1. The Group 7 element bromine was discovered by Balard in 1826.

Bromine gets
its name from the Greek bromos meaning stench.

Bromine consists of a mixture of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br.

(i) What is meant by the term isotopes?

.......................................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(ii) Complete the table below to show the atomic structures of the bromine
isotopes.

protons neutrons electrons

79
Br
81
Br
[2]

(iii) Write the full electronic configuration of a bromine atom.

1s2 .................................................................
[1]
[Total 4 marks]

2. Calcium and its compounds, have properties typical of Group 2 in the Periodic
Table.

Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, reacts with acids such as nitric acid.

A student neutralised 2.68 g of CaCO3 with 2.50 mol dm–3 nitric acid, HNO3.

The equation for this reaction is shown below.

CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(i) Determine the amount, in mol, of CaCO3 reacted.

amount = ............................................... mol

[2]

(ii) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of CO2 produced at room temperature and
pressure.

volume = ............................................... cm 3
[1]

(iii) Calculate the volume of 2.50 mol dm–3 HNO3 needed to neutralise 2.68 g
of CaCO3.

volume = ............................................... cm 3
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
3. Calcium and its compounds, have properties typical of Group 2 in the Periodic
Table.

Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, reacts with acids such as nitric acid.

A student neutralised 2.68 g of CaCO3 with 2.50 mol dm–3 nitric acid, HNO3.

The equation for this reaction is shown below.

CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The student left the solution of calcium nitrate formed to crystallise. Crystals of
hydrated calcium nitrate formed containing 30.50% of H2O, by mass.

Calculate the formula of the hydrated calcium nitrate.

[Total 3 marks]

4. A student prepared an aqueous solution of calcium chloride by reacting calcium

with hydrochloric acid.

Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(i) Using oxidation numbers, show that this is a redox reaction.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..

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..

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..

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[2]
 (ii) The student had added the exact amount of calcium required to react with
the hydrochloric acid used. After carrying out the experiment, the student
accidentally added some more calcium. The student was surprised that
the extra calcium still reacted.

Explain this observation. Include an equation in your answer.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..

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..

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[2]
[Total 4 marks]

5. Rubidium, atomic number 37, was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff.
Rubidium is in Group 1 of the Periodic Table and the element has two natural
isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb.

(a) Explain the term isotopes.

.......................................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
(b) A sample of rubidium was analysed in a mass spectrometer to produce the
mass spectrum below.

100

80

60
percentage
40

20

0
80 85 90 95
relative isotopic m ass

(i) Use this mass spectrum to help you complete the table below.

percentag number of
isotope
e
protons neutrons electrons
85
Rb
87
Rb
[3]

(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this rubidium sample. Give your
answer to three significant figures.

Ar = ................................
[2]
 (c) Which isotope is used as the standard against which the masses of the
two rubidium isotopes are measured?

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
[Total 7 marks]

6. Rubidium forms an ionic compound with silver and iodine. This compound has a
potential use in miniaturised batteries because of its high electrical conductivity.

The empirical formula of this ionic compound can be calculated from its
percentage composition by mass: Rb, 7.42%; Ag, 37.48%; I, 55.10%.

(i) Define the term empirical formula.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..

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[1]

(ii) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

[2]
[Total 3 marks]
7. Chlorine can be prepared by reacting concentrated hydrochloric acid with
manganese(IV) oxide.

4HCl(aq) + MnO2(s) → Cl2(g) + MnCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(a) A student reacted 50.0 cm3 of 12.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid with an
excess of manganese(IV) oxide.

(i) Calculate how many moles of HCl were reacted.

answer = ................................ mol

[1]

(ii) Calculate the volume of Cl2(g) produced, in dm3.

Under the experimental conditions, one mole of Cl2(g) occupies 24.0
dm3.

answer = ................................ dm 3
[2]

(b) In this reaction, chlorine is oxidised.

Use oxidation numbers to determine what is reduced.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..

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..

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[2]
[Total 5 marks]
8. This question looks at the reaction of sodium with water and with oxygen.

A chemist reacted 0.0500 mol of sodium with water to form 50.0 cm3 of aqueous
sodium hydroxide.

2Na(s)  2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq)  H2(g)

(i) What mass of Na was reacted?

mass = ............................... g
[1]

(ii) Calculate the volume of H2, in dm3, that would be produced at room
temperature and pressure, r.t.p.

1 mol of gas molecules occupies 24.0 dm3 at r.t.p.

volume = .......................... dm3

[2]

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of NaOH that was formed.

concentration = ................... mol dm–3

[1]
[Total 4 marks]

9. Sodium reacts with excess oxygen to form sodium peroxide, Na2O2.

Na2O2 is used in laundry bleaches. When added to water a reaction takes place
forming an alkaline solution and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.

(i) Construct a balanced equation for the formation of sodium peroxide from
sodium.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
 (ii) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction of sodium peroxide with
water.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(iii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for a molecule of H2O2. Show outer

electrons only.
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

10. Barium reacts with water in a redox reaction.

Ba(s)  2H2O(l)  Ba(OH)2(aq)  H2(g)

(i) Explain, in terms of electrons, what is meant by oxidation.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(ii) Which element has been oxidised in this reaction? Deduce the change in
its oxidation number.

element .........................................................................................................
..

oxidation number changes from ………… to…………

[2]
[Total 3 marks]

11. Barium metal can be extracted from barium oxide, BaO, by reduction with
aluminium.

6BaO  2Al  3Ba  Ba3Al2O6

Calculate the mass of barium metal that could be produced from reduction of
500 g of barium oxide using this method.

answer = ............................... g
[Total 4 marks]
12. Magnesium exists naturally as a mixture of its isotopes, 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.

The isotopes in magnesium can be separated by mass spectrometry. The

diagram below shows a mass spectrometer.

(i) Complete the table below to show the composition of the 25Mg and 26Mg
isotopes.

protons neutrons electrons

25
Mg
26
Mg
[2]

(ii) Complete the electronic configuration of an atom of 24Mg.

1s2 .................................................................................................................
...
[1]

(iii) Results from the mass spectrum of a sample of magnesium are shown
below.

isotope 24 25 26
Mg Mg Mg
relative isotopic
24.00 25.00 26.00
mass
% abundance 78.60 10.11 11.29

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample of magnesium.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

answer ...............................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
13. Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.

2Mg(s)  O2(g)  2MgO(s)

(i) Use oxidation numbers to show that oxygen has been reduced in its
reaction with magnesium.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..

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..
[2]

(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in

magnesium oxide. Show outer electron shells only and include any
charges.
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

14. Old samples of magnesium oxide become contaminated with magnesium

carbonate.

(i) Suggest how this contamination takes place.

.......................................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(ii) A student added an excess of hydrochloric acid to an old sample of

magnesium oxide that is contaminated with magnesium carbonate.

State two observations that the student would make.

.......................................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[2]
 (iii) Explain, with the aid of equations, why the resulting solution contained
only one dissolved compound of magnesium.

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..

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[3]
[Total 6 marks]

15. Water, ammonia and sulphur dioxide react together to form a compound A
which has the following percentage composition by mass:

N, 24.12%;

H, 6.94%;

S, 27.61%;

O, 41.33%.

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of compound A.

[2]

(ii) Suggest a balanced equation for the formation of compound A from the
reaction of water, ammonia and sulphur dioxide.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
16. A student carried out two experiments using chlorine gas, Cl2(g).

(a) In the first experiment, the student bubbled chlorine through 120 cm3 of an
aqueous solution of 0.275 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq).

The equation for this reaction is shown below.

Cl2(g)  2NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq)  NaClO(aq)  H2O(l)

Under the reaction conditions, 1 mole of Cl2(g) occupies 24.0 dm3.

(i) What is meant by the term the mole?

..............................................................................................................
..

..............................................................................................................
..

..............................................................................................................
..
[1]

(ii) How many moles of NaOH were in the 120 cm3 volume of
NaOH(aq)?

answer ....................... mol

[1]

(iii) Calculate the volume of Cl2(g) that was needed to react with the
NaOH(aq) used.

answer ...............................
[2]

(iv) What is a common use for the solution that the student prepared?

..............................................................................................................
..
[1]
 (b) In the second experiment, the student repeated the procedure in (a) but
with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide. A different reaction took place in
which sodium chlorate (V) was formed instead of NaClO.

Suggest the formula of sodium chlorate (V).

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
[Total 6 marks]

17. Both calcium carbonate, CaCO3, and calcium oxide, CaO, are white solids.

Dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, can be used to identify whether a sample of white
solid is CaCO3 or CaO.

(i) Write equations, including state symbols, for the reaction of HCl with
CaCO3 and the reaction of HCl with CaO.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..
[3]

(ii) How would observation of the reactions with hydrochloric acid allow the
identification of the white solid?

CaCO3 ..........................................................................................................
...

.......................................................................................................................
..

CaO ..............................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
18. Antimony, Sb, is a metal used in alloys to make lead harder. Bullets contain
about 1% of antimony for this reason.

Antimony has two main isotopes.

(i) What do you understand by the term isotopes?

.......................................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(ii) Complete the table below to show the properties of particles that make up
isotopes.

proton neutron electron

relative mass
relative charge
[2]
[Total 3 marks]

19. Relative atomic mass, Ar, can be used to compare the masses of atoms of
different elements.

(i) Explain what you understand by the term relative atomic mass.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..

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[3]
 (ii) The antimony in a bullet was analysed by a forensic scientist to help solve
a crime. The antimony was found to have the following percentage
composition by mass: 121Sb, 57.21%; 123Sb, 42.79%.

Calculate a value for the relative atomic mass of the antimony. Give your
answer to 4 significant figures.

Ar ...................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]

20. Antimony is found naturally in a number of minerals including stibnite. Stibnite

typically contains 5% of Sb2S3. Antimony can be obtained by reducing Sb2S3
with scrap iron.

Sb2S3  3Fe  2Sb  3FeS

(i) How many moles of Sb2S3 are in 500 kg of a typical sample of stibnite
containing 5% by mass of Sb2S3?

molar mass of Sb2S3 = 340 g mol–1; relative atomic mass of Sb = 122

……………… mol
[2]

(ii) Calculate the mass of antimony that could be obtained by processing 500
kg of stibnite.

mass = ……………… kg
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
21. Calcium oxide neutralises acids such as nitric acid. A student neutralised 1.50 g
of CaO with 2.50 mol dm–3 nitric acid, HNO3. The equation for this reaction is
shown below.

CaO(s)  2HNO3(aq)  Ca(NO3)2(aq)  H2O(l)

(i) How many moles of CaO were reacted?

……………… mol
[2]

(ii) Calculate the volume of 2.50 mol dm–3 HNO3 needed to exactly neutralise
1.50 g of CaO.

volume = ……………… cm3

[2]
[Total 4 marks]

22. The nitrate ion, NO3–, in Ca(NO3)2 contains both covalent and dative covalent
bonds.

(i) What is the difference between a covalent bond and a dative covalent
bond?

.......................................................................................................................
..

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[1]

(ii) Calcium nitrate decomposes on heating to form calcium oxide, oxygen and
nitrogen(IV) oxide, NO2.

Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.

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[1]
[Total 2 marks]
23. Aqueous silver nitrate can be used as a test for halide ions. A student decided
to carry out this test on a solution of magnesium chloride. The bottle of
magnesium chloride that the student used showed the formula MgCl2.6H2O.

The student dissolved a small amount of MgCl2.6H2O in water and added

aqueous silver nitrate to the aqueous solution.

(i) What is the molar mass of MgCl2.6H2O?

molar mass = ……………… g mol–1

[1]

(ii) What would the student see after adding the aqueous silver nitrate,
AgNO3(aq)?

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(iii) Write an ionic equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[2]

(iv) Using aqueous silver nitrate, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between

chloride, bromide and iodide ions.

How can aqueous ammonia be used to distinguish between these three

ions?

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[3]
[Total 7 marks]
24. A small amount of solid magnesium oxide, MgO, was reacted with excess dilute
hydrochloric acid.

(i) Define an acid.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(ii) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

25. Carbon is in the p-block of the Periodic Table. Naturally occurring carbon
contains a mixture of two isotopes, 12C and 13C.
12
Complete the table below for the atomic structure of the isotopes C and 13C.

isotope protons neutrons electrons

12
C
13
C
[Total 2 marks]

26. A sample of carbon was found to contain 95% of 12C and 5% of 13C.

(i) How could this information be obtained experimentally?

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
 (ii) The 13C isotope has a relative isotopic mass of 13.00.
Define the term relative isotopic mass.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..

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..
[2]

(iii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of carbon to three
significant figures.

Ar = ............................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]

27. In 2000, the mass of CO2 emitted in the UK was equivalent to 1 kg per person
in every hour.

(i) Calculate the volume of 1 kg of carbon dioxide. Assume that 1 mole of

CO2 occupies 24 dm3.

volume = .......................... dm3

[2]

(ii) The UK has set a target to cut CO2 emissions by 60% of the 2000 value by
2050. Calculate the reduction needed in the volume of CO2 emissions
each hour per person if the target is to be met.

answer: ........................... dm3

[1]
[Total 3 marks]
28. A student prepared an aqueous solution of calcium chloride by reacting calcium
with hydrochloric acid. Calcium chloride contains Ca2 and Cl– ions.

(a) Complete and balance the following equation for this reaction.

……Ca(s)  …… HCl(aq)  ……. CaCl2(aq)  …………

[2]

(b) This is a redox reaction.

Use oxidation states to show that calcium has been oxidised.

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..

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..

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[2]
[Total 4 marks]

29. To prepare the aqueous calcium chloride, the student added the exact amount
of calcium so that all the hydrochloric acid had reacted. She used 50 cm3 of
2.0 mol dm–3 HCl.

(i) How many moles of HCl had she used?

[1]

(ii) Calculate the mass of calcium that she used.

[2]
 (iii) The student added some more calcium and she was surprised that a
reaction still took place.

 Explain this observation.

 Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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[3]
[Total 6 marks]

30. The element titanium, Ti, atomic number 22, is a metal that is used in the
aerospace industry for both airframes and engines.

A sample of titanium for aircraft construction was analysed using a mass

spectrometer and was found to contain three isotopes, 46Ti, 47Ti and 48Ti. The
results of the analysis are shown in the table below.

46 47 48
isotope Ti Ti Ti
relative isotopic mass 46.00 47.00 48.00
percentage composition 8.9 9.8 81.3

(a) (i) Explain the term isotopes.

..............................................................................................................
..

..............................................................................................................
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[1]

(ii) Complete the table below for atoms of two of the titanium isotopes.

isotope protons neutrons electrons

46
Ti
47
Ti
[2]
 (b) Using the information in the first table, calculate the relative atomic mass
of this sample of titanium.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

[2]
[Total 5 marks]

31. A student reacted 1.44 g of titanium with chlorine to form 5.70 g of a chloride X.

(i) How many moles of Ti atoms were reacted?

[1]

(ii) How many moles of Cl atoms were reacted?

[2]

(iii) Determine the empirical formula of X.

[1]

(iv) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between titanium and
chlorine.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
[Total 5 marks]

32. The Group 2 element radium, Ra, is used in medicine for the treatment of
cancer. Radium was discovered in 1898 by Pierre and Marie Curie by extracting
radium chloride from its main ore pitchblende.

(a) Predict the formula of radium chloride.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
 (b) Pierre and Marie Curie extracted radium from radium chloride by
reduction.
Explain what is meant by reduction, using this reaction as an example.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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[2]
[Total 3 marks]

33. A student had a stomach-ache and needed to take something to neutralise

excess stomach acid. He decided to take some Milk of Magnesia, which is an
aqueous suspension of magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2.

(a) The main acid in the stomach is hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), and the
unbalanced equation for the reaction that takes place with Milk of
Magnesia is shown below.

.....Mg(OH)2(s)  .....HCl(aq)  .....MgCl2(aq)  .....H2O(l)

Balance the equation by adding numbers where necessary in the

unbalanced equation above.
[1]

(b) The student’s stomach contained 500 cm3 of stomach fluid with an acid
concentration of 0.108 mol dm–3. The student swallowed some Milk of
Magnesia containing 2.42 g Mg(OH)2. He wondered whether this dose
was sufficient to neutralise the stomach acid.

Assume that all the acid in the stomach fluid was 0.108 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid.

(i) How many moles of HCl were in the 500 cm3 of stomach fluid?
[1]
 (ii) Calculate the mass of Mg(OH)2 necessary to neutralise this stomach
fluid.
[3]

(iii) Determine whether the student swallowed too much, too little, or just
the right amount of Milk of Magnesia to neutralise the stomach acid.

..............................................................................................................
..

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..
[1]
[Total 6 marks]

34. Chewing chalk has been used for many years to combat excess stomach acid
and indigestion tablets often contain calcium carbonate, CaCO3. Suggest, with
the aid of an equation, how these tablets work.

...............................................................................................................................
...

...............................................................................................................................
...

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...
[Total 2 marks]

35. Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid, as shown in the equation below.

2NH3(g)  H2SO4(aq)  (NH4)2SO4(aq)

(i) Complete the statement below to describe how ammonia is behaving in

this reaction.

Ammonia is behaving as a ..................... because

.......................................................................................................................
..
[2]
 (ii) State one important use for the compound (NH4)2SO4.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(iii) Apart from the manufacture of (NH4)2SO4, state one other large-scale use
of ammonia.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
[Total 4 marks]

36. The Group 7 element bromine was discovered in 1826. Bromine gets its name
from the Greek brōmos meaning stench because of its strong smell.

Bromine consists of a mixture of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br.

(i) What is the difference between the atomic structures of 79Br and 81Br?

.......................................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[2]

(ii) State two similarities between the atomic structures of 79Br and 81Br.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

37. Bromine forms three compounds with phosphorus. The compounds have the
molecular formulae PBr3, PBr5 and P2Br4.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term molecular formula.

 .......................................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(ii) PBr3 can be prepared by heating bromine with phosphorus, P4.

Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(iii) Compound A is one of the three bromides of phosphorus above. It has the
following percentage composition by mass: P, 16.2; Br, 83.8.

Use this percentage composition to calculate the empirical formula and to

determine the identity of compound A.

empirical formula ......................................

identity of compound A ......................................

[3]
[Total 5 marks]

38. Hydrogen iodide dissolves in water to give a solution of hydro-iodic acid, HI(aq).
Its reactions are similar to those of hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq).

(i) A length of magnesium ribbon is added to hydrochloric acid.

Describe what you would see in this reaction.

.......................................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(ii) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[2]
[Total 3 marks]
39. A fifty pence coin contains nickel alloyed with a metal A.

Nickel exists as a mixture of three isotopes, nickel-58, nickel-60 and nickel-62.

Complete the table below to show the atomic structures of the isotopes in
metallic nickel.

isotope protons neutrons electron

s
nickel-58
nickel-60
nickel-62
[Total 3 marks]

40. Metal A can be identified from its relative atomic mass.

Analysis of a fifty pence coin showed that two isotopes of metal A were present
with the following percentage abundances.

isotope isotope 1 isotope 2

relative isotopic
63.0 65.0
mass
% abundance 77.2 22.8

(i) What analytical method is used to obtain this information?

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]

(ii) Define the term relative atomic mass.

.......................................................................................................................
..

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..

.......................................................................................................................
..

.......................................................................................................................
..
[3]
 (iii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample of metal A.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

answer ...........................
[2]

(iv) Use your answer to (iii) and the Data Sheet to suggest the identify of metal
A.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
[Total 7 marks]

41. Nickel makes up 25% of the total mass of a fifty pence coin. A fifty pence coin
has mass of 8.0 g.

(i) Calculate how many moles of nickel atoms are in a fifty pence coin.

answer ...........................mol
[2]

(ii) Calculate the number of atoms of nickel in a fifty pence coin.

L = 6.02  1023 mol–1

answer ............................... atoms

[1]
[Total 3 marks]

42. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.

What is meant by the term acid?

...............................................................................................................................
...

...............................................................................................................................
...
[Total 1 mark]
43. Hydrochloric acid reacts with a solution of sodium carbonate.

(i) Write appropriate state symbols in the equation for this reaction shown
below.

2HCI .......  Na2CO3 .......  2NaCI .........  CO2 .......  H2O ........
[1]

(ii) State what you would see to indicate that the reaction was taking place.

.......................................................................................................................
..
[1]
[Total 2 marks]