Think Globally, Act Locally

Think Globally, Act Locally

1. Table 1 shows two sets of experiment conducted to study the effect of size of copper(II) carbonate on the rate of
reaction with hydrochloric acid.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan dua set eksperimen yang dijalankan bagi mengkaji kesan saiz kuprum(II) karbonat terhadap kadar
tindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik.

a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that has occurred.
Tulis satu persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku. [2 marks/markah]

b) Other than the release of gas, state any observable change for the reaction.
Selain daripada pembebasan gas, nyatakan perubahan yang boleh dilihat bagi tindak balas tersebut.

[1 mark/markah]

c) Draw the apparatus set-up that is used to collect gas in the experiment.
Lukis susunan radas yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan gas dalam eksperimen tersebut.

[2 marks/markah]

d) On the same axis, sketch a graph for both sets A and B.

Pada paksi yang sama, lakarkan graf bagi kedua-dua set A dan B.

[2 marks/markah]

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 e) Calculate the maximum volume of gas released in the experiment. Think Globally, Act Locally
[Molar volume of gas at room conditions = 24 dm3 mol–1]
Hitung isi padu maksimum gas yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen tersebut.
[Isi padu molar gas pada keadaan bilik = 24 dm3 mol–1]

[3 marks/markah]

2. Table 2 shows the volume of gas released within 120 seconds for the reaction between sulphuric acid and zinc
powder.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan isi padu gas yang dibebaskan dalam 120 saat bagi tindak balas antara asid sulfurik dengan serbuk zink.

a)
i. Suggest substance T. Cadangkan bahan T

[1 mark/markah]

ii. State the function of substance T in set II. Nyatakan fungsi bahan T dalam set II.

[1 mark/markah]

b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in this experiment.

Tulis satu persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.

[2 marks/markah]

c) Compare the rate of reaction between set I and set II. Explain your answer based on the collision theory.
Bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara set I dan set II. Jelaskan jawapan anda berdasarkan teori perlanggaran.

[4 marks/markah]

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 Think Globally, Act Locally

d) Construct an energy profile diagram to show the activation energy without catalyst, Ea and the activation energy
with catalyst, Ea’.
Bina gambar rajah profil tenaga bagi menunjukkan tenaga pengaktifan tanpa mangkin, E a dan tenaga pengaktifan dengan
mangkin, Ea’.

[2 marks/markah]

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 CHAPTER 8 Manufactured Substances in Industry Think Globally, Act Locally
BAB 8 Bahan Buatan dalam Industri

8.1

8.1 Alloy and Its Importance/ Aloi dan Kepentingannya

1. What is meant by alloy? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan aloi?

2. State three purposes of alloying. Nyatakan tiga tujuan pengaloian.

Alloy/ Aloi Composition Usage

Komposisi Kegunaan
Steel/ Keluli Vehicle / Kenderaan, bridge / jambatan
Stainless steel/ Cutleries / Perkakas makan
Keluli nirkarat Surgical instruments/ Alatan pembedahan

Brass / Loyang Electrical component / Komponen Elektrik

Bronze / Statues or monuments / Patung atau tugu

Gangsa Medals, swords and artistic materials
Pingat, pedang dan barangan seni

Duralumin Aircraft parts / Bahagian Pesawat

Magnalium Aircraft parts / Bahagian Pesawat
Cupronickel Coin / Duit Syiling
Pewter Souvenir / Cenderamata

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 Think Globally, Act Locally
3. Bronze is an alloy and the main component of bronze is copper.
Gangsa merupakan sejenis aloi dan komponen utama dalam gangsa ialah kuprum.
a) Draw the arrangement of atoms in bronze and copper.
Lukis susunan atom di dalam gangsa dan kuprum.

b) Explain the following statements. TP 4 Terangkan pernyataan berikut.

I. Pure copper is ductile. Kuprum tulen bersifat mulur.

II. Pure copper is malleable. Kuprum tulen boleh ditempa.

III. Bronze is harder than pure copper. Gangsa lebih kuat daripada kuprum tulen.

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 Think Globally, Act Locally

8.2 Composition of Glass and Its Uses/ Komposisi Kaca dan Kegunaannya

1. What is the major component of glass? Apakah komponen utama kaca?

2. State the properties of glass. Nyatakan sifat kaca.

Type of glass Composition Property Use

Jenis kaca Komposisi Sifat Kegunaan

• Resistant to heat and chemicals

Tahan terhadap haba dan bahan kimia

• High purity
Ketulenan yang tinggi
Silica/Silika, SiO2
• Highly resistant to thermal shock
Rintangan yang tinggi terhadap kejutan
Laboratory glassware, optical
lenses, telescopes, mirrors and
optical fibres Peralatan kaca
makmal, kanta optik, teleskop, cermin
dan gentian optik

terma
• Transparent/Lut sinar

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 Think Globally, Act Locally
• Low melting point

Takat lebur yang rendah

Silica, calcium • Easy to be moulded

carbonate/ sodium
carbonate Mudah dibentuk Windowpanes, bulbs, mirrors
Silika, kalsium karbonat/ and glass containers
natrium karbonat • Resistant to chemicals Kaca tingkap, mentol, cermin dan
bekas kaca
SiO2, CaCO3/Na2CO3 Tahan terhadap bahan kimia

• High thermal expansion coefficient

Pekali pengembangan terma yang tinggi

Silica, boron oxide, • Low thermal expansion coefficient

sodium oxide,
Pekali pengembangan terma yang rendah Cookware, laboratory glassware,
aluminium oxide Silika,
car headlights and glass
boron oksida, natrium • More resistant to heat and pipelines Perkakas memasak,
oksida, aluminium oksida
chemicals than soda lime glass Lebih peralatan kaca makmal, lampu
tahan terhadap haba dan bahan kimia kereta dan saluran paip kaca
SiO2, B2O3, Na2O, Al2O3
daripada kaca soda kapur

• Low melting point

Takat lebur yang rendah

Silica, lead(II) oxide, • Transparent

sodium oxide
Lut sinar Decorative items, crystal items
Silika, plumbum(II)
oksida, natrium oksida • High density and prisms Barangan hiasan,
barangan kristal dan prisma
SiO2, PbO, Na2O Ketumpatan yang tinggi

• High refractive index

Indeks biasan yang tinggi

8.3 Composition of Ceramic and Its Uses/ Komposisi Seramik dan Kegunaannya

1. What is the major component of ceramics? Apakah komponen utama seramik?

2. State the properties of ceramics. Nyatakan sifat seramik.

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3. Type of ceramics. Jenist seramik. Think Globally, Act Locally

Properties Uses
Sifat Kegunaan
 Withstand high
Traditional ceramics temperature
Seramik tradisional Tahan suhu tinggi
 Do not corrode easily
Tidak senang terkakis
Potteries, bowls, bricks
Tembikar, mangkuk, batu bata
 Chemically inert
Lengai secara kimia
• Hard
Keras
Advanced ceramics
Seramik termaju Silicon carbide is hard and strong Cutting disc
Silikon karbida bersifat keras dan kuat Cakera pemotong

Silicon carbide is resistant to

thermal shock and highly resistant
Brake disc
to heat Cakera brek
Silikon karbida tahan kejutan
terma dan rintangan tinggi terhadap
haba

Hard and resistant to

Tungsten carbide ring
abrasion
Cincin tungsten ka
Keras dan tahan kepada lelasan

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 Think Globally, Act Locally
8.4 Composite Materials and Their Importance/ Bahan Komposit dan Kepentingannya

1. What is a composite material?

Apakah bahan komposit?

Composite
Composition Property Use
material
Komposisi Sifat Kegunaan
Bahan komposit
• Stronger and harder
Concrete reinforced Lebih kuat dan keras
with steel or polymer • Withstand heavy loads
fibres Tahan beban yang berat • Constructing tall buildings, bridges and oil platforms Membina
Konkrit yang diperkukuh • Can be moulded into any bangunan tinggi, jambatan dan pelantar minyak
dengan keluli atau gentian shape
polimer Mudah diacukan kepada
pelbagai bentuk
• Capable of conducting
Alloy of metal
electricity without any • Used in high-speed trains, magnetic energy storage systems,
compounds or ceramic
resistance generators, transformers and computer chips
of metal oxides
Dapat mengalirkan arus Digunakan dalam kereta api laju, sistem penyimpan tenaga bermagnet,
Aloi sebatian logam atau
elektrik tanpa sebarang generator, transformer dan cip komputer
seramik oksida logam
rintangan
 Able to send data in a
Fibre glass cladded by high capacity and fast
glass with a different Dapat menghantar data  Used in telecommunication cables
dalam kapasiti yang tinggi Digunakan dalam kabel telekomunikasi
refractive index dan cepat
Gentian kaca yang disaluti
 Used in endoscopes to examine organs in the human body
 Chemically stable and Digunakan di dalam endoskop untuk
kaca dengan indeks biasan memeriksa organ di dalam badan manusia
less interference
yang berlainan Stabil secara kimia dan
kurang gangguan
• High tensile strength
Kekuatan regangan yang
tinggi
Plastic reinforced with
• Low density
glass fibre • Making water storage tanks, badminton rackets, boats, helmets
Ketumpatan yang rendah
Plastik yang and ski boards Membuat tangki penyimpan air, raket
• Easy to be coloured
diperkukuh dengan badminton, bot, topi keledar dan papan peluncur salji
Mudah diwarnakan
gentian kaca
• Easily moulded and
formed
Mudah diacu dan dibentuk
• Darken when exposed to
bright light and clear in • Used for making optical
Silver chloride crystal dim light (light- lenses, car windows, building windows, information display
embedded in glass sensitive) Menjadi gelap panels, camera lenses, optical switches and meters to
Hablur argentum apabila terdedah kepada measure light intensity
klorida digabungkan cahaya terang dan Digunakan untuk membuat kanta optik, tingkap kereta,
dalam kaca menjadi cerah dalam tingkap bangunan, panel paparan maklumat, kanta kamera,
cahaya malap (peka suis optik dan meter untuk mengukur keamatan cahaya
terhadap cahaya)

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 Think Globally, Act Locally
NOTES :

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