Lecture 2

Public Administration
• Public administration in specially meant to
improve the lives of the Public.
• In Islamic administration, the leaders are
the people of par excellence.
• Today pub ad is pervasive and is required
at all the levels.
 Characteristics of Islamic
administration.
• The Islamic administration was quite simple
and mosque was the centre of all the
activities
• Islamic administration easily adopted the
foreign system; like Islam adopted the
Roman system in Syria and Egypt and
Persian system in Persia.
• Initially during the life time of Holy Prophet
spirit of Islam was dominant and later it
deteriorated but rectified during the time
of Umer-II and Mamun.
• Islamic system gives Ijtihad that allows it to
fit it every situation. Islam did not reject
other human experiences and encourages
better experiences.
• In Holy Quran, the word Yedabbiru refers
toward administration. Allah ordains in
Quran to dispense justice without being
partial.
• Quran makes it clear that it is indispensible for
the administration without proper machinery.
• The basis of Islamic administration is spiritual
and ethical.
• Phillip K Hitti opines that Holy Prophet
performed the functions of prophet, judge,
administration, planner, law giver all in one.
• Though Holy Prophet was the ultimate
authority of the state but still he ask the
suggestion of his ministers and secretaries.
• Holy Prophet divided the state into different
provinces
• Every province Wali was appointed whose
duties were to educate and provide the best
situation for the administration.
• Every province there were Amils whose main
work was to collect zakat and Jizya for the
public welfare.
• Qazis were appointed to dispense justice and
were directly reporting to Holy Prophet and
not the provincial Governors.
• The collection of revenue was of the
following types and was done in the
following way
• Kheraj was the land tax
• Fay was the state land revenue
• Maal-e-Ghannimaat spoils of the war
 Islamic Sharia
• It lays down the basis principles of
governance.
• It is based on the conscience and faith.
• It enables the individuals to govern
themselves by themselves.
• The only control over being is only by their
own self.
• The Islamic administration revolves around
probity, piety, justice a, equality and social
equity.
• Islamic administration is based on
democratic principles. Dictatorial and
authoritative roles have no place is Islam
• The aim of administration is to implement
the will of the God and His directives
through Quran and Sunnah.
• Administration and the pious caliphs:
• Started from Abu Bakr (R.A) in 632 A.D and
ended in 661 with the martyrdom of H. Ali (R.
A)
• Rule of H. Abu Bakr R.A remained for two
years
• H.Umer R.A ten years
• H. Usman R.A twelve years and
• H. Ali R.A four years
• Administrative Institutions is Islam
• Caliph the chief custodian of Law. His main
purpose was to maintain law and render
justice.
• Diwans were the different departments
developed during the caliphates that kept
different records.
• Diwan-e-Kheraj that collected taxes and
performed the function of the treasury.
• Diwan-e-Jund manages the affairs of the
military
• Dewan-e-khatm keeps copies of the letters
• Dewan-e-Mustaghallast manages the state
lands and keep the properties and state land.
• Diwan-e-Barid manages the intelligence service
• Diwan-e-Hisbah manages the administration of
justice, eliminate evil, does accountability and
rectification of bad deeds.
• Governance during the time of H. Umar R.A
• He formed Majlis-e-Shura, Majlis-e-Amma
and Majlis-e-khassa
• Accountability at the occasion of Haj
• Division of the state in to fourteen
provinces, system of Qazi, Katab, Wali and
Amil were there.
• Central government was very strong
during the time of H.Umar RA
 Policies
• Open door policy
• Accountability policy
• Land policy
• Merit policy and
• Revenue policy.