its velocity becomes zero is
escalator was not working. She walked up the
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
stationary escalator in time t1. On other days, if
she remains stationary on the moving escalator, (1) 6 ms–2 (2) 12 ms–2
then the escalator takes her up in time t2. The time
(3) 24 ms–2 (4) Zero
taken by her to walk up on the moving escalator
will be [NEET-2017] 8. A boy standing at the top of a tower of 20 m height
drops a stone. Assuming g = 10 ms–2, the velocity
t1  t2 t1t2 with which it hits the ground is
(1) (2) t – t
2 2 1
t1t2
(3) t  t (4) t1 – t2 (1) 5.0 m/s (2) 10.0 m/s
2 1
(3) 20.0 m/s (4) 40.0 m/s
3. Two cars P and Q start from a point at the same
time in a straight line and their positions are 9. A particle covers half of its total distance with speed
represented by xP(t) = at + bt 2 and xQ(t) = ft – t 2. v1 and the rest half distance with speed v2. Its
At what time do the cars have the same velocity? average speed during the complete journey is
[NEET (Phase-2) 2016] [AIPMT (Mains)-2011]
af af v12v 22 v1  v 2

(1) (2) (1) (2)
1 b 2(b  1) v12  v 22 2
af f a v 1v 2 2v 1v 2
(3) (4)
2(1  b ) 2(1  b ) (3) v  v (4) v  v
1 2 1 2
4. If the velocity of a particle is v = At + Bt2, where
10. A ball is dropped from a high rise platform at t = 0
A and B are constants, then the distance travelled
starting from rest. After 6 seconds another ball is
by it between 1 s and 2 s is [NEET-2016]
thrown downwards from the same platform with a
A B 3 speed v. The two balls meet at t = 18 s. What is
(1)  (2) A  4B
2 3 2 the value of v ? (Take g = 10 m/s2)
3 7 [AIPMT (Prelims)-2010]
(3) 3A + 7B (4) A B
2 3 (1) 60 m/s (2) 75 m/s
5. A particle of unit mass undergoes one-dimensional (3) 55 m/s (4) 40 m/s
motion such that its velocity varies according to
v(x) = x–2n, where and n are constants and x is the 11. A particle moves a distance x in time t according
position of the particle. The acceleration of the particle to equation x = (t + 5)–1. The acceleration of particle
as a function of x, is given by [AIPMT-2015] is proportional to [AIPMT (Prelims)-2010]
(1) –2n2 e–4n + 1 (2) –2n2 x–2n – 1 (1) (Velocity)3/2 (2) (Distance)2
(3) –2n2 x–4n – 1 (4) –22 x–2n + 1 (3) (Distance)–2 (4) (Velocity)2/3
12. A bus is moving with a speed of 10 ms–1 on a 17. A particle moving along x-axis has acceleration f,
straight road. A scooterist wishes to overtake the  t 
bus in 100 s. If the bus is at a distance of 1 km at time t, given f  f0 1   , where f0 and T are
 T
from the scooterist, with what speed should the constants. The particle at t = 0 has zero velocity.
scooterist chase the bus? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009] When f = 0, the particle’s velocity (vx) is
(1) 40 ms–1 (2) 25 ms–1 [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
(3) 10 ms–1 (4) 20 ms–1 1
(1) f0T (2) f0T
2
13. A particle starts its motion from rest under the action
1
of a constant force. If the distance covered in first (3) f0T 2 (4) f0T 2
10 seconds is S1 and that covered in the first 2
20 seconds is S2, then [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009] 18. A car moves from x to y with a uniform speed vu
and returns to y with a uniform speed vd. The
(1) S2 = 3S1 (2) S2 = 4S1
average speed for this round trip is
(3) S2 = S1 (4) S2 = 2S1 [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
14. A particle shows distance-time curve as given in this
figure. The maximum instantaneous velocity of the vu  vd 2v u v d
(1) (2) v  v
particle is around the point 2 d u
D vd  vu
Distance (S)
(3) vuvd (4) v  v

C d u
19. The position x of a particle with respect to time t

A B along x-axis is given by x = 9t2 – t3, where x is in
Time (t) metres and t in second. What will be the position
of this particle when it achieves maximum speed
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] along the positive x-direction?
(1) A (2) B [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
(3) C (4) D (1) 24 m (2) 32 m
15. A particle moves in a straight line with a constant (3) 54 m (4) 81 m
acceleration. It changes its velocity from 10 ms–1
20. A particle moves along a straight line OX. At a time
to 20 ms –1 while passing through a distance
t (in seconds) the distance x (in metres) of the
135 m in t second. The value of t is
particle from O is given by x = 40 + 12t – t3. How
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] long would the particle travel before coming to rest?
(1) 9 [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
(2) 10 (1) 24 m (2) 40 m
(3) 1.8 (3) 56 m (4) 16 m
(4) 12 21. Two bodies, A (of mass 1 kg) and B (of mass 3 kg)
16. The distance travelled by a particle starting from rest are dropped from heights of 16 m and 25 m,
respectively. The ratio of the time taken by them to
4 reach the ground is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
and moving with an acceleration ms–2 in the third
3
5
second is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] (1)
4
19 12
(1) m
3 (2)
5
(2) 6 m
5
(3) 4 m (3)
12
10 4
(4) m (4)
3 5
22. The displacement x of a particle varies with time t 26. The displacement-time graph of a moving particle
as x = ae–t + bet, where a, b,  and  are positive is shown below. The instantaneous velocity of the
constants. The velocity of the particle will particle is negative at the point
Displacement
(1) Go on decreasing with time
D
(2) Be independent of  and 
C E F
(3) Drop to zero when  = 
(4) Go on increasing with time Time
23. A ball is thrown vertically upward. It has a speed of
10 m/s when it has reached one half of its maximum (1) E
height. How high does the ball rise? (Taking (2) F
g = 10 m/s2) [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(3) C
(1) 15 m
(4) D
(2) 10 m
27. Two bodies A (of mass 1 kg) and B (of mass
(3) 20 m 3 kg) are dropped from heights of 16 m and 25 m,
(4) 5 m respectively. The ratio of the time taken by them
to reach the ground is
Questions asked prior to Medical Ent. Exams. 2005
4
24. The displacement 'x' (in meter) of a particle of mass (1)
5
'm' (in kg) moving in one dimension under the action
5
of a force, is related to time 't' (in sec) by t  x  3 . (2)
4
The displacement of the particle when its velocity is
zero, will be 12
(3)
5
(1) 2 m
5
(2) 4 m (4)
12
(3) 0 m (zero) 28. A particle moving along x-axis has acceleration f
(4) 6 m  t 
at time t given by f  f0 1   , where f0 and T
25. The speed-time graph of a particle moving along a  T
solid curve is shown below. The distance traversed are constants. The particle at t = 0 has zero
by the particle from t = 0 to t = 3 is velocity. In the time interval between t = 0 and the
instant when f = 0, the particle’s velocity (vx) is
2
1
Speed (ms )
f0T 2
–1
1.5 (1)
2
(2) f0T2
1
(3) f0T
2
0 2 3
(4) f0T
Time (second)
29. A ball is dropped from a high rise platform at
9
(1) m t = 0 starting from rest. After 6 seconds another
2 ball is thrown downwards from the same platform
9 with a speed v. The two balls meet at t = 18 s.
(2) m What is the value of v? (Take g = 10 m/s2)
4
(1) 60 m/s
10
(3) m (2) 75 m/s
3
(3) 55 m/s
10
(4) m (4) 40 m/s
5
30. The velocity of train increases uniformly from 35. If a car at rest accelerates uniformly to a speed of
20 km/h to 60 km/h in 4 hour. The distance 144 km/h in 20 s, it covers a distance of
travelled by the train during this period is
(1) 1440 cm (2) 2980 cm
(1) 160 km
(3) 20 m (4) 400 m
(2) 180 km
36. The position x of a particle varies with time, (t) as
(3) 100 km
x = at2 – bt3. The acceleration will be zero at
(4) 120 km time t equal to
31. A particle moves along a straight line such
that its displacement at any time t is given by a
(1) (2) Zero
s = (t3 – 6t2 – 3t + 4) metres. The velocity when 3b
the acceleration is zero is
(1) 3 m/s 2a a
(3) (4)
(2) 42 m/s 3b b
(3) –9 m/s 37. Motion of a particle is given by equation

(4) –15 m/s s = (3t3 + 7t2 + 14t + 8) m
32. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate  The value of acceleration of the particle at t = 1 s is
for some time after which it decelerates at a (1) 10 m/s2 (2) 32 m/s2
constant rate  and comes to rest. If total time
(3) 23 m/s2 (4) 16 m/s2
elapsed is t, then maximum velocity acquired by
car will be 38. If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with speed u,
the distance covered during the last t seconds of
( 2 –  2 ) t its ascent is
(1)

1 2
(1) ut (2) gt
( 2   2 ) t 2
(2)
 1 2
(3) ut  gt (4) (u + gt)t
(   ) t 2
(3)

SECTION - D
t
(4)
 NEET Booster Questions
1. A particle starts from rest with constant
33. The water drops fall at regular intervals from a tap
5 m above the ground. The third drop is leaving acceleration and its velocity after t second is v.
the tap at instant the first drop touches the The displacement of the particle in last two second
ground. How far above the ground is the second of its motion is equal to
drop at that instant? (Take g = 10 ms–2) v 2v
(1)  t – 1 (2)  t  1
(1) 3.75 m t t
(2) 4. 00 m
2v 2v
(3) 1.25 m (3)  t – 1 (4) t – 2
t t
(4) 2.50 m
2. A passenger takes 2 minutes standing on a
34. The acceleration of a particle is increasing linearly moving escalator to reach the top. If escalator is
with time t as bt. The particle starts from origin
stationary he takes 3 minutes to walk up. Time
with an initial velocity v0. The distance travelled by
taken to reach the top when he walk up on moving
the particle in time t will be
escalator
1 2 1 2
(1) v 0 t  bt (2) v 0 t  bt (1) 2.4 minutes
3 2
(2) 5 minutes
1 3 1 3
(3) v 0 t  bt (4) v 0 t  bt (3) 1 minute
6 3
(4) 1.2 minutes
3. A ball is projected vertically upwards from the 8. Acceleration-time graph of a particle is shown in
ground. It takes 4 s to reach a point P still moving the diagram, if particle starts with velocity
upwards. If it takes 10 s further to reach to ground, u = 2.4 m/s, then its velocity at t = 8 s is
then height of point P is a (m/s2)
(1) 180 m (2) 200 m
0.6
(3) 400 m (4) 480 m
4. A boy is throwing balls vertically upwards, such that 0.4
next ball is thrown when previous one is at
maximum height i.e. 5 m. The number of balls t (s)
2 4 8
thrown per minute is
(1) 20 (2) 45 (1) 4.2 m/s (2) 5.2 m/s
(3) 55 (4) 60 (3) 6.2 m/s (4) 7.2 m/s
5. A ball is allowed to fall from top of a building. If t1 is 9. A boy is standing on a plank which is accelerating
vertically upwards with constant acceleration. If boy
1
time taken to fall first th of its height and t2 is time throws a ball vertically up with velocity v0 relative
4 to plank and its time of flight is T, the acceleration
1 of the plank, is
taken to fall last th of its height then,
4
2v 0  gT v 0  gT
t2/t1 is (1) a  (2) a 
T T
32 3 2
(1) (2)
1 1 v 0  gT 2v 0  gT
(3) (4)
T T
23 2 3
(3) (4)
1 1 10. Two balls are thrown vertically upwards
6. A particle is moving along a straight line such that simultaneously with different speeds. The variation
its velocity varies with position as shown in figure, of their relative separation (Y) with time is best
then the acceleration of the particle at x = 10 m is represented by (Assume no rebouncing after hitting
ground)
v (m/s)
Y Y
(1) (2)
20
x (m)
15 t t
(1) –4.6 m/s2

Y Y
(2) –6.8 m/s2 (3) (4)
(3) –8.9 m/s2

(4) –10.6 m/s2
t t
7. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from ground,
3 11. A ball is allowed to fall from rest from height h. If
when it is at th of its maximum height its speed
4
9
is 20 m/s. The speed of throw is it travels th of total height in last second of its
25
(1) 15 m/s fall then ball will hit ground with speed
(2) 25 m/s (g = 10 m/s2)
(3) 35 m/s (1) 30 m/s (2) 35 m/s
(4) 40 m/s (3) 45 m/s (4) 50 m/s
12. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with speed u. 16. Choose the correct statement.
If it experiences a constant air resistance force of
(1) In a straight line motion, a particle can
magnitude f, then the speed with which ball strikes
increase its velocity with decreasing
the ground, (weight of ball is w) is
acceleration
1/2 1/2
w  f   (w  f )
(1) v  u  (2) v  u  (2) In a straight line motion, acceleration can revert
 w  f   (w  f ) its direction without its velocity reverting its
1/2 1/2 direction
 2(w  f )  (w  f ) 
(3) v  u  (4) v  u 
 (w  f )   2(w  f ) (3) A body at rest may be accelerated
13. A bus starts moving from rest with constant (4) All of these
acceleration of 1 m/s 2. A man standing 48 m 17. The position-time (x - t) graph for a body thrown
behind the bus starts running towards bus vertically upwards from ground is best shown by
simultaneously with speed 10 m/s. The man can
catch the bus x x
(1) Only once at t = 8 s

(2) Only once at t = 10 s
(1) (2)
(3) Twice at t = 8 s and t = 12 s
(4) Twice at t1 = 6 s and t2 = 12 s t t
14. Select incorrect statement(s).

x x
(1) Zero acceleration of a particle does not
necessarily mean that its velocity is zero
(2) Negative acceleration of a particle does not (3) (4)
necessarily mean that speed of particle is
decreasing t t
(3) Zero velocity of a particle does not necessarily
18. Water drops are falling down at regular time
mean that its acceleration is zero
intervals from ceiling such that when 1st drop is
(4) If speed of a particle is constant, its about to hit the ground the nth drop is starting from
acceleration must be zero the ceiling as shown. If H1 is vertical distance
between the ceiling and the ground then the
15. For which time interval, average acceleration of a
distance of r th drop from the ceiling is given by
particle is zero, whose velocity-time graph is given
below?
Ceiling
n
th
v (m/s)
20
15
H1
rth
10 2nd
1st
t (s)
Surface
t1 t2 t3 t4
(n  r )H1 (n  r )2 H1
(1) [t1, t2] (1) (2)
(n  1) (n  1)2
(2) [t2, t3]
(3) [t1, t3] rH1 r 2H1
(3) (4)
(4) [t3, t4] n n2
19. A particle is dropped from rest and another particle 23. A car starts from rest with acceleration  and then
is thrown downward simultaneously with initial retards to rest with retardation  on a straight line,
speed u, then such that total time of journey is T. The distance
covered by the car during this journey is
(1) Time after which their separation becomes h,
h T  T 2
is (1) (2)
u  2(  )
(2) Their relative velocity is always u

T  T 2
(3) Their relative acceleration is always zero (3) (4)
2(  ) (   )
(4) All of these
24. A body thrown vertically upward reaches its
20. If a body is projected upward from certain height h maximum height in time T. The body is at a
with initial velocity u, then its speed at the ground height h (which is less than maximum height) at
level is two instants of time t1 and t2. Hence, product t1.t2
(1) u is given by
(2) u  2gh h 2h
(1) (2)
g g
(3) u 2  2gh
(4) u + 2gh 4h h
(3) (4)
21. A body starts with initial speed u and moves in a g 2g
straight line with constant acceleration. It has
speed v after covering a distance 2S. Its speed 25. A body moves along x-axis with its position as a
just after covering distance S is function of time t given as x = 3t2 – 4t. Considering
all SI units, the acceleration of the particle at
u v t = 2 s is
(1)
2
(1) 2 m/s2 (2) 4 m/s2
(2) uv (3) 6 m/s2 (4) 8 m/s2
(3) u2  v 2 26. A particle is thrown vertically up with initial speed

30 m/s. Taking acceleration due to gravity as
u2  v 2 10 m/s2, the total time of flight of the particle is
(4)
2 (1) 8 s (2) 6 s
22. The velocity time (v-t) graph for a body thrown (3) 4 s (4) 2 s
vertically upward (which eventually comes down)
considering constant air friction acting on it is best 27. The velocity of a particle moving along x-axis is
shown by given as v = 3x. Acceleration of the particle at
x = 2 m is (all quantities have SI units)
(1) v (2) v
(1) 6 m/s2 (2) 12 m/s2
(3) 18 m/s2 (4) 24 m/s2
28. A car travels half of the length of straight line
motion with a speed of 60 km/h. The remaining
t t part of the distance is covered with speed
(3) v (4) v 40 km/h for half of the time of remaining journey
and with speed 20 km/h for the other half of the
time. The average speed of the car for the entire
t journey is
(1) 30 km/h (2) 40 km/h
t (3) 48 km/h (4) 45 km/h
29. A particle falling from rest under gravity covers a 34. A particle is thrown vertically up with speed u so
height H in 5 seconds. If it continues falling then that distance covered in last second of flight is
next distance H will be covered in approximately 35 m. If g = 10 m/s2 then initial speed of throw is
(1) 2 s (2) 3 s (1) 20 m/s (2) 30 m/s
(3) 4 s (4) 5 s (3) 40 m/s (4) 50 m/s
30. The acceleration ‘a’ of a particle moving along 35. The acceleration of a particle as a function of time
x-axis is given as a = 2x. Assume all SI units. The t is given as a = k.t 5/2. If initial speed of the
velocity-position (v-x) graph is best represented by particle (at t = 0) is u then its velocity v as a
function of time t is given as
(1) v (2) v
2 5/2
(1) v  u  kt
5
2 7/2
(2) v  u  kt
7
(3) v = u + kt5/2
x x
(4) v = u + kt7/2
(3) v (4) v 36. A balloon is rising vertically up at constant speed
10 m/s. A stone is dropped from it when the
balloon is at a height of 40 m. Total distance
covered by the stone before reaching the ground is
(take g = 10 m/s2)
x x (1) 40 m
31. A vehicle moving with speed 30 km/h on a straight (2) 45 m
road can be stopped in 6 m distance by applying (3) 50 m
brakes. If same vehicle is moving with 60 km/h and
brakes provide double retardation then vehicle will (4) 60 m
stop after travelling 37. The position-time (x-t) graph of a particle moving
(1) 6 m (2) 12 m along x-axis is shown. Average speed of the
particle in time interval t = 0 to t = 20 s is
(3) 18 m (4) 24 m
x (m)
32. Figure shows the velocity of a particle moving on
x-axis as a function of time t. How many times the 20
acceleration of the particle becomes zero?
v 10
0 4 8 10 12 16 20 t (s)
0 10 20 30 40 50 t (s) (1) Zero (2) 1 m/s
(3) 2 m/s (4) 4 m/s
(1) 2 (2) 3 38. If average velocity of particle moving on a straight
(3) 4 (4) Never line is zero in a time interval, then
33. The position of a body moving along x-axis as a (1) Acceleration of particle may be zero
function of time t is given as x = t2 – 2t metre. The (2) Velocity of particle must be zero at an instant
distance travelled by the body in first two seconds
(3) Velocity of particle may be never zero in the
is
interval
(1) Zero (2) 1 m
(4) Average speed of particle may be zero in the
(3) 2 m (4) 4 m interval
39. A particle travels half of the distance of a straight 45. A car moving with speed v on a straight road can
journey with a speed 6 m/s. The remaining part of be stopped within distance d on applying brakes.
the distance is covered with speed 2 m/s for half of If same car is moving with speed 3v and brakes
the time of remaining journey and with speed 4 m/s provide half retardation, then car will stop after
for the other half of time. The average speed of the travelling distance
particle is (1) 6d (2) 3d
(1) 3 m/s (2) 4 m/s (3) 9d (4) 18d
(3) 3/4 m/s (4) 5 m/s 46. The relation between position (x) and time (t) are
given below for a particle moving along a straight
40. If magnitude of average speed and average velocity
line. Which of the following equation represents
over an interval of time are same, then
uniformly accelerated motion? [where  and  are
(1) Particle must move with zero acceleration positive constants]
(2) Particle must move with uniform acceleration (1) x  t   (2) x    t
(3) Particle must be at rest
(3) xt   (4) t    x
(4) Particle must move in a straight line without
turning back 47. A ball is dropped from an elevator moving upward
with acceleration ‘a’ by a boy standing in it. The
41. The initial velocity of a particle moving along x-axis
acceleration of ball with respect to [Take upward
is u (at t = 0 and x = 0) and its acceleration a is direction positive]
given by a = kx. Which of the following equation is
correct between its velocity (v) and position (x)? (1) Boy is – g (2) Boy is – (g + a)
(1) v2 – u2 = 2kx (2) v2 = u2 + 2kx2 (3) Ground is – g (4) Both (2) & (3)
(3) v2 = u2 + kx2 (4) v2 + u2 = 2kx 48. A ball is thrown upward with speed 10 m/s from the
top of the tower reaches the ground with a speed
42. The velocity v of a body moving along a straight line 20 m/s. The height of the tower is [Take g = 10 m/s2]
varies with time t as v = 2t2 e–t, where v is in
(1) 10 m (2) 15 m
m/s and t is in second. The acceleration of body
is zero at t = (3) 20 m (4) 25 m
(1) 0 49. A ball dropped from the top of tower falls first half
height of tower in 10 s. The total time spent by ball
(2) 2 s
in air is [Take g = 10 m/s2]
(3) 3 s
(1) 14.14 s (2) 15.25 s
(4) Both (1) & (2)
(3) 12.36 s (4) 17.36 s
43. The velocity of a body depends on time according to
50. An object thrown vertically up from the ground
t2 passes the height 5 m twice in an interval of 10 s.
the equation v   20 . The body is undergoing What is its time of flight?
10
(1) Uniform acceleration (1) 28 s
(2) Uniform retardation (2) 86 s
(3) Non-uniform acceleration
(3) 104 s
(4) Zero acceleration
44. A body starts from origin and moves along x-axis (4) 72 s
so that its position at any instant is x = 4t2 – 12t 51. A ball is projected vertically upwards. Its speed at
where t is in second and v in m/s. What is the half of maximum height is 20 m/s. The maximum
acceleration of particle? height attained by it is [Take g = 10 ms2]
(1) 4 m/s2 (1) 35 m
(2) 8 m/s2 (2) 15 m
(3) 24 m/s2 (3) 25 m
(4) 0 m/s2 (4) 40 m
52. A particle starts with initial speed u and retardation a 58. The velocity v of a particle moving along x-axis
to come to rest in time T. The time taken to cover
varies with its position (x) as v   x ; where  is
first half of the total path travelled is
a constant. Which of the following graph
represents the variation of its acceleration (a) with
T  1 
(1) (2) T 1   time (t)?
2  2
(1) a (2) a
T 3T
(3) (4)
2 4
53. A body thrown vertically up with initial velocity
t t
52 m/s from the ground passes twice a point at h O O
height above at an interval of 10 s. The height h is
(g = 10 m/s2) (3) a (4) a
(1) 22 m (2) 10.2 m
(3) 11.2 m (4) 15 m
54. When a particle is thrown vertically upwards, its t
t
velocity at one third of its maximum height is O O
10 2 m/s. The maximum height attained by it is 59. The velocity (v) of a particle moving along x-axis
varies with its position x as shown in figure. The
(1) 20 2 m (2) 30 m acceleration (a) of particle varies with position (x) as
(3) 15 m (4) 12.8 m v (m/s)
55. A body is dropped from a height H. The time taken to
4
cover second half of the journey is
2H H
(1) 2 (2)
g g x (m)
0 2
(3)
H
g
 2  1 (4)
2H
g

1
( 2  1)
(1) a2 = x + 3
(3) 2a = 3x + 5
(2) a = 2x2 + 4
(4) a = 4x – 8
56. A stone dropped from the top of a tower is found to 60. The velocity (v)-time (t) graph for a particle moving
along x-axis is shown in the figure. The corresponding
5 position (x)- time (t) is best represented by
travel   of the height of the tower during the last
9
v
second of its fall. The time of fall is
(1) 2 s (2) 3 s
O t
(3) 4 s (4) 5 s
57. A stone thrown upward with a speed u from the top
of a tower reaches the ground with a velocity 4u. The
x x
height of the tower is (1) (2)
15u 2
(1)
2g
t t
O O
7u 2
(2) x x
2g (3) (4)
16u 2
(3)
g
(4) Zero t t
O O
61. The speed-time graph for a body moving along a 64. The acceleration-time graph for a particle moving
straight line is shown in figure. The average along x-axis is shown in figure. If the initial velocity
acceleration of body may be of particle is –5 m/s, the velocity at t = 8 s is
speed (m/s) a (m/s )

2
10
20
8
t (s)
2 4 6
–10
t(s)
0 5 10
(1) +15 m/s
(1) 0 (2) 4 m/s2 (2) +20 m/s
(3) – 4 m/s2 (4) All of these
(3) –15 m/s
62. The acceleration (a)-time (t) graph for a particle
(4) –20 m/s
moving along a straight starting from rest is shown
in figure. Which of the following graph is the best 65. A body falling from a vertical height of 10 m pierces
representation of variation of its velocity (v) with through a distance of 1 m in sand. It faces an average
time (t)? retardation in sand equal to (g = acceleration due to
gravity)
a
T 10 m
O t 1m
v v
(1) (2)
(1) g
(2) 9g
t t
O T O T
(3) 100g
v v (4) 1000g
(3) (4)
66. The displacement (x) - time (t) graph of a particle is
O t O t shown in figure. Which of the following is correct?
T T
x
63. Which of the following speed-time (v - t) graphs is
physically not possible?
v v O t
(1) (2) (1) Particle starts with zero velocity and variable
t acceleration
t
(2) Particle starts with non-zero velocity and variable
v acceleration
(3) Particle starts with zero velocity and uniform
(3) (4) All of these acceleration
t (4) Particle starts with non-zero velocity and uniform
acceleration
67. Position-time graph of a particle moving along 68. A body is dropped from a certain height h (h is very
straight line is shown which is in the form of large) and second body is thrown downward with
semi-circle starting from t = 2 s to t = 8 s. Select velocity of 5 m/s simultaneously. What will be
the correct statement. difference in heights of the two bodies after 3 s?
(1) 5 m (2) 10 m
x(m)
(3) 15 m (4) 20 m
69. Two bodies starts moving from same point along a
straight line with velocities v 1 = 6 m/s and
t(s) v2 = 10 m/s, simultaneously. After what time, their
(0, 0) 2 5 8
separation becomes 40 m?
(1) Velocity of particle between t = 0 to t = 2 s is (1) 6 s (2) 8 s
positive (3) 12 s (4) 10 s
(2) Velocity of particle is opposite to acceleration 70. Ball A is thrown up vertically with speed 10 m/s. At
between t = 2 to t = 5 s the same instant, another ball B is released from
(3) Velocity of particle is opposite to acceleration rest at height h. At time t, the speed of A relative to B
between t = 5 to t = 8 s is
(4) Acceleration of particle is positive between (1) 10 m/s (2) 10 – 2gt
t 1 = 2 s to t 2 = 5 s while it is negative
between t1 = 5 s to t2 = 8 s (3) 10 2  2gh (4) 10 – gt


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Chapter 3

Motion in a Straight Line

AVERAGE VELOCITY AND AVERAGE SPEED

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED

Differentiation: Graphically, differentiation means slope of graph at a point on graph.

Maxima and Minima

Example 2 : The displacement x of an object is given as a function of time, x = 2t + 3t2

Integration: Graphically integration means area under the graph.

Fundamental formulae of integration :

10. (i)  sin x dx  – cos x  c

(iii)  cos x dx  sin x  c

(vi)  sec x tan x  sec x  c

Obtain Equations of Motion Using Calculus Method

where (x – x0) is the displacement of the object.

y = 0° y = 0 y > 90°

(1) (2) (3)

The equation of ellipse

2b = length of minor axis 2a

z Ellipse converts into Circle if a = b

z Area of ellipse A = ab

5. Circle : The general equation of circle (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2 y

x1 and y1 are co-ordinates of centre x

If x1 = 0, y1 = 0 then centre of circle is at origin

And x2 + y2 = r2 (Equation of circle with centre at origin)

z Graphs between different Quantities

2. Velocity-time graph : From (v – t) graph

(+) (Increases) (+) (Decreases)

3. Acceleration-time graph  From (a - t) graph we can calculate.

MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

Its value is g = 9.8 m/s2  10 m/s2.

Downward motion (Taking downward direction as positive)

z Graphs for a Particle Thrown Vertically Upwards with Velocity v0 :

(a) Relative acceleration is always zero

(b) Relative velocity is always u.

(a) Speed at same level is u.

(b) Speed at the ground level is u u

(c) Time require to attain same level

(b) Distance travelled in (t – 1)th second = distance travelled in (t + 2)th second.

(c) Distance travelled in (t – r)th second = distance travelled in (t + r + 1)th second.

(1) x (m) (2) x (m)

(3) x (m) (4) x (m)

10. A body is falling from height h it takes 8 s to reach

[NCERT Pg. 48]

14. A 300 m long train is moving with a uniform velocity

O t O t (4) All of these

(4) 5 m/s (3) 2 m/s2 (4) 2.5 m/s2

[NEET (Phase-2) 2016] [AIPMT (Mains)-2011]

af af v12v 22 v1  v 2

(3) vuvd (4) v  v

19. The position x of a particle with respect to time t

(3) –9 m/s 37. Motion of a particle is given by equation

(3) 55 (4) 60 (3) 6.2 m/s (4) 7.2 m/s

(1) –4.6 m/s2

(3) –8.9 m/s2

(1) Only once at t = 8 s

14. Select incorrect statement(s).

(2) Their relative velocity is always u

(3) u2  v 2 26. A particle is thrown vertically up with initial speed

speed (m/s) a (m/s )

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