Transformer

Iftikhar Reza (iftikhar.reza08@gmail.
com)
Contact : 01715 591 542
Transformer
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1
Iftikhar Reza (iftikhar.reza08@gmail.com)
Contact : 01715 591 542
1. Equivalent circuit
𝑍𝑀 = 𝑅0  𝑗𝑋0 = 𝑅𝑐  𝑗𝑋𝑀

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2. 𝐸𝑥 = 4.44 𝑓 𝑁𝑥
𝐸1 = 4.44 𝑓 𝑁1
𝐸2 = 4.44 𝑓 𝑁2
Transformation ratio
1 𝑁2 𝐸2 𝐼1
=k= 𝑎
= 𝑁1
= 𝐸1
 𝐼2
3.
𝑅02 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅1′ = 𝑅2 + 𝐾 2 𝑅1
𝑅2 𝑅2 + 𝑘 2 𝑅1 𝑅02
𝑅01 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2′ = 𝑅1 + = =
𝐾2 𝐾2 𝐾2
4.
𝐼1 = 𝐼0 + 𝑘𝐼2
𝑉1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼1 𝑍1
𝐸2 = 𝑉2 + 𝐼2 𝑍2
5. I0 −0 = 𝐼𝑤 − 𝑗𝐼

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6.
O.C. Test:
Normally H.V. side is kept open, done for rated voltage
( 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟎 (𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍)

𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟎 𝒁𝟏  𝑬𝟏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑂. 𝐶. 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 )
(when 𝑽𝟏𝜭 = 𝑬𝟏𝜭 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝟏  𝑬𝟏 𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 )
𝑉1 𝑉1
𝑅0 = =
𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0 𝐼𝑤
𝑉1 𝑉1
𝑋0 = =
𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 0 𝐼
Actually
(Core Power) 𝑺0 = 𝐸1 𝐼0∗ = 𝑊0 + 𝑗𝑄0
I0 −0 = 𝐼𝑤 − 𝑗𝐼
2
|𝐸1 |
𝑊0 = Re ( 𝐸1 𝐼0∗ ) = = |𝑰𝟎 |𝟐 𝑹𝒆(𝒁𝑴 )
𝑅0
= 𝐸1 𝐼0 cos(𝐸1𝛳 − 0 )
(𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑥 32.25)
⃗⃗⃗⃗1
𝐸
ZM = R 0  jX0 =
𝐼⃗⃗⃗0
|𝑬𝟏 |𝟐 𝐸1
𝑅0 = =
𝑷𝒄 𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝐸1𝛳 − 0 )
|𝑬𝟏 |𝟐 𝐸1
𝑋0 = =
𝑸𝒄 𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝐸1𝛳 − 0 )

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7.
E  𝑓𝐵𝑚
Hysteresis Loss, 𝑊ℎ  𝑓𝐵𝑚

1.6
Eddy current Loss, 𝑊𝑒  𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚

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8.
S.C. Test:
Normally L.V. side is short-circuited, done for rated current
𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑍𝑜𝑥
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = ?
𝑊𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐2 𝑅𝑜𝑥
9.
%R = % Cu Loss
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑦
= × 100 % = × 100 %
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴
10.
efficiency,
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 2 × 100%
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + ( ) × 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓
= 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 2 × 100%
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝑥 + (𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴) ×𝑦

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11.
For Max efficiency: 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Cu Loss equals to Core Loss
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Full Load KVA √
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑥
= Full Load KVA √
𝑦
KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓

 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × 100%
KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓

= × 100%
KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝑥 + 𝑥
12.
Regulation
(According to B.L. Threza)
Page: 1156-1157

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(According to Hubert) P-69 (exact equation without cosidering the Core)
%𝒓𝒆𝒈𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = √(𝑹𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅) + 𝑪𝒐𝒔)𝟐 + (𝑿𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅)  𝑺𝒊𝒏)𝟐 − 𝟏
𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 
𝑉2
where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾
(According to Chapman, P-100)
𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 
𝑉2
where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾
(According to Hadi Saadat, P-71)
𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 

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𝑉2
where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾
13. Load Sharing

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1.
(a)
Ans: 1300 W, 1400 W
(b) * PGCB-2021
When a transformer is connected to a 240-v, 25-Hz supply; Hysteresis Loss is 846 w;

what will be this loss at 240-v, 60-Hz
Ans: 500.315 w
2.
Ans: 3495 W, 1210 W; 3196 W, 1000 W; 3299 W, 1210 W
3. (Hubert Exc 2-7/8)
A single phase transformer has the following data
75-kVA, 480/120-v,
Hysteresis loss 215 w & Eddy current loss 115 w.
Magnetizing current is 2.5% rated current. Transformer is operating in step-up mode.

Determine
(i) Exciting current
(ii) No-Load power factor
(iii) Reactive power input at no-Load
Ans: 15.87 A; 0.173; 1875 W

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4.
Ans: 0.572 A, 0.182 A; 0.476 A, 0.15 A
5.
Ans: 5.93 A, 73.3 degree
6.
7.
Ans: 275 A, 152.42 KW

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8.
Ans: 0.4472 (lagging), 5.59
9.
(a)
Ans: 4.019228992% (Hubert), 4.02% (Threza)
(b) (Hubert Ex-2.11, P-71)
25-kVA, 7620/480-V distribution transformer is supplying a 10-KVA load at 0.65

power factor lagging. The percent IR drop and the percent IX drop are 1.2 and 1.4,
respectively. Determine the transformer regulation for the specific load.
Ans: 0.7375631592%
(c)
Ans: 3.718314512%

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10.
(a)
Ans: 40 kW, 7.814655776%
(b)
Ans: 114.2+800i ; 5.118980208%

(c)
Ans: 3.718314512%
11.
Find
(a) Iron loss
(b) Working component of no-Load current
(c) Magnetizing component of no-Load current

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(d) 𝑅0 =? & 𝑋0 =?
Ans: 29.85 W, 0.136363̈ A, 0.4810456929 A; 1620.237521 , 456.9976947 
Solve:

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12. (Hubert Ex 2.5)

A 75-KVA, 4800-240 v, 60-Hz, 1-phase Transformer has the following data:
𝑅1 =2.488  𝑋1=4.8384 
𝑅2 =0.006  𝑋2=0.0121 
𝑅0 =44202 
𝑋0=7798.6 
The transformer is delivering ½ rated load at rated voltage at 0.96 p.f. lagging.
Determine
(i) input impedance

(ii) actual input voltage at the H.V.side
(iii) voltage regulation
(iv) Transformer efficiency
(v) Exciting current
(vi) input impedance if the Load is dis-connected
(vii) Exciting current if the Load is dis-connected
Ans: 599.159243720.94988481 , 4861.4870620.717818798 v, 1.280980463%, 97.72577692%,

0.6287365429-79.62579112, 7685.18244279.98222441 ; 0.6325792652-79.264460561 A
Solve: here V2 is taken as as reference V2= 240 v  V2= 2400

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′ ′
𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐  𝐕𝟏 −𝐕𝟐 
%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 
𝑉2
= 1.280980463% where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾
Verification
Approximate solution for regulation

( ignoring the core when 𝒁𝑴 >> 𝒁𝟎𝟏 )

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13.
& voltage regulation=?
Ans: 46.00877926(Lagging), 87.39120185%, 18.40841389%

Solve:
Here V2 is taken as as reference V2= 500 v  V2= 5000

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Same as previous math

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14. (Chapman Exc 2-2)
=?
Ans: 8197.5357090.3311607135 v, 2.469196361%, 96.51068961%
Solve:
Method 1: V2 is taken as as reference  V2= 480 v  V2= 4800

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𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 
𝑉2
= 2.469196361% where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾

Same as previous math

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15.
Find Primary power factor, efficiency, voltage regulation, secondary output terminal voltage=?
Ans: Cos 33.67421931, 78.90752365%, 3.002916282%, 223.2946486-1.079275579

(Exactly same as B.L. Threza)
Solve:
Method1: Here V1 is taken as as reference  V1= 2300 v  V1= 23000
𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 
2300−2232.946486 230−223.2946486
%𝑟𝑒𝑔 =  100% =  100% = 3.002916282% Ans
2232.946486 223.2946486

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Method2: Here V1 is taken as as reference  V1= 2300 v  V1= 23000

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𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 
𝑉2
where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾
2300−2232.946486 230−223.2946486
%𝑟𝑒𝑔 =  100% =  100% = 3.002916282% Ans
2232.946486 223.2946486

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Approximate solution for regulation ( ignoring the core when 𝒁𝑴 >> 𝒁𝟎𝟏 )

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If primary applied voltage is 7967 v, Find secondary voltage, voltage regulation=?

When
(a) Load impedance is 3.2 + j1.5 
(b) Load impedance is -j3.5 

Ans: 218.55193357-3.040018123 v, 4.819671551%;
246.4655589-1.164860088 v, -7.06561557%
Solve:
Here exact analysis can’t be done.  approximate analysis (ignoring core)
Result may be slightly different for other 2 model of approximation with the Core

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A single-phase power system is shown in the Figure below. The Power source feeds a
100-kVA, 12/2.4-kV transformer through a feeder impedance of 40 + j150 . The
transformer’s equivalent series impedance referred to low-voltage side is
0.12 + j0.15 . The load on the transformer is 90-kW at 0.85 pf lagging at 2300 V
Find
(i) Voltage at the power source=?
(ii) system voltage regulation=? & Transformer voltage regulation=?
(iii) overall efficiency=? & Transformer efficiency=?
Ans: 14437.149843.72152241 v; 7.606085763%, 0.7339543074%; 97.03967655%, 99.7182235%

Solve:
Here V2 is taken as as reference  V2= 2300 v  V2= 23000

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solution for regulation

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18.
(a) (Chapman Exc 2.14 )
Ans: 0.9988492093
(b) (Chapman Ex 2.3, P-97 )
Find voltage across the Load=?

Voltage regulation=?
Ans: 237.1812183-0.5940058609 v, 1.188450627%, 4871.819875 W, 28.12746516 W
480−𝑉2′′
𝑉2′′ = 474.3624366-0.5940058609 v, %reg =
𝑉2′′ 

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19.
(a) (V.K. Mehta) (Power System-161)
Ans: 35625.22218∠1.658234898 v, Cos 38.52813254, 94.72654%
Hints: Find Zin ; Vs= I1 Zin Here regulation indicate system regulation
(b) (Gupta Ex-3.6) P-58
A 3-phase load of 1-MW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging is supplied by a 30-kV

line of resistance 25 ohm and inductive reactance 12 ohm per phase. The voltage
across the load is 10 kV. A 30/10 kV transformer step downs the voltage at the
receiving end. The equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer as referred
to 10-kV side are 0.8 ohm and 2.5 ohm respectively. Find sending end voltage and
regulation.
Ans: 31.937696780.62 kV, 6.46%
Hints: 𝑉2=10 kV = voltage across the Load, 𝑉2′ =30 kV= voltage across the Load referred to primary
here regulation indicate system regulation

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20.
(a)
Ans: 247.69335881.573155856 KV, 249.72184531.789910608 KV

Hints: ZL= 4.3236.87, Vs =Vin= I1Zin , Vs= V1 + I1ZFeeder
(b)
Ans: 13.3461167793.621171583 kV
21.
Ans: 0.4387209057
4800
6600𝑘 −
Hints: %reg = 4800
√3
100%
√3

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22. (Hubert Ex 2.9)
A Single-phase transformer, rated 50-KVA, 7200/600 v is supplying rated KVA

at 600-v at 0.75 p.f. lagging.
The percent resistance and reactance are 1.3 and 3.8, respectively. Determine
(i) secondary voltage when the load is disconnected (No-Load secondary voltage)
(ii) input voltage that must be applied to the primary in order to obtain rated secondary
voltage when carrying rated load at 0.75 p.f. lagging
Ans: 621.0455853 v, 7452.547023 v

𝑉1 − 𝑉2′
Hints: Part(b) %reg =  100%
𝑉2′
23. (Hubert Ex 2.6)
A 37.5-KVA, 2400-600 v, 60-Hz, 1-phase Transformer has the following data:
R01= 2.8 , X01=6
If 2400 v is applied to the primary &
a load impedance of 1020  is connected to the low side. Determine
(i) Zin=?
(ii) voltage across the load=?
Ans: 164.749759521.62797776 , 582.7019127-1.627977761 v

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24.
Find
(e) Iron loss
(f) Working component of no-Load current
(g) Magnetizing component of no-Load current
(h) 𝑅0 =? & 𝑋0 =?
Ans: 29.85 W, 0.136363̈ A, 0.4810456929 A; 1620.237521 , 456.9976947 
Solve:

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25.
Ans: 500 v, 0.7448594196-63.43494882 A, 166.5556296 W, Core Loss=166.4446665 W;

23.40939982 V, 40 A, 880 W
Solve:

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26.
𝑅02 = 0.55  , 𝑋02 = 0.225 
Ans: 500 v, 0.7453559925-63.4353559925 A, 166.666666666 W;

23.76972865 V, 40 A, 880 W
Solve:
Load impedance is 3.2 + j1.5 
If primary applied voltage is 7967 v, Find secondary voltage ,voltage regulation & =?
Ans: 218.55193357-3.040018123 v, 4.819671551%; 96.57285314%
Solve:

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Here exact analysis can’t be done.  approximate analysis (ignoring core)

Result may be slightly different for other 2 model of approximation with the Core

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28.
Calculate
Also Find voltage regulation=?

Ans: 257.35380640.8854656465 v, 96.39844691%, 2.941522577%
Hints: Here exact analysis can’t be done.  approximate analysis (ignoring core)
.005  V1 −V′2
𝑅𝑝𝑢 = 𝑅02 × %reg = × 100%
.52 V′2
Solve:
K=2

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reference 𝑉2 = 500 𝑣 V2 = 5000 v
when 𝑽𝟏 is used as reference

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29.
Ans: %reg = 3.872958742%; 6.855615277 kV

Solve:
Load

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𝑉𝐴 (𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑)
𝑅𝑝𝑢 (𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑) = 𝑅02 ×
𝑉22
𝑉𝐴 (𝐹. 𝐿. )
𝑅𝑝𝑢 (𝐹. 𝐿. ) = 𝑅02 ×
𝑉22
we can’t find 𝑅𝑝𝑢 without 𝑽𝟐
30.
Ans: 1.185987636 kW
31.
Ans: 6261.795253-2805415387 v, 5.0401082812%

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32.
Ans: -1.590216047%, 447.1100152-2.225656524 v
Solve:

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33.
Ans: 40405.2894079-3.472116618 v, 92.55776892%
Solve:

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34.
(a)
Ans: 160k, 38.44732241k; 38.4 , 191.7936391 
(b)
Calculate
Also Find voltage regulation=?

Ans: 257.35380640.8854656465 v, 96.39844691%, 2.941522577%
Solve:

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(c)
Ans: 966.7452354-1.0099525 v, 3.439868473%
Solve:

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(d)
Ans: 91.60305344%, 8.496346845%

Solve:
(e)
Ans: 2531.25 , 406.9449615 ; 0.24348673 , 0.360090249 ; 97.56097561%,

97.32360097%; 2.068258235%
Solve:

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Ans: 14215.245241.520574108 v, 3.01463118%

Solve:

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Ans: 3.702556261% ; 97.28906206%

Hints: F.L. Cu Loss = 935.8723958 W
Solve:

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37. (DESCO-2019)
Input Power, 𝑃𝑆 =?
With respect to Power dissipated by 18 
Ans: 1.75
Solve:

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38. (Dhaka Wasa-2018)
𝑉𝑆 =? 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝. 𝑓. =?
For ideal Transformer when
𝑉2 = 120 𝑣, 𝑃𝑆 = 5600 𝑤
Ans: 240.28339752.783020754 v, 0.9988205698 (Lagging)

Solve:

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39.
Phasor Diagram

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40.
(a)
Ans: 160.3567451 kVA, 98.04349249%; 96.85230024%

(b)
Ans: 4.0733244414 kW, 8.072504576 kW; 98.86614828%

(c)
Ans: 92.57283545%
(d)
Ans: 3.805768773%
(e)
Ans: 97.56101051%
(f)
Ans: 95.62514941%, 96.52509653%
(g) (Hubert Ex 2.13)
100-KVA, 4800/240-v, 60-Hz transformer has core loss, resistance loss and leakage
reactance loss expressed in percent are 0.45, 1.46 and 3.38 respectively. Determine
the efficiency at 70% load with 0.8 power factor lagging.
Ans: 97.96135425%
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41. (Hubert Ex 2.8)
The percent resistance and reactance of a 75-kVA, 2400-240 v, 60-Hz transformer are
0.9% and 1.3%, respectively.
Determine high-side fault current if an accidental short-circuit of 0.016 ohm occur at
the secondary when 2300 v is impressed across the primary.
Ans: 920.2650745-23.54536638 A
Solve:
42.
Ans: 3.9204 , 7.780064771 , 8.7 ohm; 378.7878-63.25631605 A

Solve:

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43. (Hubert Exc 2-25/12)
A 500-KVA, 7200/240-v, 60-Hz transformer with 2.2% impedance was severely

damaged as a result of a dead short-circuit across the secondary terminals. Determine
(i) Short-circuit current
(ii) Required percent impedance of a replacement transformer that will limit the Low-
side short-circuit current to 60,000 A
Hints: Isc/ I2FL= 100 / %Z

Ans: 94696.9697 A; 3.472̇%
Solve:
44. (Hubert Exc 2-9/5)
7200/240-v, 60-Hz transformer is connected for step-up operation and 14446  load
is connected to the secondary. Assume the transformer is ideal and the input voltage is
220v at 60-Hz, Determine
(i) Secondary voltage
(ii) Secondary current
(iii) Primary current
(iv) Zin Ans: 6600 v; 45.83̇ -46 A; 1375 A; 0.1646 
Solve:

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45. (Gupta Ex-3.3) P-55 (Stevenson Junior Ex-2.12) P-75
A 3-pahse 3-winding Y-Y-∆ transformer is rated as under
Primary 132 kV 30 MVA
Secondary 11 kV 20 MVA
Tertiary 6.6 kV 10 MVA
The result of short circuit tests are under:
Secondary short circuited, tertiary open circuited, primary excited

X = 7% on 132-kV, 30-MVA base
Secondary open circuited, tertiary short circuited, primary excited

Tertiary short circuited, primary open circuited, secondary excited

Find 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3= ??
Ans: 0.05, 0.02, 0.04 pu
Solve:

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46.

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47.
Ans: 97.62789465%
48.
Ans: 89.5592741%
49.
Ans: 95.31142359%
50.
Ans: 97.97886955%

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51.
Ans: 63.07808485; 62.1031511 kVA
52.
Ans: 471.1257364 ; 281.1655279 kVA
53.
Ans: 609.0319214, 392.8137862 kVA
54.
Ans: 1.5460295155 times normal current of 200 kVA unit

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55.
Ans: 25.09486359-70.92166306 A
Ans: 315.6565̈ A

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56.
Ans: 80%
57. (Ex-32.89)
Determine the core area, number of turns and position of tapping point for a 500-kVA,
50-Hz, single-phase, 6600/5000-V auto transformer, assuming the following
approximate values: emf per turn 8 V. Maximum flus density q.3 Wb/𝑚2
Ans: 277 cm2,

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58.
(a)
A 2-winding transformer is connected according to following figure
If this transformer is re-connected as a auto-transformer in additive polarity. Find rating

of both Transformer=? Also find 𝐼𝑐 =?
Ans: 48 VA, 1008 VA, 0.2 A
(b) A 2-winding transformer rated 48-VA, 240/12-v. If this transformer is re-

connected as a auto-transformer in additive polarity.
Find rating of Transformer=? Also find 𝐼𝑐 =?
Ans: 1008 VA, 0.2 A
(c)
A 2-winding transformer rated 60-VA, 120/10-v. If this transformer is re-connected

as a auto-transformer in additive polarity.
Find rating of Transformer=? Also find 𝐼𝑐 =?
Ans: 780 VA, 0.5 A
(d) (Ex-32.90)
A 20-KVA, 2400/240-V, two-winding transformer is connected as an auto

transformer with additive polarity.
Calculate
(i) KVA rating of auto transformer
(ii) 𝐼𝑐
(iii) overload of primary winding when used as auto transformer
𝐼 (𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜)−𝐼1 (2−𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
Ans: 220 kVA, 8.33̇ A, 1 𝐼1 (2−𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)

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59. (Ex-32.90)
A 20-KVA, 2400/240-V, two-winding transformer is connected as an auto transformer

with subtractive polarity.
Calculate
(i) KVA rating of auto transformer
(ii) 𝐼𝑐
(iii) overload of primary winding when used as auto transformer
𝐼 (𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜)−𝐼1 (2−𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
Ans: kVA, 8.33̇ A, 1 = 900%
𝐼1 (2−𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
60.
Ans: 360-kVA; 99.31034483%
61.
Ans: 21 KVA, 96%

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62.
Ans: 3.985 w
63.
Ans: 1500 w, 1500 w

Hints: Inductively transferred power = Power handled by the common winding = Re 𝑉𝑐 𝐼𝑐∗ 
Conductively transferred power = Total Power - Inductively transferred power
64.
Ans: 550 kVA; 50 kW, 500 kW

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65. (Hubert Ex 3.1)
A 400 turn auto-transformer operating in step-down mode with 25% tap,

Supplies a 4.8-KVA, 0.85 p.f. lagging load. The Input to the transformer is 2400-v, 60-
Hz.
Determine
(i) Transformed current (𝐼𝑐 )
(ii) Conductively transformed power
(iii) Inductively transformed power
Ans: 6-31.78833062 A; 1020 W; 3060 W

64

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Iftikhar Reza (iftikhar.reza08@gmail.

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( 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟎 (𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍)

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Hysteresis Loss, 𝑊ℎ  𝑓𝐵𝑚

Eddy current Loss, 𝑊𝑒  𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚

𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑍𝑜𝑥

𝑊𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐2 𝑅𝑜𝑥

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KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓

KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓

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(According to Hubert) P-69 (exact equation without cosidering the Core)

%𝒓𝒆𝒈𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = √(𝑹𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅) + 𝑪𝒐𝒔)𝟐 + (𝑿𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅)  𝑺𝒊𝒏)𝟐 − 𝟏

𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

(According to Chapman, P-100)

𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

(According to Hadi Saadat, P-71)

𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

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13. Load Sharing

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Ans: 1300 W, 1400 W

When a transformer is connected to a 240-v, 25-Hz supply; Hysteresis Loss is 846 w;

Ans: 3495 W, 1210 W; 3196 W, 1000 W; 3299 W, 1210 W

3. (Hubert Exc 2-7/8)

A single phase transformer has the following data

Hysteresis loss 215 w & Eddy current loss 115 w.

Magnetizing current is 2.5% rated current. Transformer is operating in step-up mode.

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Ans: 0.572 A, 0.182 A; 0.476 A, 0.15 A

Ans: 5.93 A, 73.3 degree

Ans: 275 A, 152.42 KW

Ans: 0.4472 (lagging), 5.59

Ans: 4.019228992% (Hubert), 4.02% (Threza)

(b) (Hubert Ex-2.11, P-71)

25-kVA, 7620/480-V distribution transformer is supplying a 10-KVA load at 0.65

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Ans: 40 kW, 7.814655776%

Ans: 114.2+800i ; 5.118980208%

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12. (Hubert Ex 2.5)

(i) input impedance

Ans: 599.159243720.94988481 , 4861.4870620.717818798 v, 1.280980463%, 97.72577692%,

Solve: here V2 is taken as as reference V2= 240 v  V2= 2400

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Approximate solution for regulation

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& voltage regulation=?

Ans: 46.00877926(Lagging), 87.39120185%, 18.40841389%

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Approximate solution for regulation

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14. (Chapman Exc 2-2)

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𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

Approximate solution for regulation

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Ans: Cos 33.67421931, 78.90752365%, 3.002916282%, 223.2946486-1.079275579

𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

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