Rectangular Coordinate, Differential elements

• Differential length/Volume • Differential normal surface

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

11/11/2021 1
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Cylindrical Coordinate, Differential elements

• Differential normal surface

• Differential length/Volume

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

11/11/2021 2
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Spherical Coordinate, Differential elements

• Differential normal surface

• Differential length/Volume

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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Line, surface and volume integrals

• Surface integrals
• Line integrals

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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Contour integral Example

• Exercise
• Example

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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Del Operator

• Spherical
• Rectangular

• Cylindrical

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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Gradient of a scalar

• Rectangular

• Cylindrical

• Spherical

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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Divergence and Divergence Theorem

• Rectangular
Definition
The divergence of A at a
given point P is the outward
flux per unit volume as the • Cylindrical
volume shrinks about P.

• Spherical

11/11/2021 Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O. Sadiku 8

…Divergence Theorem

• Prove
Definition
It states that the total
outward flux of a vector
field A through a closed
surface S is the same as the
volume integral of the
divergence of A

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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…Example

Given
𝑮 = 10e−2z ρ𝐚ρ + 𝐚z
• Determine the net outward
flux of G from the surface
of the cylinder given by:
𝜌 = 1, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1
• Confirm the result using
Divergence theorem
• Exercise

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

11/11/2021 10
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Curl of a vector field and Stokes’s Theorem

• Rectangular
Definition
The curl of A is an axial (or
rotational) vector whose magnitude
is the maximum circulation of A per
unit area as the area tends to zero
and whose direction is the normal • Cylindrical
direction of the area when the area
is oriented so as to make the
circulation maximum.

• Spherical

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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…Stokes’s Theorem

• Prove
Definition
It states that the circulation of a
vector A around a closed path L is
equal to the surface integral of
the curl of A over the open surface
S bounded by L, provided that A and
curl of A are continuous on S.

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

11/11/2021 12
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…Example

Given

• Determine the circulation of

A for the path given by:
600 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 300 , 𝑧 = 0, 2 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 5
• Confirm the result using
Stokes’s theorem
• Exercise

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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Laplacian of a Scalar

• Rectangular
Definition
The Laplacian of a scalar field V,
𝛻 2 𝑉, is the divergence of the
gradient of V

• Cylindrical

• Spherical

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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Classification of vector fields

In terms of their vanishing

and nonvanishing divergence
or curl:

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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…Solenoidal and Irrotational fields

A vector field A is said to • A solenoidal field can be

be solenoidal (or expressed in terms of
divergenceless), flux lines another vector field as:
entering any closed surface
must leave it, if div A = 0

E.g. Magnetic fields, steady

state conduction currents…

Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.

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…Solenoidal and Irrotational fields

A vector field A is said to • A Irrotational field can be

be Irrotational (or potential expressed in terms of scalar
or conservative), the line field as:
integral is independent of
the chosen path, if curl A =
0

E.g. Electrostatic fields,

gravitational field…
Taken from Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O.
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