Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IN TAGUM CITY
A Thesis Paper
Presented to:
Criminology Department
Presented by:
October 2023
Chapter 1
Even if they commit the same offense, the punishment for an adult differs from
juvenile offending, refers to illegal activities committed by young people under the age
of 18, whether criminal or status crimes. Delinquent behavior is a problem for the family,
public safety, young people's lives, and law enforcement agencies in general, and as a
result, a country must incur large costs related to delinquent behavior (Cicourel, 2017).
Globally, specifically in the UN, from 2009 to 2019, the problem of adolescent
delinquency has expanded dramatically. The United Nations Office on Drugs and
problem (Feld, 2019). According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(2019), juvenile crime climbed by 2.6% in Europe, compared to a 1.7% increase the
previous year. South East Asia, Latin America, and North America were reported to
have juvenile crime growth rates of 0.7%, 3.9%, and 1.8%, respectively. The drug trade
in nations like Mexico and Colombia has been blamed for Latin America's comparatively
high rate of youth crime. Juvenile delinquency in Africa has continued to rise, owing
were the most common offenses perpetrated by young delinquents. Crime rates rose
from 2006 to 2009 before declining from 2010 to 2013. Those aged 10 to 15 years old
committed the most crimes, followed by those aged 16 to 17, and those aged 9 and
under. A theft was the most common offense committed by adolescent delinquents
aged 10 to 15 years old, followed by illicit rugby usage. The majority of adolescent
offenders were male, and their most common crimes were theft and illicit rugby use. A
considerable number of adolescent offenders were males who lived in cities and
committed stealing, unlawful rugby use, physical injuries, and illegal possession of
dangerous weapons. Almost all juvenile delinquents were released to their parents, with
almost 15% referred to youth homes, diversion programs, and intervention programs
(Pugon-Perez, 2016).
Maqui (2023) is a first-year high school in one of the local schools of Tagum City.
He said he experienced being involved in a gang that led him to commit illegal acts,
vandalism on the school premises, substance abuse, and even robbery at the young
age of thirteen. He added that it made him confident in doing these unlawful acts
because he might have been excused at his age (Interviewed: October 6, 2023).
The aim of the study is to know what factors will greatly influence juvenile
delinquency. We all know that youth is considered to be the greatest national asset and
This section includes a discussion of the independent variable and the indicators
while the attributed indicators are Peer pressure, Family, Poverty, and the influence of
social media.
Juvenile Delinquency
crime due to being over the minimum age of criminal responsibility but under the age of
minimum age of criminal responsibility varies between 6 and 18 years, but the age of
the criminal majority is usually 18 years. Individuals older than 18 years may be heard in
a juvenile court and thus will still be considered juveniles; indeed, the United Nations
(UN) defines 'youth' as between 15 and 24 years of age. The phrase 'child delinquents'
has been used to refer to minors under the age of 13 who have committed delinquent
conduct, despite the fact that 'children' are frequently regarded as being under the age
of 18. The phrase 'young offenders' is broad and can refer to criminals under the age of
Georgia. That is why it is interesting to examine what can lead to juvenile delinquency,
how it can be prevented, what is required for juvenile rehabilitation, and what programs
are being done in this respect. It consists of psychological and social variables that
performed in Kutaisi, the majority of respondents believe that family bonds induce a
crime committed by a minor. According to them, the majority of juvenile delinquents lack
Despite the fact that the number of juvenile delinquents in the Philippines is
staggering, rules shield them from being tried as adults. The state and regulations in
place prioritize their welfare, rehabilitation, and reintegration into society, allowing CICLs
to improve their life after committing crimes in the past. While the laws of the land aim to
protect these children, rehabilitation programs fall short, with some reformative aspects
of the Philippine Juvenile Justice Law not being implemented well due to a lack of
designed for their welfare during their supposed trials. Unfortunately, this not only
under the age of seventeen. Juveniles face the same consequences as adults; the
system simply calls some of those sanctions by different names. Juveniles who are
facility" run by the Department of Youth Services. A “secure facility” is, without a doubt,
a jail with barred doors and bars on the windows. Juveniles who commit major offenses
involving substantial harm or the danger of serious harm to others can be charged as
"youthful offenders." When a Juvenile Court judges that a juvenile is a young offender,
the court proceedings are made public, and the juvenile can be sentenced as if he or
she were an adult. This can involve a full state jail sentence for an adult (Lewin, 2022).
Peer Pressure
It's unavoidable, that your children will want to spend less time with you and more
time with their pals, even if it is through social media. That is the strength of peer
influence. Teen peer pressure is a tricky subject. Teens may believe they have "grown
up," yet their brains are still developing. Judgment is one of the immature functions.
Peer pressure comes in two flavors for this age group: negative and good. Positive peer
pressure can assist teenagers in developing the coping skills required for maturity. It
may motivate youth to participate in sports or avoid harmful behaviors, which can be
People care about what others think across all age groups—and that influences
how much they value different ideas and behaviors," explains Dr. Emily Falk of the
making. This is known as social or peer influence. Teens are especially susceptible to
peer pressure. This is due to brain alterations that make individuals very sensitive to
social interactions. At the same time, the teen brain's reward system becomes
hypersensitive. Teens are still figuring out how to navigate the social environment.
Understanding and being impacted by other people's values are crucial aspects of
socializing. Influencing teens' wardrobe and musical tastes might help them learn to fit
in and make friends. However, engaging in dangerous habits, such as drinking alcohol
comparable interests and experiences. Peers might also be other kids your age who
participate in the same activities as you or are members of the same community or club.
Peer pressure can be positive or harmful. You may not consider all of your classmates
to be friends, yet they can all impact you. When peer pressure is constructive, it
motivates you to do your best. Negative peer pressure occurs when a friend or member
of a group you belong to makes you feel as if you must do something in order to be
accepted. When we hear the term "peer pressure," we usually think of negative peer
pressure. When you succumb to negative peer pressure, you frequently feel guilty or
unhappy in yourself for acting against your ideas or principles (Fcps.edu, 2023).
terrible thing. Peer pressure can be used to constructively affect others, such as when
teenagers work toward similar goals like achieving well in school or volunteering in their
community. Learning about accepted group norms will help you understand how to live
with and socialize with others. The way your child (or you) responds to peer pressure
can reveal a lot about who they are as a person. Natural leaders are less sensitive to
negative kinds of peer pressure, whereas followers may have a more difficult time
Peer pressure, or influence, can take many forms, and each type of peer
research, the most receptive age for peer impact appears to be middle school. This is
the stage during which a youngster is making new acquaintances and creating an
identity among those friends. It is also the most prevalent age at which children begin
experimenting with alcohol, drugs, sexual activity, and other dangerous behaviors.
Negative peer pressure is frequently the driving force behind this type of behavior.
classmates' comments or actions, yet conformity pressure is quite significant at this age
(Raleigh, 2019).
Although parents are concerned about the influence of peers, parents can have a
significant impact on whether their children succumb to negative peer pressure. Rather
than being concerned about the effects of their children's friendships, parents would be
wise to focus on creating a positive, supportive home environment. That way, even if
your child is peer pressured to do something they don't want to do, they'll feel
comfortable approaching you first to discuss it. Role modeling strong emotional self-
regulation may also help your child stick to their own beliefs when it comes to peer
pressure. Self-regulation is the ability to control one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
in order to manage one's current behavior and attain one's long-term goals (Hartney,
2022).
Family
There are multiple definitions of family in the dictionary. One definition is "a
fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two parents and their
children." While this definition is a good starting point, it excludes many modern family
structures, such as childless couples, friends as family, and many other variations of the
family unit. Another description is "two or more people who share goals and values,
have long-term commitments to one another, and commonly reside in the same
dwelling." Today, numerous definitions of family exist, and they are as valued and
children. The quality of a child's relationship with his or her parents influences whether
understanding are more likely to foster conformist and constructive social conduct. A
lack of parental attention and support, on the other hand, causes children to feel
delinquent behavior. Scolding and a lack of love are common characteristics of negative
delinquency and a major risk factor for criminal development in childhood and
theoretical perspectives have been used to study disciplinary and behavioral difficulties,
including the emotional anguish caused by parental divorce. Children from one-parent
unemployed, drop out of school, have lower psychological well-being, and participate in
sexual assault. Because there is only one breadwinner in the home, the move from a
resources and a drop in kid supervision. Separated fathers also have less contact with
their children, which undermines commitment and trust (Van de Weijer, S.G.A., et al,
2015).
Hearne defines "uninvolved parenting" as situations in which parents are
emotionally distant from their children and show little warmth and love towards them,
provide little supervision, purposefully avoid them, have few expectations or demands
for their behavior, never attend school events, and are generally too overwhelmed by
their own problems to deal with their children. Sarantakos contends that juvenile
offenders are more likely to originate from uninvolved parents than from involved
where the children believed their parents to be uninterested in them, while just one-third
of offenders came from families where their parents were interested in them. Similarly,
86% of non-offenders were from households with "interested" parents in their children
(Hearne, 2015).
be either a risk or a protective factor. A risk factor is a trait that, when present,
to research, the number of risk variables to which kids are exposed increases the
presence of one risk factor may encourage the presence of another risk factor,
increasing the chance of hazardous behavior. Families exposed to many risk factors are
hand, is a quality that mitigates the negative impacts of risk factors and lessens the
Poverty
Poverty is defined as a lack of financial means and needs for a specific standard
of living. When evaluating poverty in statistics or economics, there are two main
measures: absolute poverty compares income to the amount needed to meet basic
personal needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter; relative poverty measures when a
person cannot meet a minimum level of living standards, compared to others in the
same time and place. The meaning of relative poverty differs from country to country or
adverse settings such as gangs, slums, cliques, and a criminal community as a whole.
point to the disadvantages that a low economic standing has on a young adult. When an
adolescent commits a crime, society only sees the consequences of poverty. The
Later, the adolescent finds it pleasurable to commit a robbery or other illegal conduct.
Indulging in criminal activities gives the adolescent a kind of satisfaction. Society, the
judicial system, family, and school needs a lot of effort to make sure that adolescent
assistance, mental health services, medical care, education, and so on. The absence of
resources in these places prevents these young people from achieving success in a
culture that rewards those with money. Those who lack financial resources are more
prone to become involved in criminal activity. The lack of family resources in these
communities has had a significant impact on the well-being of the youth. Families
enduring challenges are compelled to bear the load alone, and some of that weight is
and antisocial conduct are prevalent in the neighborhoods and communities where
many poor families dwell. Children are exposed to violence and dangerous conduct
from an early age, which is sometimes done by individuals they know. This is an
important consideration since the characteristics of the society from which a child
neighborhoods, children are more likely to encounter classmates who participate in anti-
Most research defines poverty as the inability to achieve basic human needs
such as food, shelter, and clothing. Today, many parts of the world have experienced
substantial economic progress. Nonetheless, the vast majority of the world's population
is impoverished and lives in abject poverty. Economic dualism is growing in tandem with
global economic progress. According to studies, the fundamental cause of global
they lack access to basic necessities such as clean water and sewage systems, good
road networks, health care, electricity, and security. Rich people, on the other hand,
have access to basic necessities independent of the country's economic growth and
Unemployed teenagers lose hope for a better life and turn to various means of
collecting money that would allow them to live a better life. They regard delinquency as
the only quick option to obtain funds. In most situations, youths engage in criminal
activity through gangs. They frequently engage in illicit activities such as drug trafficking,
which is currently common among adolescents. Young adults lure minors into crime by
Social Media
Through virtual networks, social media encourages the exchange of ideas and
information. Social media encompasses a wide variety of programs and platforms that
allow users to share content, communicate online, and develop communities, ranging
from Facebook and Instagram to Twitter and YouTube. More than 4.7 billion people, or
nearly 60% of the world's population, utilize social media. Today, social media
messaging apps and platforms are the most regularly used sites worldwide. In early
2023, 94.8% of consumers used chat and messaging applications and websites, with
social platforms coming in second at 94.6%. Search engine sites were the next most
However, its costs can sometimes outweigh its benefits, particularly for juveniles. Long-
term access to electronic devices has created a flood of chances for adolescents to be
inspired by social media content and express themselves in ways that may constitute
crimes on social networking sites or in the real world. The aggressive conduct of
means that an individual can learn how to do something by watching others. Children
are more susceptible to media violence because they are more open to learning, and
exposure can have long-term consequences, such as having a positive attitude toward
While youths can see the benefits of social networking, they can also see the
drawbacks, such as the use of social media for drama, bullying, and peer pressure to
present themselves in a certain way. When young people are asked to identify what
they usually post about on social media. The type of posts differs markedly depending
on the age of the youth. The majority of youth admit to posting about their successful
accomplishments and family; some youths post about their emotions and feelings.
Youth in general believe that social networking helps deepen friendships and are more
likely to associate their use of social networking with positive emotions, but this
Youths are using social media to brag about their brazen lifestyles by posting
videos of themselves committing crimes and taunting police. A Brisbane 'youth gang'
was allegedly charged for a series of Instagram posts showing teenage boys joyriding in
stolen cars, endangering community lives by exceeding 200km/h. Illegal drug use,
weapons, large sums of money, and gangster boasting were all shared on social media
platforms. The youth were also bragging online about their fast stolen cars, jewelry, and
designer brands like Versace, as well as their use of emojis to hide their identity on
social media. The description of an Instagram account run by a young person read,
"The account does not endorse crime and is run for entertainment purposes only."
These young people thrive on the attention and online adoration they receive for their
Telegram, WeChat, YouTube, and TikTok, among others) raises concerns about
potential risk multiplier effects and opportunities for delinquent practices. Sexting,
commonplace terms1, and they describe illegal actions in digital environments involving
young people as perpetrators and victims. The media coverage of these cases has
gone viral on a global scale, and social concern about this issue is growing (Baldry et
al., 2018).
This study is based Cesare Beccaria's Rational Choice Theory (1789), were
among the earliest theories of adolescent delinquency. People have the ability to make
meaningful, rational decisions because they have free will, according to this belief.
Juvenile delinquents, according to rational choice theory, weigh the incentives and
be carried out.
Strain theory (1938), is most closely identified with the work of Robert K. Merton,
crime is caused by the difficulty that those in poverty have in achieving socially valued
goals through legitimate means. Because those with low educational attainment, for
example, have difficulty achieving wealth and status through well-paid employment,
they are more likely to use criminal means to achieve those goals.
This study seeks to find out the influence of the factors influencing juvenile
delinquency in terms of peer pressure, family, poverty, and the influence of social
media. The independent variable of this study is factors influencing juvenile delinquency
which are attributed to the indicators: peer pressure, family, poverty, and influence of
social media. Juvenile delinquency also known as juvenile offending refers to illegal acts
whether criminal or status offenses, which are committed by young people under the
age of 18 years. Delinquency is a problem to the family, public safety, the lives of young
people themselves and law enforcement agencies at large and as a result a country has
The indicators on this variable are peer pressure, family, poverty, and the
influence of social media. Peer pressure is the process by which members of the same
social group influence other members to do things that they may be resistant to, or
might not otherwise choose to do (Hartney, 2022). A family is a group of two or more
individuals who are related by marriage, birth, or adoption and usually live together in
the same household. According to social scientists, family is the most basic social unit
in human society (Langford, 2022). The term poverty refers to the state or condition in
which people or communities lack the financial resources and essentials for a minimum
standard of living. As such, their basic human needs cannot be met (Chen, 2023).
Social media are web-based communication tools that enable people to interact with
Independent Variable
FACTORS INFLUENCING
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Basi
s for
Peer pressure Stra
tegi
Family es/
Sol
Poverty utio
n
Influence of social
media
Barangays within Tagum City. This participant will help us build a foundation in
crime within the city. These participants will answer questions pertaining to the causes
of crime committed by juvenile, which will help us getting the answer we wanted to
create the levels of factors that affect juvenile to commit crime. Therefore, these
participants are chosen as our respondents since they are part of the community where
juvenile lives. We are certain and confident that the chosen respondents will give light to
This study aims to ascertain the level of factors that influence Juveniles to
commit such delinquency. Additionally, this study seeks to find strategies or solutions
1.2. Family;
1.3. Poverty; and
Hypothesis
The objective of this study is to identify what are the causes of crime that most
juvenile commits within Tagum. Juveniles who live in poverty and not guided well within
the family are most likely to be influenced by peers to commit crime. Especially, those
who grew up in an environment where violence are common. The effects of this study
will not just help us in understanding these problems but also, will help future
Juveniles/teens. This study will be most beneficial to them since this study focus in
juvenile delinquency.
Family. it can help them know and understand the reasons why their children do such
behavior, in order for them to support and avoid their children being delinquent.
PNP. This study will help them in dealing juvenile delinquency, since they are the
acts and also give awareness and solutions on how to deal with since juvenile
Future Researchers. This study will give them assistance in their future research which
Definition of Terms
At this stage in the research, the following terms are herein defined:
Juvenile. As used in this study, it refers toa young person: youth. often, specifically: an
individual who is under an age fixed by law (such as 18 years) at which he or she would
Factors. As used in this study, it refers to the reasons why juveniles do such delinquent
acts.
Influence. As used in this study, it refers to the capacity to have an effect on the
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