Predmet: Uvod u procesnu energetiku

Pregled korišćenih formula u proračunima sa osnovnim prilozima 1

POTPUNO SAGOREVANJE GASOVITOG GORIVA

Minimalna potrebna količina kiseonika za sagorevanje:

1  
∑  m + 4  ⋅ C
n
O 2 ,min = ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ (H 2 + CO ) + 1,5 ⋅ H 2 S + mH n − O2  , (1)
100  

Minimalna količina vazduha za sagorevanje:

O 2,min m3
V v ,min = , , (2)
a m3
gde je:
a =0,21 m3/m3, - zapreminski udeo kiseonika u vazduhu.

Stvarna količina vazduha za sagorevanje:

O 2 ,min m3
V v ,stv = λ ⋅V v ,min = λ ⋅ , (3)
a m3

Količine komponenata u produktima sagorevanja:

V CO 2 =
1
100
(
⋅ CO + CO 2 + ∑m ⋅C mH n ), (4)
1  
∑ 2 ⋅C
n
V H 2O = ⋅  H 2 + H 2S + mH n , (5)
100  
m3
V O 2 = (λ − 1) ⋅ O 2,min , , (6)
m3
1 1− a m3
V N2 = ⋅N2 + λ ⋅ ⋅ O 2,min , 3 . (7)
100 a m

Količina vlažnih produkata sagorevanja:

m3
V rw = ∑ V i = V CO 2 +V SO2 +V H 2O +V O 2 +V N 2 ,
m3
. (8)

Količina suvih produkata sagorevanja:

m3
V rs = V rw −V H 2O , . (9)
m3

Zapreminski udeli komponenata u vlažnim produktima sagorevanja:

V CO 2
CO 2,w = ⋅ 100 ,% , (10)
V rw
V SO2
SO 2,w = ⋅ 100 ,% , (11)
V rw
V H 2O
H 2O ,w = ⋅ 100 ,% , (12)
V rw
V O2
O 2,w = ⋅ 100 ,% , (13)
V rw
Predmet: Uvod u procesnu energetiku
Pregled korišćenih formula u proračunima sa osnovnim prilozima 2

V N2
N 2,w = ⋅ 100 ,% . (14)
V rw

Zapreminski udeli komponenata u suvim produktima sagorevanja:

V CO 2
CO 2,s = ⋅ 100 ,% , (15)
V rs
V SO2
SO 2,s = ⋅ 100 ,% , (16)
V rs
V O2
O 2,s = ⋅ 100 ,%, (17)
V rs
V N2
N 2,s = ⋅ 100 ,% . (18)
V rs

Entalpija produkata sagorevanja jednaka je zbiru entalpija komponenata, tj. O2, N2, CO2, SO2 i
H2O.

Entalpija produkata sagorevanja je:

h = ∑ hi = (∑V i ⋅ cp ,i ) ⋅ t ,
kJ
kg
, (19)

gde su:
m3
Vi , , - količina i-te komponente,
kg
c p ,i kJ - srednji specifični toplotni kapacitet i-te
, ,
m 3 ⋅o C komponente u
intervalu od 0 oC do t (Prilog 2.1),
t , o C, - temperatura produkata sagorevanja.

Entalpija zagrejanog vazduha određuje se prema izrazu:

kJ
hv = V v ,stv ⋅ c p ,v ⋅ t v , , (20)
kg
gde su:
c p ,v ,
kJ
,
- srednji specifični toplotni kapacitet vazduha, u
m ⋅ C
3 o
intervalu temperatura od 0 oC do tv (Prilog 2.1.)
tv , o C, - temperatura vazduha.
Predmet: Uvod u procesnu energetiku
Pregled korišćenih formula u proračunima sa osnovnim prilozima 3

PRILOZI
Predmet: Uvod u procesnu energetiku
Pregled korišćenih formula u proračunima sa osnovnim prilozima 4

PRILOG 1: TOPLOTNE MOĆI GORIVA

Prilog 1.1. Izrazi za toplotne moći goriva /2, 42, 55/

Čvrsta i tečna goriva

Gornja toplotna moć
 O kJ
H g = 340 ⋅ C + 1420 ⋅  H −  + 93 ⋅ S ,
 8 kg
Donja toplotna moć
 O kJ
H d = 340 ⋅ C + 1190 ⋅  H −  + 93 ⋅ S − 25 ⋅W ,
 8 kg
Ovde je:
,%, - sastav goriva (izražen u masenim udelima)
C, H, O, S,W
Gasovita goriva
Gornja toplotna moć
H g = 398,15 ⋅ CH 4 + 589,92 ⋅ C 2 H 2 + 633,95 ⋅ C 2 H 4 + 703,05 ⋅ C 2 H 6 +
+ 936,10 ⋅ C 3H 6 + 1012,05 ⋅ C 3H 8 + 1257,65 ⋅ C 4 H 8 + 1337,95 ⋅ C 4 H 10 +
kJ
+ 1692,65 ⋅ C 5H 12 + 126,35 ⋅ CO + 127,45 ⋅ H 2 + 253,50 ⋅ H 2 S ,
m3
Donja toplotna moć
H d = 358,80 ⋅ CH 4 + 569,40 ⋅ C 2 H 2 + 594,40 ⋅ C 2 H 4 + 643,55 ⋅ C 2 H 6 +
+ 876,05 ⋅ C 3H 6 + 931,80 ⋅ C 3H 8 + 1176,15 ⋅ C 4 H 8 + 1235,65 ⋅ C 4 H 10 +
kJ
+ 1566,30 ⋅ C 5H 12 + 126,35 ⋅ CO + 107,85 ⋅ H 2 + 233,65 ⋅ H 2 S , 3
m
Ovde je:
CH 4 , C 2H 2 ,..., H 2S ,%, - sastav goriva (izražen u zapreminskim
udelima)
Predmet: Uvod u procesnu energetiku
Pregled korišćenih formula u proračunima sa osnovnim prilozima 5

Prilog 1.2. Toplotne moći nekih gasova /2, 55/

Hg Hd
Gas Oznaka
kJ/m3* kJ/m3*
Metan CH4 39815 35880
Acetilen C2H2 58992 56940
Etilen C2H4 63395 59440
Etan C2H6 70305 64355
Propilen C3H6 93610 87605
Propan C3H8 101205 93180
Butilen C4H8 125765 117615
Butan C4H10 133795 123565
Pentan C5H12 169265 156630
Ugljen-monoksid CO 12635 12635
Vodonik H2 12745 10785
Sumpor-vodonik** H2S 25350 23365

*
0 °C; 101,3 kPa
**
H2S → SO2
Predmet: Uvod u procesnu energetiku
Pregled korišćenih formula u proračunima sa osnovnim prilozima 6

PRILOG 2: SREDNJI SPECIFIČNI TOPLOTNI KAPACITETI

t
Prilog2.1. Srednji specifični toplotni kapacitet c p - kJ/(m3⋅°C) nekih gasova*
0

t ,°C N2 O2 H2O CO2 SO2 CO H2 Vazduh

0 1,2933 1,2978 1,4946 1,6121 1,7366 1,2987 1,2938 1,2960
100 1,2960 1,3170 1,5071 1,7071 1,8214 1,3018 1,2960 1,3018
200 1,3009 1,3366 1,5232 1,7924 1,8973 1,3085 1,2982 1,3094
300 1,3080 1,3571 1,5424 1,8683 1,9643 1,3183 1,3004 1,3188
400 1,3174 1,3781 1,5647 1,9357 2,0223 1,3304 1,3031 1,3299
500 1,3286 1,3987 1,5897 1,9955 2,0714 1,3442 1,3058 1,3429
600 1,3411 1,4179 1,6152 2,0487 2,1161 1,3589 1,3089 1,3571
700 1,3549 1,4353 1,6415 2,0964 2,1563 1,3737 1,3129 1,3719
800 1,3683 1,4509 1,6683 2,1393 2,1875 1,3879 1,3179 1,3857
900 1,3813 1,4652 1,6955 2,1862 2,2188 1,4013 1,3237 1,3987
1000 1,3933 1,4781 1,7228 2,2134 2,2411 1,4143 1,3299 1,4112
1100 1,4049 1,4902 1,7496 2,2451 2,2634 1,4263 1,3366 1,4228
1200 1,4161 1,5013 1,7759 2,2737 2,2813 1,4375 1,3442 1,4339
1300 1,4263 1,5116 1,8018 2,2996 2,2991 1,4482 1,3522 1,4442
1400 1,4362 1,5210 1,8268 2,3241 2,3170 1,4580 1,3607 1,4540
1500 1,4455 1,5299 1,8513 2,3473 2,3304 1,4670 1,3688 1,4629
1600 1,4545 1,5388 1,8750 2,3688 2,3438 1,4754 1,3768 1,4714
1700 1,4625 1,5473 1,8973 2,3884 2,3571 1,4835 1,3848 1,4799
1800 1,4701 1,5549 1,9188 2,4063 2,3705 1,4911 1,3929 1,4879
1900 1,4772 1,5625 1,9397 2,4232 2,3839 1,4982 1,4009 1,4951
2000 1,4839 1,5701 1,9598 2,4388 2,3929 1,5049 1,4089 1,5022
2100 1,4906 1,5772 1,9795 2,4536 2.4048 1,5121 1,4165 1,5089
2200 1,4969 1,5839 1,9987 2,4674 2.4160 1,5179 1,4241 1,5152
2300 1,5027 1,5906 2,0174 2,4808 2.4265 1,5232 1,4317 1,5210
2400 1,5080 1,5973 2,0353 2,4933 2.4381 1,5286 1,4388 1,5268
2500 1,5129 1,6036 2,0527 2,5054 2.4489 1,5335 1,4460 1,5321
2600 1,5179 1,6098 2,0696 2,5165 2.4599 1,5384 1,4527 1,5371
2700 1,5223 1,6156 2,0862 2,5272 2.4711 1,5429 1,4594 1,5420
2800 1,5268 1,6214 2,1022 2,5375 2.4820 1,5469 1,4656 1,5469
2900 1,5313 1,6272 2,1179 2,5469 2.4932 1,5509 1,4719 1,5513
3000 1,7563 1,6330 2,1330 2,5558 2.5042 1,5549 1,4777 1,5558

* 0 °C; 101,3 kPa