Timeline of historic inventions
and are likely to change as more research is done and older
sites are found. Similarly, the locations listed are for the
site where the earliest example to date has been found,
but in most cases there is little certainty how close that
may be to where the invention actually first took place.
The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable
type by the German Johannes Gutenberg is widely regarded as
the most influential event of the modern era.[1]
The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological
list of particularly important or significant technological
inventions and the people who created the inventions.
Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inven-
tions are often invented by several inventors around the
same time, or may be invented in an impractical form
many years before another inventor improves the inven-
tion into a more practical form. Where there is ambi-
guity, the date of the first known working version of the
invention is used here.
1 Prehistoric
Further information: Outline of prehistoric technology
Note that the dates in the Paleolithic era are approximate
and refer to the earliest discovered use of an invention,
1
• 2.6 million years ago: Stone tools (Olduwan) in
Ethiopia[2]
• 1.8 million years ago: Fire and then cooking[3]
• 500 thousand years ago (ka): Shelter construction in
Japan[4]
• 400 ka: Pigments in Zambia[5]
• 400 ka: Spears in Germany[6]
• 200 ka: Glue in Italy[7]
• 110 ka: Beads in Israel[8]
• 100 ka: Burial in Israel[9]
• 77 ka: Bedding in South Africa[10]
• 64–61 ka: Bone tool technology in South Africa, ev-
idenced by the find of a spearhead along with what
may be an arrowhead, suggesting bow and arrow,
and a sewing needle[11][12]
• 40-20 ka: Cremation in Australia.[13]
• 36 ka: Cloth woven from flax fiber in Georgia[14][15]
• 35 ka: Flute in Germany[16]
• 28 ka: Rope[17]
• 16 ka: Pottery in China[18]
• 12 ka: Agriculture in Mesopotamia.
• 10 - 7 ka: Mud walls and mudbricks between Syria
and Pakistan (see Mureybet and Mehrgarh).
• 6 ka: Kiln in Mesopotamia[19]
• 10000 - 5000 BC: Cities in Syria, Lebanon and
Mesopotamia[20]
• 6500 BC: Weaving in Lebanon and Israel[21]
• 5300 BC: Writing in Mesopotamia (see Dispilio
Tablet and Tărtăria tablets).
• 5000 - 4500 BC: Lacquer in China[22]
2 3 1ST MILLENNIUM BC
• 5000 - 4500 BC: Rowing oars in China.[23][24]
• 3630 BC: Silk garments (sericulture) in China[25]
• 3500 BC: Wheels in Mesopotamia and the
Caucasus.[26]
• 3200 BC: Sailing in ancient Egypt[27][28]
• 3000 BC: Cuneiform in Mesopotamia [29]
• 3000 BC: Bronze in Mesopotamia[30]
• 3000 BC: Papyrus in Egypt[31][32]
2 2nd millennium BC
• 2000 BC: Chariot in Russia and Kazakhstan[33]
• 1750 BC: Medicine in Iraq[34]
• 1700 BC: Alphabet in Phoenicia (Modern
Lebanon)[35]
• 1500 BC: Coins in China, Lebanon or Lydia[36]
• 1200 BC: Sword in Ancient Egypt[37]
• 1000 BC: Glass in Lebanon[38]
3 1st millennium BC
3.1 8th century BC
• 750 BC Fake Teeth in Etruria[39]
• 750 BC Scissors in Europe[40]
• 750 BC Lenses in Ancient Greece[41]
• 750 - 700 BC Warship in Phoenicia (Modern
Lebanon)[42]
• 700 BC Music Notation in Ancient India[43]
3.2 7th century BC
• 650 BC Windmill in Persia[44]
• 600 BC Lighthouse in Egypt[45]
3.3 6th century BC
• c. 515 BC: Crane in Ancient Greece[47]
N
0
60
1 800 N
cm
30
Ø 20 cm
150 N
With the Greco-Roman trispastos (“three-pulley-crane”), the sim-
plest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift
than with his muscular strength alone.[46]
3.4 5th century BC
• 5th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in
Celtiberian Spain[48][49]
• 5th century BC: Cast iron in Ancient China: Con-
firmed by archaeological evidence, the earliest cast
iron is developed in China by the early 5th century
BC during the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BC), the
oldest specimens found in a tomb of Luhe County
in Jiangsu province.[50][51][52]
• 5th century BC: Crossbow in Ancient China and
Ancient Greece: In Ancient China, the earliest ev-
idence of bronze crossbow bolts dates as early as
the mid-5th century BC in Yutaishan, Hubei.[53]
In Ancient Greece, the terminus ante quem of the
gastraphetes is 421 BC.[54][55]
• 5th - 4th century BC: Traction trebuchet in Ancient
China between 5th - 4th century BC, appeared in the
Mediterranean by the 6th century AD.[56]
• Before 421 BC: Catapult in Ancient Greece (incl.
Sicily) or Phoenician Carthage[54][55]
• c. 480 BC: Spiral stairs (Temple A) in Selinunte,
Sicily (see also List of ancient spiral stairs)[57][58]
• 400 BC Mirror in Lebanon[59]
3.5 4th century BC
• Approximately 350 BC: Greek hydraulic semaphore
system, an optical communication system developed
by Aeneas Tacticus.
3.8 1st century BC
The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd cen-
tury BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.[66] Here a sprit-
sail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century CE).
3.8 1st century BC
An illustration depicting the papermaking process in Han Dynasty
China.
3.6 3rd century BC
• Early 3rd century BC: Canal lock (possibly pound
lock) in Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II (283–
246 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt[60][61][62]
• 3rd century BC: Valve Tower Sluice in Sri Lanka[63]
• 3rd century BC: Water wheel in Hellenistic king- 4
doms described by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 –
220 BC)[64] 4.1
• 3rd - 2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient
China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in
China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, al-
though most sites are from the later Han Dy-
nasty.[50][65]
3.7 2nd century BC
• 2nd century BC: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Al-
though it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC
– AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50 – AD
121) invented the pulp papermaking process and es-
tablished the use of new raw materials used in mak-
ing paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper arti-
facts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found
in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking
being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.[67]
3
• 1st century BC: Glass blowing discovered on the
Lebanese coast.
• 1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-
Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman
Republic[68][69]
• 1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia
Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Ro-
man dams)[70][71][72][73][74]
• 150 BC Astrolabe invented in the Hellenistic world.
• Before 71 BC (possibly 3rd century BC[75][76][77] ):
Watermill (grain mill) by Greek engineers in East-
ern Mediterranean (see also List of ancient water-
mills)[78][79]
• Before 25 BC: Reverse overshot water-wheel by
Roman engineers in Rio Tinto, Spain[80]
1st millennium AD
2nd century
• 118 AD: Wheelbarrow was found in a tomb at
Chengdu, Sichuan province during Han Dynasty
China[81]
• 132: Seismometer in Han Dynasty China, built by
Zhang Heng. It is a large metal urn-shaped instru-
ment which employed either a suspended pendulum
or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the
ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a
metal ball by a lever trip device.[82][83]
• 2nd century: Crankshaft in Augusta Raurica,
Roman Empire[84]
• 2nd century: Negative numbers in Han Dynasty
China.
• 2nd century: Law school in Beirut, Roman Em-
pire[85]
4 4 1ST MILLENNIUM AD

4.2 3rd century 4.4 5th century

• 5th century: Horse collar in Southern and North-

ern Dynasties China: The horse collar as a fully de-
veloped collar harness is developed in Southern and
Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century
AD.[103] The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang
cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty,
the painting dated to 477–499.[104]

• 5th/6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara

Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Em-
pire[105][106]

Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd 4.5 6th century
century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a
crank and connecting rod mechanism.[86][87][88] • 563 AD: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in
Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire[107]

• Early 3rd century: Woodblock printing is invented • 589 AD: Toilet paper in Sui Dynasty China, first
in Han Dynasty China at sometime before 220 AD. mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531–591),
This made China become the world first print cul- with full evidence of continual use in subsequent
ture.[89] dynasties.[108][109]

• Late 3rd century: Crank and connecting rod

(Hierapolis sawmill) in Asia Minor, Roman Em- 4.6 7th century
pire[86][87][88]
• 672 AD: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine
• Late 3rd–early 4th century: Turbine in Africa Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely
(province), Roman Empire[90][91][92] based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by
Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek,
as described by Theophanes.[110] However, the his-
4.3 4th century toricity and exact chronology of this account is
dubious,[111] and it could be that Kallinikos merely
• 4th century: Field mill in Ancient China, first men- introduced an improved version of an established
tioned in the Yezhongji, or 'Record of Affairs at the weapon.[112]
Capital Ye of the Later Zhao Dynasty' written by Lu
Hui in the 4th century, describing a field mill built • 7th century: Banknote in Tang Dynasty China:
by two engineers, Xie Fei and Wei Mengbian.[93] The banknote is first developed in China dur-
ing the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the
• 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China: In liter- 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts
ary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907),
comes from a 4th-century AD[94] work entitled Lives as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the
of Famous Immortals’.[95] heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial
transactions.[113][114][115]
• 347 AD: Oil Wells in China. Such wells could reach
depths of up to 240m (790 ft).[96]
• 7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True
• 4th century: Stirrups in Ancient China: The first de- porcelain is manufactured in northern China from
pendable representation of a rider with paired stir- roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th
rups was found in China in a Jin dynasty tomb of century, while true porcelain was not manufactured
about AD 322.[97][98][99] The stirrup appeared to be in southern China until about 300 years later, during
in widespread use across China by AD 477.[100] the early 10th century.[116]

• 4th century: Street Light in Syria[101]

4.7 9th century
• 4th–5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bel-
licis) in Roman Empire[102] • 9th century: Distillation in Syria[117]
5.1 11th century
A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai
during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan
Dynasty, 1281.
• 9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China:
Gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic
consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese
alchemists searching for an elixir of immortal- 5.2 12th century
ity.[118] Evidence of gunpowder’s first use in China
comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten King-
doms period (618–907).[119] The earliest known
recorded recipes for gunpowder are written by Zeng
Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing
Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044
during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).[120][121][122]
• 9th century: Algebra in Syria [123]
• 9th century: University in Morocco[124]
• 9th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The
concept of zero as a number, and not merely a sym-
bol for separation is attributed to India.[125] In In- 5.3 13th century
dia, practical calculations are carried out using zero,
which is treated like any other number by the 9th
century, even in case of division.[125][126]
4.8 10th century
• 10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, de-
veloped in the 10th century with a tube of first bam-
boo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder
blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is
a painting found at Dunhuang.[127] Fire lance is the
earliest firearm in the world and one of the earliest
gunpowder weapon.[128][129]
• 10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China:
Fireworks first appear in China during the Song Dy-
nasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder.
Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors;
these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with
gunpowder.[130]
• 10th century: Hospital in Iraq[131]
5 2nd millennium
5
5.1 11th century
• 11th century: Ambulance by Crusaders in Israel and
Lebanon[132]
• 1088: Movable type in Song Dynasty China: The
first record of a movable type system is in the
Dream Pool Essays written in 1088, which at-
tributes the invention of the movable type to Bi
Sheng.[133][134][135][136] In the 13th century, Kore-
ans invent metal-type movable printing.[137] In the
15th century, Johannes Gutenberg invents the mod-
ern movable type system in Europe.[138]
• 1119: Mariner’s compass (wet compass) in Song
Dynasty China: The earliest recorded use of
magnetized needle for navigational purposes
at sea is found in Zhu Yu's book Pingzhou
Table Talks of 1119 (written from 1111 to
1117).[135][139][140][141][142][143][144] The typical
Chinese navigational compass was in the form of
a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water.[145]
The familiar mariner’s dry compass which uses a
pivoting needle suspended above a compass-card in
a glass box is invented in medieval Europe no later
than 1300.[146]
• 13th century: Soap in Babylonia[147]
• 13th century: Rocket for military and recreational
uses date back to at least 13th century China.[148]
• 1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Tex-
tual evidence suggests that the first use of a land
mine in history is by a Song Dynasty brigadier gen-
eral known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous
bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading
Guangxi in 1277.[149]
• 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy[150]
• 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty
Manchuria: Explosive bombs are used in 1221 by
the Jin dynasty against a Song Dynasty city.[151] The
first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells
packed with explosive gunpowder are documented
in the 13th century in China and are called “thunder-
crash bombs”,[152] coined during a Jin dynasty naval
battle in 1231.[153]
• 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty
China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th
century based on archaeological evidence from a
Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written ev-
idence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic
6 5 2ND MILLENNIUM
Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in
1288 suppresses the rebellion of the Christian prince
Nayan with his “gun-soldiers” or chongzu, this be-
ing the earliest known event where this phrase is
used.[154]
5.4 14th century
• Early to Mid 1300s: Multistage rocket in Ming Dy-
nasty China described in Huolongjing by Jiao Yu.
• 14th century: Naval mine in Ming Dynasty China:
Mentioned in the Huolongjing military manuscript
written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th cen-
tury) and Liu Bowen (1311–1375), describing naval
mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of
5.6 16th century
wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later
model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclo-
pedia written in 1637.[155]
• 14th century: Fragmentation Bombs in Ming Dy-
nasty China. Described in the Huolongjing.
5.5 15th century
The oldest known parachute is depicted in this anonymous Italian
manuscript dated to the 1470s.[156]
• 1420s: Brace in Flandres, Holy Roman Empire[156]
• 1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The print-
ing press is invented in the Holy Roman Empire by
Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing
screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press
appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.[157]
• 1470s: Parachute (with frame) in Renaissance
Italy[158]
• 1480s: Mariner’s astrolabe on Portuguese circum-
navigation of Africa[159]
• 1494: Double-entry bookkeeping system codified
by Luca Pacioli
• 1560 Floating dock in Venice, Venetian Repub-
lic[160]
• 1569 Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus
Mercator
• 1597: The oldest recorded example of a revolver
was invented by Hans Stopler.
5.7 17th century
A 1609 title page of the German Relation, the world’s first news-
paper (first published in 1605)[161][162]
• 1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in
Strassburg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Na-
tion (see also List of the oldest newspapers)[161][162]
5.9 19th century
• 1609: Telescope: invented by Galileo Galilei in
Padua, Italy
• 1642: Mechanical calculator. The Pascaline is built
by Blaise Pascal
• 1643: Barometer: invented by Evangelista Torri-
celli, or possibly up to three years earlier by Gasparo
Berti.[163]
• 1650: Otto von Guericke invents the vacuum pump.
5.8 18th century
• c. 1700: Bartolomeo Cristofori crafts the first piano
• 1709: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the alcohol
thermometer.
• 1712: Thomas Newcomen builds the first steam en-
gine to pump water out of mines.[164] Newcomen’s
engine, unlike Thomas Savery's, uses a piston.
• 1716: Henry Sully presented first Montre de la Mer
to the French Académie des Sciences
• 1736: John Harrison tests his first Sea Clock, H1.
• 1733: Stephen Hales takes measurements of blood
pressure. John Kay enables one person to operate a
loom with the flying shuttle
• 1742: Anders Celsius develops the Centigrade tem- 5.9 19th century
perature scale.
5.9.1 1800s
• 1745: Musschenbroek and Kleist independently de-
velop the Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor.
• 1746: John Roebuck invents the lead chamber pro-
cess.
• 1755: William Cullen invents the first artificial
refrigeration machine.
• 1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.
• 1765: James Watt invents the improved steam en-
gine utilizing a separate condenser.
• 1767: Joseph Priestley invents a method for the pro-
duction of carbonated water.
• 1769: Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot invents the first
steam-powered vehicle capable of carrying passen-
gers, an early car.
• 1770: Richard Salter invents the earliest known de-
sign for a Weighting Scale.
• 1774: John Wilkinson invents his boring machine,
considered by some to be the first machine tool.
• 1775: Jesse Ramsden invents the modern screw-
cutting lathe.
7
• 1776: John Wilkinson invents a mechanical air
compressor that would become the prototype for all
later mechanical compressors.
• 1783: Claude de Jouffroy builds the first steamboat.
• 1785: Martinus van Marum is the first to use the
electrolysis technique.
• 1786: Andrew Meikle invents the threshing ma-
chine.
• 1789: Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom.
• 1792: Claude Chappe invents the telegraph.
• 1793: Eli Whitney invents the modern cotton gin.
• 1795: Joseph Bramah invents the hydraulic press.
• 1796: Hanaoka Seishū creates tsūsensan, the first
modern general anesthetic
• 1798: Edward Jenner develops the first successful
vaccine, the smallpox vaccine.
• 1799: George Medhurst invents the first motorized
air compressor.
• 1799: The first paper machine is invented by Louis-
Nicolas Robert.
• 1800: The Voltaic pile, an early form of battery, is
invented by Alessandro Volta in Italy, based on pre-
vious works by Luigi Galvani.
• 1802: Arc lamp invented by Humphry Davy (exact
date unclear; not practical as a light source until the
invention of efficient electric generators).[165]
• 1803: John Dalton’s development of the Atomic
Theory.
• 1804: Morphine is discovered as the first active al-
kaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant in De-
cember 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner.[166]
• 1804: The steam locomotive is invented by Richard
Trevithick[167]
• 1807: François Isaac de Rivaz designs the first au-
tomobile powered by an internal combustion engine
fuelled by hydrogen.
• 1807: Robert Fulton expands water transportation
and trade with the workable steamboat.
• 1807: Alexander John Forsyth invents percussion
ignition for firearms.
8 5 2ND MILLENNIUM
• 1808: Jean Samuel Pauly, in association with
François Prélat, using percussion ignition and an
early form of centerfire cartridge (it lacked a percus-
sion cap), creates the first self-contained cartridges
for firearms.
5.9.2 1810s
• 1811: Friedrich Koenig invents the first powered
printing press which was also the first to use a cylin-
der.
• 1814: The modern planing machine is invented by 5.9.5 1840s
James Fox, though Matthew Murray of Leeds and
Richard Roberts of Manchester have also been cred- • 1842: John Bennet Lawes invents superphosphate,
ited at times with its invention. the first man-made fertilizer.
• 1816: The first working electric telegraph is built by
Francis Ronalds using electrostatic means.
5.9.3 1820s
• 1822: The pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like
a shaper) is completed by Thomas Blanchard for the
U.S. Ordnance Dept. The lathe can copy symmet-
rical shapes and is used for making gun stocks, and
later, ax handles. The lathe’s patent is in force for
42 years, the record for any U.S. patent.[168][169]
• 1822: Heliography, the first photographic process,
is invented by Nicéphore Niépce.
• 1825: William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.
• 1826: The friction match is invented by John
Walker.[170]
• 1828: The pinfire cartridge, one of the first and most
widely-used self-contained cartridges for firearms,
is invented by Casimir Lefaucheux.
• 1828: The hot blast process is developed by James 5.9.6 1850s
Beaumont Neilson.
• 1850: Sir William Armstrong invents the hydraulic
• 1828: Patrick Bell invents the reaping machine.
• 1829: The first true centerfire cartridge, one of the
most widely-used cartridges for firearms, is devel-
oped by Clement Pottet. However, it would not be
perfected until 1855.
5.9.4 1830s
• 1830: Edwin Budding invents the lawn mower.
• 1831: Michael Faraday invents a method of
electromagnetic induction. It would be indepen-
dently invented by Joseph Henry the following year.
• 1834: Moritz von Jacobi, a German-born Russian,
invents the first practical electric motor.
• 1835: Joseph Henry invents the electromechanical
relay.
• 1836: Samuel Morse invents Morse code.
• 1838: John Deere invents the first steel plow
• 1839: James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer.
• 1839: Edmond Becquerel invents a method for the
photovoltaic effect, effectively producing the first
solar cell.
• 1844: Friedrich Gottlob Keller and, independently,
Charles Fenerty come up with the wood pulp
method of paper production.
• 1845: Modern Portland cement is invented by Isaac
Charles Johnson.
• 1845: The first rimfire cartridge, one of the first and
most widely-used metallic cartridges for firearms, is
produced by Nicolas Flobert. However, it lacked
powder at first.
• 1846: The pinfire cartridge is upgraded by Benjamin
Houllier to a fully metallic cartridge with powder,
the first of its kind.
• 1847: Nitroglycerin, the first explosive made that
was stronger than black powder, is invented by
Ascanio Sobrero.
• 1849: Walter Hunt invents the first repeating rifle
to use metallic cartridges (of his own design) and a
spring-fed magazine.
accumulator.
• 1852: Henri Giffard becomes the first person to
make a manned, controlled and powered flight us-
ing a dirigible.
• 1855: James Clerk Maxwell invents the first practi-
cal method for color photography, whether chemical
or electronic.
• 1855: The Bessemer process for making steel is
patented by Sir Henry Bessemer, with improve-
ments made by others over the following years.
• 1856: Using the principle of vapour compression,
James Harrison produces the world’s first practical
ice making machine and refrigerator in Geelong,
Australia.[171]
5.10 20th century
• 1859: Gaston Planté invents the lead acid battery, 5.9.9 1880s
the first rechargeable battery.
5.9.7 1860s
• 1862: Louis Pasteur invents the pasteurization pro-
cess.
• 1862: Alexander Parkes invents parkesine, also
known as celluloid, the first man-made plastic.
• 1865: The Siemens-Martin process for making steel
is invented by Carl Wilhelm Siemens and Pierre-
Émile Martin.
• 1865: Gregor Mendel publishes 'Versuche über
Pflanzenhybriden' (“Experiments on Plant Hy-
bridization”), effectively founding the science of
genetics, though the importance of his work would
not be appreciated until later on.
• 1867: Dynamite, the first safely manageable ex-
plosive stronger than black powder, is invented by
Alfred Nobel.
5.9.8 1870s
• 1873: The rotary kiln is invented by Frederick Ran-
some.
• 1873: The Crookes radiometer is invented by the 5.9.10 1890s
chemist Sir William Crookes as the by-product of
some chemical research.
• 1874: Gustave Trouvé invents the first metal detec-
tor.
• 1876: Gasoline engine invented by Nikolaus August
Otto.
• 1876: A patent for the telephone is granted to
Alexander Graham Bell. However, others inven-
tors before Bell had worked on the development
of the telephone and the invention had several
pioneers.[172] 5.10 20th century
• 1877: The first working phonograph is invented by
Thomas Edison.[173]
• 1878: Henry Fleuss is granted a patent for the first
practical rebreather.[174]
• 1879: Thomas Edison produces the first practical
bulb, based on a patent by Joseph Swan, and is
granted a U.S. patent.
• 1879: James Paris Lee invents the first true box
magazine for firearms.
9
• 1884: Hiram Maxim invents the recoil-operated
Maxim gun, ushering in the age of fully automatic
and portable machine guns.
• 1884: Paul Vieille invents Poudre B, the first
smokeless powder for firearms.
• 1884: Modern steam turbine invented by Sir Charles
Parsons.
• 1886: Carl Gassner invents the zinc-carbon battery,
the first dry cell battery, making portable electronics
practical.
• 1886: Heinrich Hertz conclusively demonstrates the
existence of radio waves. However, the effects of
electromagnetic waves had been independently ob-
served by many people before and after him, with
the earliest observation dating back to experiments
conducted by Luigi Galvani in the late 18th century.
• 1886: Process for economically producing alu-
minum invented by Charles Martin Hall and inde-
pendently by Paul Héroult in 1886.
• 1886: Karl Benz invents the first petrol or gasoline
powered auto-mobile (car).[175]
• 1887: James Blyth invents the first wind turbine
used for generating electricity.
• 1893: Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel engine (al-
though Herbert Akroyd Stuart had experimented
with pressurized fuel injection before Diesel).
• 1895: Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays. How-
ever, the effects of X-rays had been independently
observed by others before him, with the earliest ob-
servation dating back to experiments conducted by
Ivan Puluj in 1881.
• 1896: Radioactivity discovered by Henri Becquerel.
• 1900: Human voice transmitted wirelessly (by
radio) for the first time by Roberto Landell de
Moura. The first AM radio factory is opened in
1912.
• 1903: The first successful gas turbine is invented by
Ægidius Elling.
• 1903: First manually controlled, fixed wing, mo-
torized aircraft flies at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
by Orville and Wilbur Wright. First modern fixed
wing aircraft. Gustave Weisskopf (Whitehead), a
10
German-American immigrant, is credited with mo-
torized aircraft flight in Bridgeport, Connecticut in
1901. Flights are witnessed by citizens and other
associates and recorded in the Bridgeport Herald, a
local newspaper, but were not mentioned in a 1904
article in Scientific American.[176]
• 1904: The Fleming valve, the first vacuum tube and
diode, is invented by John Ambrose Fleming.
• 1907: The first free flight of a rotary-wing aircraft
is carried out by Paul Cornu.
5.10.4 1940s
• 1909: Fritz Haber invents the Haber process.
• 1909: The first instantaneous transmission of im-
ages, or television broadcast, is carried out by
Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier.
5.10.1 1910s
• 1915: The tank is invented by Ernest Swinton,[177]
although the British Royal Commission on Awards
recognised a South Australian named Lance de
Mole who had submitted a proposal to the British
War Office, for a 'chain-rail vehicle which could
be easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough
ground and trenches’ complete with extensive draw-
ings in 1912.[178] Additionally, an Austrian by the
name of Günther Burstyn designed a tank in 1911
and a Captain Levavasseur of the French army pro-
posed a design in 1903.
• 1916: The Czochralski process, widely used for the
production of single crystal silicon, is invented by
Jan Czochralski.
5.10.2 1920s
5.10.5 1950s
• 1926: The Yagi-Uda Antenna or simply Yagi An-
tenna is invented by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Im-
perial University, Japan, assisted by his colleague
Hidetsugu Yagi. The Yagi Antenna was widely used
by the US, British, and Germans during World War
II. After the war they saw extensive development as
home television antennas.
• 1928: Penicillin is first observed to exude antibiotic
substances by Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming.
Development of medicinal penicillin is attributed to
a team of medics and scientists including Howard
Walter Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley.
5.10.3 1930s
• 1933: FM radio is patented by inventor Edwin H.
Armstrong.
• 1938: Z1 built by Konrad Zuse is the first freely pro-
grammable computer in the world.
5 2ND MILLENNIUM
• 1938, December: Nuclear fission discovered in ex-
periment by Otto Hahn (Nazi Germany), coined by
Lise Meitner (fled to Sweden from Nazi-occupied
Austria) and Fritz Strassman (Sweden). The
Manhattan Project, and consequently the Soviet
atomic bomb project were begun based on this
research, as well as the German nuclear energy
project, although the latter one declined as its physi-
cists were drafted into Germany’s war effort.
• 1942: The V-2 rocket, the world’s first long range
ballistic missile, developed in Nazi Germany during
World War II.
• July 1945: The atomic bomb is first successfully de-
veloped by the United States, Britain and Canada
as a part of the Manhattan Project and swiftly de-
ployed in August 1945 in the atomic bombings of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, effectively causing the end
of World War II.
• December 1947: The transistor, used in almost all
modern electronic products is invented in December
1947 by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under
the supervision of William Shockley. Subsequent
transistors became steadily smaller, faster, more re-
liable, and cheaper to manufacture, leading to a rev-
olution in computers, controls, and communication.
• 1947 Floyd Farris and J.B. Clark (Stanolind Oil
and Gas Corporation) invents hydraulic fracturing
technology.[179]
• December 20, 1951: First use of nuclear power
to produce electricity for households in Arco,
Idaho[180][181]
• 1952: The first Thermonuclear weapon is developed
by the United States of America.
• 1954: Invention of Solar Battery by Bell Telephone
scientists, Calvin Souther Fuller, Daryl Chapin and
Gerald Pearson capturing the sun’s power. First
practical means of collecting energy from the sun
and turning it into a current of electricity.
• 1955: The intermodal container is developed by
Malcom McLean.
• 1957: The first PC used by one person and con-
trolled by a keyboard, the IBM 610 is invented in
1957 by IBM.
• 1958-59: Co-creation of the integrated circuit by
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.

5.10.6 1960s
• 1960: The first functioning laser is invented by
Theodore Maiman.
• 1964: The Shinkansen or Bullet Train is invented in
Japan.
• 1969: ARPANET first deployed via UCLA, SRI,
UCSB, and The University of Utah.
• 1969: Unix is invented.
5.10.7 1970s
• 1970: The pocket calculator is invented in Japan.
• 1972: The first video game console, used primarily
for playing video games on a TV, is the Magnavox
Odyssey.[182]
• 1973: The first commercial graphical user interface
is introduced in 1973 on the Xerox Alto. The mod-
ern GUI is later popularized by the Xerox Star and
Apple Lisa.
• 1973: VHS is invented by Yuma Shiraishi and
Shizuo Takano.
• 1975: Altair 8800 is the spark that ignited the
microcomputer revolution.
• 1973-75: The Internet protocol suite is devel-
oped by Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn for
the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) ARPANET, creating the basis for the
modern Internet.
5.10.8 1980s
• 1980: Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types)
is invented in Japan by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while
working for Toshiba. It is formally introduced to
the public in 1984.
• 1981: MS-DOS is invented by Microsoft.
• 1982: A CD-ROM contains data accessible to, but
not writable by, a computer for data storage and mu-
sic playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard devel-
oped by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold
any form of binary data.[183]
• 1984: The first commercially available cell phone,
the DynaTAC 8000X, is invented by Motorola.
• 1986: The first modern Disposable camera is in-
vented by Fujifilm.
• 1989: The MP3 file is invented by Karlheinz Bran-
denburg.
11
5.10.9 1990s
• 1990: The World Wide Web is first introduced to
the public by English engineer and computer scien-
tist Sir Tim Berners-Lee.[184][185]
• 1993: MOSAIC, the first popular web browser is
introduced
• 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, in-
vented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and
Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage ca-
pacity than Compact Discs while having the same
dimensions.
6 See also
• Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
• Accelerating change
• List of emerging technologies
• List of inventors
• Outline of prehistoric technology
7 Footnotes
[1] See People of the Millennium for an overview of the wide
acclaim. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg
no. 1 on their “People of the Millennium” countdown.
In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg’s inven-
tion as the most important of the second millennium; the
same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998
resume 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men
and Women Who Shaped The Millennium. The Johann
Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes
his invention as having made a practically unparalleled
cultural impact in the Christian era.
[2] Semaw, S.; M. J. Rogers; J. Quade; P. R. Renne; R. F.
Butler; M. Domínguez-Rodrigo; D. Stout; W. S. Hart; T.
Pickering; S. W. Simpson (2003). “2.6-Million-year-old
stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7,
Gona, Afar, Ethiopia”. Journal of Human Evolution 45:
169–177. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9. PMID
14529651.
[3] Harvard Gazette, Invention of cooking drove evolution of
the human species
[4] Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter
[5] Earliest evidence of art found
[6] Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World’s Oldest Spears
[7] Mazza, PPA; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini,
MP; Giachi, G; Landucci, F; Lemorini, C; Modugno, F;
Ribechini, E (2006). “A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-
hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-
bearing bed”. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (9):
1310. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006.
12
[8] Scott Elias (12 September 2012). Origins of Human In-
novation and Creativity. Elsevier. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-
444-53821-5.
[9] Uniquely Human page 163. Books.google.com. Retrieved
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[10] Wadley, L; Sievers, C; Bamford, M; Goldberg, P;
Berna, F; Miller, C. (2011). “Middle Stone Age Bed-
ding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu,
South Africa”. Science 334 (6061): 1388–1391.
doi:10.1126/science.1213317.
[11] Backwell, L; Errico, F; Wadley, L. (2008). “Middle Stone
Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu
Cave, South Africa”. Journal of Archaeological Science
35: 1566–1580. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006.
[12] Jennifer Viegas (31 March 2008). “Early Weapon Evi-
dence Reveals Bloody Past”. Discovery News. Archived
from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
[13] Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG. (1970).
“Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living
site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, West-
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[14] Balter M (2009). “Clothes Make the (Hu) Man”. Sci-
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PMID 19745126.
[15] Kvavadze E, Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen A, Boaretto E,
Jakeli N, Matskevich Z, Meshveliani T (2009). “30,000-
Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers”. Science 325 (5946): 1359.
doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144.
[16] Conard, Nicholas J.; Malina, Maria; Münzel, Susanne
C. (June 26, 2009). “New flutes document the earli-
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[17] Small, Meredith F. (April 2002). “String theory: the tra-
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[19] Piotr Bienkowski; Alan Millard (15 April 2010). Dictio-
nary of the Ancient Near East. University of Pennsylvania
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[20] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/
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[22] Loewe (1968), 170–171.
[23] Deng, Gang. (1997). Chinese Maritime Activities and
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9 External links
• U.S. National Academy of Engineering’s Great-
est Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century
Timeline
18 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text
• Timeline of historic inventions Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions?oldid=688310789 Contributors:
Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Andre Engels, Mirwin, Scipius, Kowloonese, Youssefsan, Arvindn, Fubar Obfusco, M~enwiki, SimonP,
DavidLevinson, Perique des Palottes, GrahamN, Rsabbatini, Mintguy, Modemac, Olivier, Mbecker, Edward, Patrick, Infrogmation, Nom-
monomanac, Michael Hardy, Qwitchibo, JakeVortex, Oliver Pereira, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Stewacide, Ixfd64, Two16, Cameron Dewe,
Tangentier, Tiles, Ducker, Looxix~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier, Ronz, Docu, William M. Connolley, Snoyes, Kingturtle, Bogdangiusca, LouI,
Rossami, Kimiko, Cimon Avaro, Tristanb, Lancevortex, Wfeidt, Mydogategodshat, Davidzuccaro, Reddi, Choster, Aion, Jay, Dandrake,
Zoicon5, Selket, Timc, Tpbradbury, Thadk, Morwen, Jimbreed, Morven, Topbanana, Joy, Vaceituno, Opus33, Secretlondon, Lumos3, Jni,
SD6-Agent, Twang, AlexPlank, Robbot, AlainV, 1984, Tlogmer, Chris 73, Jredmond, RedWolf, Goethean, Altenmann, Nilmerg, Blain-
ster, Hadal, UtherSRG, Cecropia, Ancheta Wis, Wolfkeeper, BenFrantzDale, Kenny sh, Fastfission, Zigger, Mark.murphy, Peruvianllama,
Curps, Mboverload, Eequor, Solipsist, Chameleon, Jackol, John Abbe, Btphelps, Alister, OldakQuill, Chowbok, Gadfium, Manuel Anastá-
cio, Keith Edkins, MrMambo, R. fiend, Gdr, Antandrus, Beland, MarkSweep, Thincat, Halo, DanielDemaret, Icairns, Nick Boulevard,
Klemen Kocjancic, Adashiel, Flyhighplato, JamesTeterenko, Canterbury Tail, Alkivar, ChrisRuvolo, Larrybob, Newkai, Noisy, Discospin-
ster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Vsmith, Westendgirl, Pavel Vozenilek, Gronky, ESkog, Ben Standeven, Plugwash, Eric Forste, Ben
Webber, Mwanner, Kross, Bobo192, John Vandenberg, Duk, Thvv, Elipongo, Jguk 2, Slambo, Haham hanuka, Hagerman, Gary, Anthony
Appleyard, Hektor, Ricky81682, Andrew Gray, Sade, Tocky, Yummifruitbat, Samohyl Jan, David Henderson, Super-Magician, SteinbDJ,
Gene Nygaard, Redvers, Galaxiaad, Dennis Bratland, A D Monroe III, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Merlinme, Daniel Case, Brunnock, Car-
charoth, Fbriere, Urod, Kgrr, Tabletop, Wikiklrsc, Seyen, Gimboid13, GraemeLeggett, Slgrandson, Graham87, Magister Mathematicae,
Opie, Newfoundlanddog, Kbdank71, Grammarbot, BorgHunter, Sjö, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Rogerd, Skaterdude182, Hulagutten, Bill37212,
Quiddity, 25~enwiki, Mike s, DonSiano, Dolphonia, Rbeas, Ttwaring, Maurog, Ekimdrachir, Themanwithoutapast, JYOuyang, RexNL,
Gurch, Riddleme, Celendin, Brendan Moody, Wongm, Srleffler, Common Man, Exe, Boyinabox, Bgwhite, Adrian Robson, Gwernol,
Flcelloguy, YurikBot, Spacepotato, Sceptre, Tznkai, RussBot, DanMS, Ksyrie, Rsrikanth05, Akhristov, Thane, Claunia, NawlinWiki,
ENeville, Anomie, Son of Paddy’s Ego, Wiki alf, Bluebird47, Dialectric, NW036, Welsh, Cholmes75, Krakatoa, Rudykog, Tony1, Ospalh,
Vlad, DeadEyeArrow, Elkman, CLW, Engineer Bob, Wknight94, NorsemanII, Emijrp, StuRat, Cynicism addict, Sulfur, Th1rt3en, Reyk,
JQF, Dcb1995, RedJ 17, JoanneB, Kevin, Emc2, Curpsbot-unicodify, Cjfsyntropy, Katieh5584, Lyrl, NeilN, MelindaPF, Palapa, Chic-
ocvenancio, SmackBot, Classicfilms, Zs, Hydrogen Iodide, Pgk, Deiaemeth, Lawrencekhoo, Jagged 85, Lds, Delldot, Srnelson, Kintet-
subuffalo, Peter Isotalo, Gilliam, Hmains, Chris the speller, Keegan, PSPone, Hibernian, Neo-Jay, Funper, Go for it!, DHN-bot~enwiki,
Colonies Chris, Antonrojo, Darth Panda, Annelid, Zsinj, Trekphiler, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Egsan Bacon, Shalom Yechiel, De-
Facto, Ww2censor, Thegoosler, Parent5446, Stevenmitchell, Aldaron, Gti~enwiki, Aboudaqn, Bowlhover, Eran of Arcadia, MartinRe,
Kshieh, SpiderJon, Sndr, Birdman1, Lambiam, John, Acidburn24m, Slogby, Peterlewis, NipponBill, Lalaith, Dicklyon, AdultSwim, Ul-
timaga, Riffic, Caiaffa, ‫דניאל צבי‬, Iridescent, Ymalaika, StephenBuxton, Dataryder, Shultz III, Neurillon, Tawkerbot2, HennessyC, JForget,
Big Jock Knew, Ruslik0, Ken Gallager, Galassi, Clayoquot, Gogo Dodo, ST47, Daniel 123, Eu.stefan, Lesseps, Hsundt, Naudefj, Doug
Weller, Bprsolt Qaoddz, Rocket000, Thijs!bot, LaGrange, Qwyrxian, Knarf-bz~enwiki, Rene Thomas, Iramoo Bearbrass, Keraunos, Ad
vitam aeternam, Skosem, Riction, Histrydude, EdJogg, AntiVandalBot, TAMilo, Seaphoto, Cinnamon42, TexMurphy, Shbrown, Storkk,
Ritabest, Deflective, Sukratu Barve, DuncanHill, Giovanni Giove, The Transhumanist, Matthew Fennell, Belg4mit, Blue wave~enwiki,
Kerotan, Easchiff, Jaysweet, Pedro, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Ferritecore, Wikidudeman, InfinityLiger, Energman, Daddylight, Ben Ram,
Martin Hühne, Gun Powder Ma, MartinBot, Arjun01, SmokeySteve, R'n'B, J.delanoy, Captain panda, Pkoden, Ali, Uncle Dick, RedPop-
tarts, PC78, Michael Daly, Katalaveno, Oceanflynn, Gurchzilla, Fountains of Bryn Mawr, Rosenknospe, SJP, Cometstyles, Vanished user
39948282, HiEv, WinterSpw, Funandtrvl, VolkovBot, Hersfold, Qaz111~enwiki, Gene Hobbs, Chienlit, Jacroe, Barneca, Philip Trueman,
Technopat, Hqb, Zachary Joe Vega and Family, Chelley5, GcSwRhIc, Markdsgraham, Qxz, Dstary, Martin451, LeaveSleaves, Homo
erectus3000, Wikiisawesome, Jamelan, Jasz, InternetHero, Andy Dingley, Falcon8765, -ross616-, Phmoreno, Master of the Oríchal-
cos, Peregrinoerick, Truthanado, AlleborgoBot, Praefectorian, Logan, Legoktm, PericlesofAthens, Comicdud, Daveh4h, Davesnyder-sf,
Rawlinsp, SieBot, SheepNotGoats, Caltas, Kylemew, RJaguar3, Triwbe, Yintan, VS 78, LeadSongDog, Keilana, Radon210, Elcobbola,
Hello71, KoshVorlon, Hobartimus, BenoniBot~enwiki, Fratrep, KryssTal, WikipedianMarlith, David1955, Tanvir Ahmmed, ClueBot,
Binksternet, Snigbrook, The Thing That Should Not Be, Gaoez, Fenerty, Boing! said Zebedee, Niceguyedc, Gunslinger1812, Auntof6,
SamuelTheGhost, DragonBot, Excirial, CohesionBot, Mynameisnotpj, Jusdafax, Eeekster, Texankudiya, NuclearWarfare, JoelDick, John-
beckman, Bddrey, SchreiberBike, Ottawa4ever, Thehelpfulone, JCGSebald, Thingg, 7, Subash.chandran007, ChrisBoulden, Spinoff, Road-
ahead, Dana boomer, MelonBot, CPGACoast, DumZiBoT, Spitfire, Leia, Gerhardvalentin, PK2, WikHead, Maijinsan, Airplaneman, Wy-
att915, Addbot, Vero.Verite, Jafeluv, Guoguo12, Jonah2000, Hattar393, Jkloss, BabelStone, Sara USA, Caseyrd1, Tassedethe, Ace45954,
Tide rolls, Thermalimage, Greyhood, Drpickem, Cote d'Azur, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Cflm001, Aldebaran66, Lacrymocéphale, THEN WHO
WAS PHONE?, GateKeeper, Againme, Mdw0, AnomieBOT, AdjustShift, Flewis, Materialscientist, ℍuman, Citation bot, E2eamon, Wrel-
wser43, LilHelpa, MauritsBot, Cureden, Pmlineditor, Frosted14, Nerdyjoe314, Лев Дубовой, RibotBOT, SassoBot, Shattered Gnome,
Arceus12345, Guitarherochristopher, Amaury, Jpbarbier, Yoganate79, Doulos Christos, JonDePlume, Flaviusvulso, T58197, Ifaddis3070,
Elijahlucian, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Tobby72, Arlen22, Miranda255, Knee427, Chad155, Mattdie, Brisingr era, DivineAlpha, Cita-
tion bot 1, MardinaGleemm, Pinethicket, 10metreh, MJ94, MastiBot, Phearson, MDGx, Zhonghuo~enwiki, Utility Monster, Trappist the
monk, Zeyra, Zanhe, Etincelles, Lotje, Zoeperkoe, Vrenator, Iron0037, Canuckian89, AlexBartlett4, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Onel5969,
RjwilmsiBot, Gofigure41, Slon02, DASHBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, SoSaysSarah, Syncategoremata, Razor2988, GoingBatty,
Minimac’s Clone, 4meter4, Rabbabodrool, Clusternote, Tommy2010, Mister Pip, QuentinUK, John Cline, Wayne Slam, LJMcGregor,
BrokenAnchorBot, Rangoon11, BlackTarHeroin, Chareety, Wakebrdkid, Matkatamiba, DASHBotAV, LHenigan, Rememberway, Clue-
Bot NG, Andrewnichol23, AlbertBickford, Incompetence, Jonahrider3, CocuBot, Satellizer, Frietjes, Quinser’s, CaroleHenson, Rurik
the Varangian, Jacob bubble, Helpful Pixie Bot, HMSSolent, Plantdrew, Uranus95, BG19bot, Roberticus, Wfgdsjuyiyttryyrgh, Wiki13,
Azərbaycan56465409, Wikidede71, Difiicult, Hamish59, Derschueler, Luvlydickboy111, BattyBot, Biosthmors, Reid1801, MadGuy7023,
Bono24, Mogism, Numbermaniac, Reatlas, Tentinator, AmfiTIMNin, Koza1983, Liz, Monkbot, BrightonC, Welcome1To1The1Jungle,
PaulaDeenian, SQMeaner, Kevin5544, Johnny1943 and Anonymous: 976

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