CHM1 Qualitative Chemistry

Topic 2 – Qualitative Chemistry (Answers)
Topic 2 – Qualitative Chemistry (Questions)

1. Hydrogen forms compounds with most non-metallic elements and with some metals.
(a) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound used in the manufacture of artificial
rubber which has the following composition by mass.
Hydrogen 11.1% Carbon 88.9%
(3)
(b) The boiling temperatures of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide are:
Hydrogen chloride –85ºC
Hydrogen iodide –35ºC
Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Draw and explain the shapes of:
(i) the PH3 molecule;
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

–
(ii) the AlH4 ion.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
3
(d) Calculate the number of molecules in 8.0 cm of gaseous phosphine, PH3, at room
temperature and pressure.
(The molar volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure should be taken as 2.4 ×
4 3 –1 23 –1
10 cm mol . The Avogadro constant is 6.0 × 10 mol .)
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
2. In the Periodic Table, where elements are arranged by atomic number, chlorine is a p-block
element whereas manganese, a transition element, is in the d-block.
(a) (i) Define the term atomic number.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Define the term d-block element
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Define the term transition element.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
2 2 6 2 5
(b) The electron configuration of chlorine is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . Write the electron
configuration for manganese in a similar manner.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) (i) Define the terrm first ionisation energy of chlorine.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Sketch the pattern you would expect to see in a plot of successive ionisation
energies of chlorine against the number of electrons removed.
Io n isa tio n
en erg y
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
N u m b er o f e le ctro n s rem ov e d
(3)
(d) Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2, reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce
chlorine, water and a salt. The salt has a composition of 43.7% manganese and 56.3%
chlorine by mass.
Determine the empirical formula of the salt.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

3. (a) Sodium reacts with cold water.
(i) What would you see as the reaction proceeds?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Calculate the volume of gas produced if 3.0 g of sodium reacts with an excess of water.
(One mole of any gas at the temperature and pressure of the experiment occupies
3
24 dm .)
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
4. (a) (i) What is meant by the mass number of an atom?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Define the term relative atomic mass.
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) What are isotopes?
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Magnesium has three isotopes. The mass spectrum of magnesium shows peaks at m/e 24
(78.60%), 25 (10.11%), and 26 (11.29%). Calculate the relative atomic mass of
magnesium to 4 significant figures.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
5. (a) A compound of sodium, chlorine and oxygen contains, by mass, 21.6% Na,
33.3% Cl and 45.1% O. Show that this is consistent with the formula NaClO 3.
(2)
(b) NaClO3 can be obtained from NaOCl(aq) by a disproportionation reaction on heating.
(i) Give the ionic equation for this disproportionation reaction.
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) By a consideration of the oxidation numbers of the chlorine in the various species,
show why the reaction in (i) is disproportionation.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(4)
(c) Chlorine is used in the extraction of bromine from seawater.
(i) Give the half-equation for the reduction of chlorine.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give the half-equation for the oxidation that is occurring given that the overall
equation for the reaction is:
– –
Cl2(aq) + 2Br (aq)  Br2(aq) + 2Cl (aq)
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
6. (a) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, Hf .
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) The following table shows some values of standard enthalpy of formation.
Name Formula Hf /kJ mol

–1
ethene C2H4(g) +52.3

hydrogen bromide HBr(g) –36.2
bromoethane C2H5Br(g) –60.4
Use the data in the table above to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the
following reaction.
C2H4(g) + HBr(g)  C2H5Br(g)
(2)
(iii) State the significance of the sign of the value obtained in part (a)(ii) above.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Enthalpy changes can also be calculated using average bond enthalpy data.
Bond Average bond enthalpy/kJ mol

–1
C == C +612
CC +348
CH +412
C  Br +276
H Br +366
Use the data in the table above to recalculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part
(a)(ii).
C2H4(g)  HBr(g)  C2H5Br(g)
(3)
(c) Suggest why the value obtained in part (b) above is likely to be less accurate than that
obtained in part (a)(ii).
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

7. (a) In an experiment to standardise an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide

0.25 g of solid sulphamic acid, NH2SO3H, was dissolved in distilled water in a conical
flask. When the aqueous sodium hydroxide was run into the flask from a burette 23.45
3
cm was required to exactly react with the sulphamic acid solution. The equation for the
reaction is:
NH2SO3H(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NH2SO3Na(aq) + H2O(l)
(i) Calculate the amount (number of moles) of sulphamic acid in 0.25 g.

Mr(NH2SO3H) = 97.0.
(1)
3
(ii) State the amount (number of moles) of sodium hydroxide in 23.45 cm of solution
–3
and hence calculate the concentration of the solution in mol dm .
(3)
(b) The balance used to weigh the sulphamic acid is accurate to ±0.01 g. Calculate the
percentage error in the mass of the sulphamic acid weighed.
(1)

(c) An alternative method to that described in (a) involves making an aqueous solution of
sulphamic acid of accurately known concentration.
3
Describe a procedure bv which you would prepare 250 cm of aqueous sulphamic acid of
accurately known concentration. Assume that you are provided with a weighing bottle
containing between 2.40 g and 2.50 g of sulphamic acid and that this is a suitable mass to
use.
In your answer give full practical details including the name of each piece of apparatus
used, how each would be prepared for the procedure and how you would calculate the
–3
concentration (in mol dm ) of the sulphamic acid solution. State, with a reason, one
appropriate safety precaution that should be taken.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(Allow one lined page)

(8)
(Total 13 marks)
8. The formation of magnesium chloride from magnesium and chlorine may be represented by the
following Born-Haber cycle:
M g 2 + (g ) + 2 C l(g ) + 2 e –
M g 2 + (g ) + C l 2 (g ) + 2 e – M g 2+ (g ) + 2 C l – (g )
M g (g ) + C l 2 (g )
M g (s) + C l 2 (g )
M g C l 2 (s)

(a) Define the terms:
Lattice enthalpy.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
Enthalpy of atomisation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) (i) Identify on the diagram the chance representing the enthalpy of atomisation
of magnesium.
(1)
(ii) Use the data below to calculate the first electron affinity of chlorine.
Value of the enthalpy

Enthalpy change –1
change / kJ mol
Enthalpy of atomisation of magnesium +150
1st Ionisation energy of magnesium +736
2nd Ionisation energy of magnesium +1450
Enthalpy of formation of magnesium chloride –642
Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine +121
Lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride –2493
(2)

(c) Hydrogen gas reacts with sodium metal to form an ionic solid, NaH, which contains
sodium cations.
Draw a Born-Haber cycle which could be used to determine the electron affinity of
hydrogen.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
9. (a) (i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium nitrate, KNO 3, in

10.1 g of KNO3.
(1)

(ii) Potassium nitrate, KNO3, can be prepared from potassium hydroxide solution as
shown in the following equation:
KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)  KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
3 –3
Calculate the minimum volume, in cm , of 2.00 mol dm KOH required to
produce 10.1 g of KNO3.
(2)
(iii) Potassium nitrate decomposes, when heated, to produce oxygen.
2KNO3(s)  2KNO2(s) + O2(g)
3
Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, in dm , produced when 10.1 g of potassium
nitrate decomposes in this way.
3
(1 mole of gas has a volume of 24 dm under the conditions of the experiment.)
(2)

(b) A compound of potassium and oxygen contains 70.9% potassium.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of this compound, using the data above and the
periodic table.
(3)
(ii) 0.200 moles of this compound has a mass of 22.0 g. Use this information to help
you deduce the molecular formula of this compound.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
10. The reaction of an acid with a base to give a salt is an exothermic reaction. In an experiment to
3
determine the enthalpy of neutralisation of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide, 50.0cm
–3 3 –3
of 1.00 mol dm HCl was mixed with 50.0 cm of 1.10 mol dm NaOH. The temperature rise
obtained was 6.90 °C.
(a) Define the term enthalpy of neutralisation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

–3
(b) Assuming that the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm and that its heat capacity is
–1 –1
4.18 J K g , calculate the heat evolved during the reaction.
(3)
(c) 0.0500 mol of acid was neutralised in this reaction; calculate Hneutralisation in
–1
kJ mol .
(2)
(d) Suggest why sodium hydroxide is used in slight excess in the experiment.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

11. A student was required to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction between iron and
copper sulphate solution.
The student produced the following account of their experiment.
A p ie ce of iron, m ass abo ut 3 g , w as pla ced in a gla ss be aker. 5 0 cm 3 of

0 .5 m ol d m –3 aqueo us c op per sulph ate solution w a s m ea sured using a
m e asuring cylind er and ad d ed to the bea ker. T h e tem pera ture of the
m ix ture w as m easured im m ed iately before th e a dd ition and every m inute
af terw ard s until no f urth er ch ange took place.
F e + CuS O 4 F eS O 4 + C u
T im ing bef ore 1 m in 2 m ins 3 m ins 4 m ins 5 m ins

ad d ition
T em p erature/°C 22 27 29 26 24 22
(a) Suggest two improvements you would make to this experiment. Give a reason for each of
the improvements suggested.
Improvement 1 ...........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Reason 1 ....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Improvement 2 ...........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 ....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) In an improved version of the same experiment a maximum temperature rise of

3 –3
15.2 °C occurred when reacting excess iron with 50.0 cm of 0.500 mol dm aqueous
copper sulphate solution.
(i) Using this data and taking the specific heat capacity of all aqueous solutions as
–1 –1
4.18 Jg deg calculate the heat change.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of copper sulphate used.
(1)
–1
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction in kJ mol .
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

–1
12. (a) The first ionisation energy of potassium is +419 kJ mol and that of sodium
–1
is +496 kJ mol .
(i) Define the term first ionisation energy.
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
(3)
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of potassium is only a little less than the
first ionisation energy of sodium.
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
(3)
(b) Potassium forms a superoxide, KO2. This reacts with carbon dioxide according to the
equation:
4KO2(s) + 2CO2(g)  2K2CO3(s) + 3O2(g)
Carbon dioxide gas was reacted with 4.56 g of potassium superoxide.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of KO2 in 4.56 g of potassium superoxide.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of carbon dioxide that would react with 4.56 g
of potassium superoxide.
(1)
3
(iii) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, in dm , that would react with 4.56 g of
3
potassium superoxide. Assume that 1.00 mol of a gas occupies 24 dm under the
conditions of the experiment.
(1)
3
(iv) What volume of oxygen gas, in dm , measured under the same conditions of
pressure and temperature, would be released?
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

13. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion, making clear the
meaning of standard in this context.
………….…………………………………………………………………………..
………….…………………………………………………………………………..
………….…………………………………………………………………………..
………….…………………………………………………………………………..
………….…………………………………………………………………………..
(3)
(b) Use the enthalpies of combustion given below to find the enthalpy change for
the reaction:
2C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + O2(g)  CH3COOH(l)
–1
Hcombustion/kJ mol
C(graphite) –394
H2(g) –286
CH3COOH(l) –874
(3)
(c) With reference to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, what is the enthalpy change obtained
in (b) called?
………….…………………………………………………………………………..
(1)

(d) Draw an enthalpy level diagram to represent the enthalpy change for the combustion of
graphite. Show both the enthalpy levels of the reactants and products and an energy
profile which represents the activation energy for the reaction.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
14. (a) This question is about finding the formula of copper hydroxide. The method
is as follows:

3 –3
20.0 cm of an aqueous solution of a copper salt of concentration 1.00 mol dm was
placed in a polystyrene cup and its temperature measured using a thermometer graduated
in 0.1 °C intervals.
–3
A burette was filled with aqueous sodium hydroxide, of concentration 2.00 mol dm .
3
2.00 cm of sodium hydroxide solution was run into the solution of the copper salt and
the temperature was measured immediately.
3
As soon as possible a further 2.00 cm of sodium hydroxide solution was run in and
the temperature measured again.
3
This process of adding 2.00 cm portions of sodium hydroxide solution and measuring
3
the temperature was continued until a total of 36.0 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution
had been added.
The temperature readings are shown in the graph below.
30
29
Te m p e ratu re / ºC
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Volu m e o f N a O H (a q ) / cm – 3

(i) Explain why the temperature reaches a maximum and then falls slightly on addition
of further sodium hydroxide solution.
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
(2)
(ii) From the graph, what volume of the aqueous sodium hydroxide was required
for complete reaction?
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
(1)
(iii) Calculate the amount (number of moles) of sodium hydroxide in this volume
of solution.
(1)
(iv) Calculate the amount (number of moles) of copper ions that have reacted.
(1)
(v) Write the ratio of moles of copper ions to hydroxide ions reacting.
(1)
(vi) Write the formula of the copper hydroxide that is produced.
(1)

(b) The data call be used to find the enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium
hydroxide and the copper salt.
(i) Use the graph to find the temperature rise that occurs for complete reaction.
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
(1)
(ii) Find the heat change, q, that occurs in the polystyrene cup for complete reaction.
Use the formula
q = 168 × T joules
(1)
(iii) Use your results from (a)(iv) and (b)(ii) above, to find the molar enthalpy change,
H, for the reaction. Give the correct sign and units to the answer.
(3)
(c) Identify one potential source of error in this experiment, and say what you would do
to reduce its effect.
………………...……………….……………………………………………………..
………………...……………….……………………………………………………..
………………...……………….……………………………………………………..
………………...……………….……………………………………………………..
………………...……………….……………………………………………………..
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

15. In an experiment to show the migration of ions, silver(I) nitrate solution, AgNO 3(aq), and
potassium chromate(VI) solution, K2CrO4(aq), were used. The experiment was set up as shown
in the diagram below. After a short while, a red precipitate formed in the centre of the filter
paper.
(a) Write the formulae, including charges, of the following ions:
(i) Nitrate ions .......................................................................................................
(ii) Chromate (VI) ions ..........................................................................................

(2)
(b) Which ions would meet in the centre of the filter paper?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Write a balanced ionic equation, including state symbols, for the formation of the red
precipitate.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

3
16. An excess of zinc powder was added to 20.0 cm of a solution of copper(II) sulphate of
–3
concentration 0.500 mol dm . The temperature increased by 26.3 °C.
(a) How many moles of copper(II) sulphate were used in this experiment?
(1)
–1
(b) Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ mol for this reaction given that:
energy change = specific  mass of  temperature

heat capacity solution change
/J /J g1 K1 /g /K
Assume that the mass of solution is 20.0 g and the specific heat capacity of the solution
–1 –1
is 4.18 J g K .
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
17. A sample of titanium (atomic number 22) is made up of five isotopes. The sample has the
following percentage composition:
Mass number % composition

46 8.0
47 7.3
48 74.0
49 5.5
50 5.2

(a) (i) What is the average relative atomic mass of titanium? Give your answer to
three significant figures.
(2)
(ii) What instrument would have been used to find this percentage composition?
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) Give the electronic configuration of a titanium atom, using s p d notation.
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Name the part of the Periodic Table where titanium appears.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Titanium occurs naturally as rutile, TiO2. One possible method of obtaining pure titanium
is to heat rutile with carbon.
TiO2(s) + 2C(s)  Ti(s) + 2CO(g)
(i) What type of reaction is this?
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Calculate ΔH for this reaction given that

ο –1
ΔHf [TiO2(s)] = –940 kJ mol
ο –1
ΔHf [CO(g)] = –110 kJ mol
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(3)
(iii) Name the law you have used in your calculation.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) When titanium is manufactured by this method, explain what pollution problem
arises.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
18. This question is about nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, which are
covalent compounds. Van der Waals attractions and permanent dipole–dipole attractions exist
between molecules of both compounds in the liquid state.
(a) (i) Describe how van der Waals attractions are caused.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) In which of the two compounds would you expect there to be greater van der
Waals attractions? Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) In which of the two compounds would you expect there to be the greater permanent
dipole–dipole attractions? Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) The boiling point of nitrogen trichloride is much higher than that of nitrogen
trifluoride. How might this be explained in terms of the two types of intermolecular
attractions?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The standard enthalpy change for the formation of gaseous nitrogen trifluoride is
–1
–125 kJ mol .
1 1
ο –1
2 N2 (g) + 1 2 F2 (g)  NF3 (g) H f = –125 kJ mol
The standard molar enthalpy changes of atomisation of nitrogen, N 2, and of fluorine, F2,
are given below.
–1
ΔHat/kJ mol
1
2 N2 (g)  N (g) + 473
1
2 F2 (g)  F (g) + 79

This information can be represented on a Hess cycle in the following way, and then used
to calculate bond energies.
(i) Insert formulae, showing the correct quantities of each element, into the
appropriate boxes.
(1)
(ii) Insert arrows between the boxes and write the correct numerical data alongside
the appropriate arrows.
(2)
(iii) Use the cycle to calculate the N  F bond energy in nitrogen trifluoride.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

19. (a) State the meaning of the terms
(i) relative atomic mass
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) mass number
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) isotopes
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The isotopic composition of a sample of sulphur is found using a mass spectrometer.
(i) Explain how atoms of the sample of sulphur are ionised.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) State the type of charge on the sulphur ions formed in the mass spectrometer.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) State how the resulting sulphur ions are then accelerated.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) For a particular sample of sulphur atoms the following isotopic composition was
recorded.
Isotope Percentage composition

32
S 95.00
33
S 0.76
34
S 4.24
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of sulphur. Give your answer to two
decimal places.
(2)
34
(d) Predict the electronic configuration of a S atom, using s, p and d notation.
2
1s .........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

20. A compound A is formed when chlorine is bubbled through hot concentrated potassium
hydroxide solution.
(a) Analysis of A shows that it contains 31.84% potassium, 28.98% chlorine and the
remainder is oxygen.
Show that the empirical formula of A is KClO3
(3)
(b) On being heated strongly solid A decomposes completely to give oxygen gas and solid
potassium chloride.
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
If 1.00 g of solid A is decomposed completely in this way, calculate the volume of

oxygen gas produced at room temperature and pressure.
3
(One mole of a gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24 dm )
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

21. Urea, which is used as a fertillser in much of mainland Europe, Asia and Africa, is
manufactured by the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g)  NH2CONH2(s) + H2O(l)
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, Hf , of urea.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Calculate the enthalpy change, H for the reaction above, given the following standard
enthalpies of formation.
Substance Hf / kJ mol

–1
NH3(g) –46.2
CO2(g) –393.5
NH2CONH2(s) –632.2
H2O(l) –285.8
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

22. (a) An atom of gallium has mass number 69.
Complete the table to show the number of sub-atomic particles in this gallium atom.
Electrons Neutrons Protons
(2)
(b) The mass spectrum of a sample of gallium is shown below.
R elative 60
ab un dan ce
40
20
69 71 M ass / ch arg e ratio
What is the average relative atomic mass of gallium in this sample? Give your answer to
(2)
(c) What type of bonding would you expect to find in gallium?
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

23. (a) (i) Calculate the number of moles of sulphur atoms in 4.00 g of
sulphur.
(1)
(ii) When sulphur burns in air, it forms sulphur dioxide gas, SO 2.
What volume of sulphur dioxide, measured at room temperature and pressure,

would be produced when 4.00 g of sulphur is burnt in air?
3 –1
[Molar volume is 24 dm mol at room temperature and pressure.]
(2)
(b) Sulphur dioxide reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form a solution of sodium
sulphite, Na2SO3.
The equation for the reaction is
SO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Rewrite this equation as an ionic equation, omitting the spectator ions.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
24. (a) The equation below shows the reaction which occurs when ammonia is
dissolved in water.

–
NH3(g) + H2O(1) NH 4 (aq) + OH (aq)
(i) Explain why water is classified as an acid in this reaction.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) The ammonia is acting as a weak base in this reaction.
What is the difference between a weak base and a strong base?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Ammonia reacts with oxygen to form the gases nitrogen(II) oxide and steam.
(i) Complete the Hess cycle below so that ΔHreaction can be calculated using standard
enthalpy changes of formation. Include state symbols.
(2)
(ii) Calculate ΔHreaction for this reaction using the following data.
–1
ΔHf [NH3(g)] = – 46.1 kJ mol
–1
ΔHf [NO(g)] = + 90.2 kJ mol
–1
ΔHf [H2O(g)] = – 241.8 kJ mol
Include a sign and units in your answer and give your answer to three significant
figures.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

25. The apparatus shown in the diagram below may be used to find the enthalpy of combustion of
alcohols.
w ater
sp irit lam p +
eth a no l
Using the apparatus, a student recorded the results included in the table below.
Alcohol = ethanol, C2H5OH

–1
Molar Mass (C2H5OH) = 46.0 g mol
3
Volume of water in beaker = 200 cm
 mass of water in beaker = 200 g
Weighings
Spirit lamp + ethanol before combustion =
198.76 g
Spirit lamp + ethanol after combustion = 197.68
g
Temperatures
Water before heating = 19.5 C
Water after heating = 38.1 C
–1 –1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g C
(a) What assumption is the student making about water to be able to state that its mass is
numerically equal to its volume?
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Calculate the heat gained by the water. Give your answer in kJ.

(2)
(c) Calculate the amount (number of moles) of ethanol used.
(2)
(d) Using your values from (b) and (c), calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol. Give
your answer to a number of significant figures consistent with the readings in the table.
(3)
(e) The student’s evaluation of the experiment is given below.
My calculated value of the enthalpy of combustion was

numerically much less than the data
book value. The
reasons for my low value include:
1 heat losses to the surrounding air;
2 when I re-checked the mass of the spirit lamp and
ethanol after combustion, I noticed that it had lost
mass even when it was not being used;
3 a black solid which formed on the base of the
beaker.
(i) Explain why the spirit lamp and ethanol lost mass even when not in use.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(1)
(ii) Suggest the identity of the black solid. Explain why its formation will lead to a low
value for the enthalpy of combustion.
Identity ........................................................................................................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
2 3
26. How many nitrogen molecules, N , are present in 12 dm of nitrogen gas at room temperature
and pressure?
3 –1
[Molar volume is 24 dm mol at room temperature and pressure;
23 –1
Avogadro constant is 6 × 10 mol ]
(Total 2 marks)

27. Copper(II) sulphate solution can be prepared from solid copper(II) carbonate by reaction with
hot dilute sulphuric acid.
(a) Write the balanced equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
3 –3
(b) This experiment was carried out using 25 cm of 1.0 mol dm sulphuric acid.
3 –3
(i) How would you measure out 25 cm of 1.0 mol dm sulphuric acid?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of sulphuric acid used.
(1)
(c) (i) It is usual to react the sulphuric acid with a slight excess of copper(II)
carbonate.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate needed if a 10 % excess is required.
–1
[Molar mass of copper(II) carbonate = 123.5 g mol ]
(2)

(ii) The sulphuric acid is heated to boiling and the copper(II) carbonate is added in
small portions.
Suggest why the copper(II) carbonate is added in small portions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) What would be the next step needed to obtain pure copper(II) sulphate solution?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) 3.98 g of copper(II) sulphate-5-water, CuSO4.5H2O, was obtained from this solution.
(i) Calculate the molar mass of copper(II) sulphate-5-water.

Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the percentage yield of the reaction.
(2)
(e) Suggest why copper compounds are hazardous.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

28. This question is about a self-heating can of coffee.
The bottom of the can has a compartment containing copper(II) nitrate solution. When a button
on the bottom of the can is pressed, magnesium powder is released into the compartment where
it reacts with the copper(II) nitrate solution.
(a) (i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium powder and
copper(II) ions. Include state symbols, but omit any spectator ions.
(2)
(ii) Show how the standard enthalpy change for this reaction could be calculated from
the standard enthalpies of formation of copper(II) ions and magnesium ions. You
should include a Hess cycle in your answer.
(3)
(b) The can contains 150 g of a solution of coffee in water.
The temperature of the solution needs to increase by 60 °C to produce a hot drink.
(i) Calculate the energy change needed to produce a temperature increase of 60 °C in

the coffee, using the relationship
Energy change = 4.2 × mass of solution × temperature change.
Remember to include a unit in your answer.
(2)

–1
(ii) The standard enthalpy change for this reaction is –530 kJ mol .
Calculate the number of moles of reactants needed to produce the energy change in
(i).
(1)
–3
(iii) A solution of copper(II) nitrate of concentration 8.0 mol dm is used.
3
Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the volume, in cm , of copper(II) nitrate
solution needed.
Your answer should be given to two significant figures.
(1)
(c) Suggest TWO reasons why the temperature of the coffee may not increase by as much as
60 °C.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

29. The reaction between chlorine and methane, in the presence of ultraviolet light, involves the
formation of free radicals and includes the following steps:
• ο –1
A Cl2  2Cl ΔΗ = +242 kJ mol
• • ο –1
B CH4 + Cl  HCl + CH3 ΔΗ = +4 kJ mol
• • ο –1
C Cl2 + CH3  CH3Cl + Cl ΔΗ = –97 kJ mol
• •
D Cl + Cl  Cl2
• •
E CH3 + CH3  CH3CH3
• • ο –1
F Cl + CH3  CH3Cl ΔΗ = –339 kJ mol
(a) (i) What is meant by a free radical? ....................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram, showing outer shell electrons only, for a chlorine
free radical.
(1)
(iii) What type of bond breaking occurs in step A?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Which of the steps, A to F, are chain propagation steps?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) (i) Write the equation for the overall reaction between one mole of chlorine and
one mole of methane molecules.
(1)
ο
(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔΗ , for this reaction.
(2)
ο
(d) (i) What is the value of ΔΗ for step
D? ................................................................
(1)
(ii) Would you expect step E to be exothermic or endothermic? Justify your answer.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) The overall reaction was repeated using bromine gas instead of chlorine gas.
Would you expect step A for bromine to be more or less endothermic than step A for
chlorine? Justify your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

30. In two similar, separate experiments the enthalpy changes for the reactions of sodium
hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate with excess dilute hydrochloric acid were determined.
(a) The first experiment was to find the enthalpy change, H1, for the reaction
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Measurement Reading
Mass of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate added to 5.00 g
hydrochloric acid.
Volume of hydrochloric acid 50.0 cm

3
Temperature of hydrochloric acid before addition 22.0 C

of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate
Final temperature of solution 15.5 C
Molar mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate 84.0 g mol

–1
Specific heat capacity of solution –1

4.18 J g C
–1
(i) Calculate the amount (moles) of sodium hydrogencarbonate used.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the heat absorbed in the reaction in kJ.

3
[Assume that 1 cm of solution has a mass of 1 g]

(2)
–1
(iii) Calculate the value of H1 in kJ mol . Include a sign in your answer expressing it
to a number of significant figures suggested by the data in the table.
(2)
(b) In the second experiment the enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium carbonate
and dilute hydrochloric acid was measured.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq)  2NaCI(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
–1
The molar enthalpy change, H2, was calculated to be –35.6 kJ mol
(i) Give TWO ways in which the temperature change differs when equal molar
amounts of sodium hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate react separately with
the same volume of hydrochloric acid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Give ONE assumption that has been made in calculating the values of H1, and
H2 from experimental results.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

31. In the manufacture of beer, brewers often add small amounts of salts of Group 2 elements to the
water used. These salts influence the chemical reactions during the brewing process.
Two such salts are calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate.
(a) A flame test can be used to confirm that a sample of a salt contains calcium ions.
(i) Describe how you would carry out a flame test.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) A positive test results in a brick-red flame colour. Describe the changes that occur
in calcium ions to produce a colour.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Impurities in the salt may lead to other colours being observed in the flame.
What metal ion is likely to be present if a yellow flame is seen?
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Magnesium sulphate can be used in its anhydrous form, MgSO 4(s), or in its hydrated
form, MgSO4.7H2O(s).
An experiment was carried out to find the enthalpy change when hydrated magnesium
sulphate dissolved completely in water.
excess water
MgSO4.7H2O(s)  MgSO4(aq) + 7H2O(l)
12.3 g of hydrated magnesium sulphate was added to 100 g of water in a simple

calorimeter and the temperature was found to fall by 1.1 °C.
(i) Calculate the energy change, in joules, that occurred in the experiment, using the
relationship
Energy change (J) = 4.18 × mass of water × temperature change
(2)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrated magnesium sulphate used in the
experiment. Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
(2)
(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given to 2
significant figures.
(2)

(c) The enthalpy change as hydrated magnesium sulphate is converted to anhydrous

magnesium sulphate is very difficult to measure. The Hess Cycle below can be used to
find this enthalpy change, ΔHr.
(i) Use the cycle to write an expression for ΔHr using ΔH1 and ΔH2.
(1)
(ii) Use your expression in (c)(i) and your answer from (b)(iii) to calculate ΔHr.
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given to 2
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

32. Phosphine, PH3, is a hydride of the Group 5 element, phosphorus.
(a) (i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a phosphine molecule. You should

include only outer shell electrons.
(1)
(ii) Draw the shape you would expect for the phosphine molecule, suggesting a value
for the HPH bond angle.
HPH bond angle .......................................................................................................

(2)
(iii) Explain the shape of the phosphine molecule you have given in your answer in (ii).
Justify your value for the HPH bond angle.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) (i) Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for the atomisation of
phosphine gas.
.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Use your answer to (i) and the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change
of atomisation of phosphine at 298 K. Include a sign and units in your answer.
Δ ο 1
H f[PH3(g)] = + 5.4 kJ mol
ο
ΔH at[½H2(g)] = + 218.0 kJ
1
mol
Δ ο 1
H at[P(s)] = + 314.6 kJ mol
(3)
(iii) Calculate a value for the bond energy of the bond between phosphorus and
hydrogen, using your answer to (ii).
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

33. (a) Define the term reduction.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
3+ 2+
(b) Sodium iodide, NaI, contains iodide ions which reduce Fe ions to Fe ions in aqueous
solution.
3+ 2+
(i) Write the ionic half-equation for the reduction of Fe ions to Fe ions.
................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the oxidation of iodide ions.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
3+
(iii) Hence write the overall ionic equation for the reduction of Fe ions by iodide ions.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Sodium chlorate, NaClO3, is used as a weedkiller and is manufactured by the following
disproportionation reaction
3NaClO  2NaCl + NaClO3
(i) State the oxidation numbers of chlorine in
NaClO ..................................................................
NaClO3 ..................................................................
NaCl ..................................................................
(3)
(ii) Explain why this reaction is classified as a disproportionation reaction.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) The decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3, takes place when an airbag, which is used as
a safety feature in cars, inflates. An airbag requires a large volume of a cool gas to be
produced in a few milliseconds. The gas is produced by the rapid decomposition of the
sodium azide.
2NaN3(s)  2Na(l) + 3N2(g)
When the airbag is fully inflated, 54 dm³ of nitrogen gas are produced.
(i) Calculate the amount (in moles) of nitrogen gas produced.
[The molar volume of nitrogen gas under the conditions in the airbag is
–1
20 dm³ mol ].
(1)
(ii) Calculate the amount (in moles) of sodium azide, NaN3, that would produce
54 dm³ of nitrogen gas.
(1)
(iii) Calculate the mass of sodium azide that would produce 54 dm³ of nitrogen gas.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

34. Methane, CH4, is used as a domestic and industrial fuel and as a reagent in the petrochemical
industry.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Methane burns in oxygen according to the equation:
H C H (g ) + 2 O O (g ) O C O (g ) + 2 H O H (g)
Use the average bond enthalpy data shown below to calculate the enthalpy change of this
reaction.
Bond Bond enthalpy/kJ mol

–1
CH +435
O==O +498
C==O +805
HO +464
(3)

(e) Methane is the feedstock in the manufacture of hydrogen according to the equation:
CH4(g) + 2H2O(g)  CO2(g) + 4H2(g)
Given the enthalpy of formation data below, draw a labelled Hess’s law cycle and use it
to calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction.
Substance Enthalpy of formation/kJ mol

–1
CH4(g) –75
CO2(g) –394
H2O(g) –242
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
35. In an experiment to find the enthalpy of neutralisation of a monobasic acid, HX, with an alkali,
the following procedure was followed:
3 –3
Step 1 25.0 cm of 1.00 mol dm dilute aqueous acid, HX, was measured into a
polystyrene cup.
Step II A 0-100 °C thermometer was placed in the acid. The temperature of the acid was
immediately read and recorded.
3
Step III 5.00 cm portions of aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to the acid from a
burette. After each addition, the temperature of the solution was read and recorded.
The thermometer was removed and rinsed with water between each addition. A
3
total of 50.0 cm of aqueous sodium hydroxide was added.

(a) Suggest ONE change that could be made at Step II and ONE change that could be made
at Step III to improve the accuracy of the experiment.
Step II ...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Step III .................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The readings of temperature and volume are plotted on the grid. Draw two separate
straight lines of best fit, extending the two lines so that they intersect.
25
×
×
× × ×
Te m p erature ×
/°C
×
×
20
×
15
0 10 20 30 40 50
Vo lu m e o f so d iu m h y d ro x id e ad d e d / c m 3
(2)

(c) From the graph, read off the maximum temperature rise, T, and the volume of aqueous
sodium hydroxide added at neutralisation, VN.
3
T = ..................................... C VN = ................................ cm
(2)
(d) (i) Use the formula below to calculate the heat evolved in the neutralisation.
VN  25  T  4.18

Heat evolved = 1000 kJ
(1)
(ii) Given that the amount (moles) of acid neutralised was 0.025 mol, calculate the
–1
enthalpy of neutralisation, Hneut, in units of kJ mol .
–1
Hneut = ............................... kJ mol
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

36. Calculate the volume, measured at room temperature and pressure, of the following masses of
gases.

3
[Molar volume of a gas is 24 dm at room temperature and pressure.]
(a) 4 g of helium, He.
..........................
(1)
(b) 4 g of hydrogen, H2.
..........................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
37. This question is about ammonium dichromate(VI), (NH 4)2Cr2O7(s), which is slightly soluble in
water. Ammonium dichromate(VI) can be prepared by the following reaction:
Na2Cr2O7(aq) + 2NH4NO3(aq) (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
(a) What type of reaction is this?
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) Give the formulae of the ions present in ammonium dichromate(VI).
...............................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Re-write the equation as an ionic equation, but omit any spectator ions.
(1)

(iii) An orange crystal of ammonium dichromate(VI) was placed in the centre of a piece
of moist filter paper supported on a glass microscope slide.
Describe what you would expect to see when electricity is passed through the
circuit.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) (i) Calculate the mass of 1 mole of ammonium dichromate(VI). Use the
Periodic Table as a source of data.
(1)
(ii) In an experiment to prepare ammonium dichromate(VI), 0.1 mol of sodium

dichromate(VI) was used.
What is the maximum mass of ammonium dichromate(VI) which could be

obtained?
(1)

–3
(iii) What volume of ammonium nitrate solution of concentration 2 mol dm would
react exactly with 0.1 mol of sodium dichromate(VI)?
(1)
(iv) Describe how you would obtain pure, dry crystals of ammonium dichromate(VI)
from the resultant mixture.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
(v) Suggest TWO reasons why the mass of ammonium dichromate(VI), prepared in
this way, is likely to be less than the mass calculated in (ii).
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

38. A reaction of ammonium dichromate(VI) is shown by the following equation.
heat
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)  N2(g) + 4H2O(g) + Cr2O3(s)
(a) What type of reaction is this?
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The enthalpy change for this reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpy changes
of formation.
ο
(i) State fully what is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔHf ,
of a compound.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Complete the Hess cycle for the reaction so that you can calculate the enthalpy
change of the reaction from standard enthalpy changes of formation.
(3)
ο
(iii) What is the value of ΔHf [N2(g)]? ......................................................................
(1)

ο
(iv) Calculate ΔH r for the reaction using the following data. Remember to include a
sign and units in your answer.
ο –1
ΔHf [(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)] = –1810 kJ mol
ο –1
ΔHf [H2O(g)] = –242 kJ mol
ο –1
ΔHf [Cr2O3(s)] = –1140 kJ mol
(3)
(c) In this reaction, water vapour is formed which condenses to liquid water on cooling.
Is this reaction H2O(g)  H2O(l) exothermic or endothermic?
Justify your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

39. (a) (i) Potassium superoxide contains 54.9 % potassium by mass.

Show that the empirical formula of this compound is KO2.
(3)
(ii) Give the oxidation number of oxygen in the compound KO2.
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Which of potassium nitrate or lithium nitrate has the higher thermal stability?
Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
40. (a) Enthalpy changes can be calculated using average bond enthalpy data.
(i) The enthalpy change to convert methane into gaseous atoms is shown below.
–1
CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g) ∆H = +1664 kJ mol
Calculate the average bond enthalpy of a C—H bond in methane.
(1)
(ii) Use the data in the table below and your answer to (a)(i) to calculate the enthalpy
change for
2C(g) + 2H2(g) + Br2(g) → CH2BrCH2Br(g)
Average bond Average bond

–1 –1
Bond enthalpy / kJ mol Bond enthalpy / kJ mol
C—C +348 H—H +436
Br—Br +193 C—Br +276

(3)
(b) The standard enthalpy of formation of 1,2-dibromoethane, CH 2BrCH2Br, is

–1
–37.8 kJ mol .
Suggest the main reason for the difference between this value and your calculated value
in (a)(ii).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
41. In an experiment to find the enthalpy change for the reaction

2+ 2+
Zn(s) + Cu (aq)  Zn (aq) + Cu(s)
a student was given the following list of instructions:
 weigh out 5.0 g of zinc powder into a weighing bottle
3 –3
 use a measuring cylinder to transfer 50 cm of 1.0 mol dm aqueous copper(II) sulphate
3
into a polystyrene cup, firmly held in a 250 cm beaker
 stir the solution with the thermometer and record the temperature to the nearest 0.5 °C
 continue to stir the solution, recording its temperature every minute
 at exactly 3.5 minutes, add the zinc powder to the aqueous copper(II) sulphate, stirring
continuously
 record the temperature of the solution every minute from 4.0 to 9.0 minutes.
The temperature readings obtained are shown in the table below.
Time/min 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Temperature/°C 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 63.0 60.5 59.0 57.0 55.5 53.0

(a) (i) Plot a graph of temperature against time on the grid below.
7 0 .0
6 0 .0
5 0 .0
Te m p eratu re
/ ºC
4 0 .0
3 0 .0
2 0 .0
1 0 .0
0
0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6.0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0
T im e / m in u te s
(2)
(ii) Use the graph to calculate the maximum temperature change, T. Show clearly on
the graph how you obtained your answer.
T = ................................................°C
(2)

(iii) Give ONE reason why a series of temperature readings is obtained instead of just
the starting and maximum temperatures.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) Calculate the heat change, in joules.

–1 –1
The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g °C .
(1)
(ii) What assumption have you made about the solution in your calculation in (i)?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
3
(iii) Calculate the amount (moles) of copper (II) sulphate, CuSO 4, in 50 cm of a
–3
1.0 mol dm solution.
(1)

–1
(iv) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction in kJ mol .
(2)
(c) Suggest TWO improvements that could be made to the experimental procedure.
Give a reason for each.
Improvement 1 ............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Reason .........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Improvement 2 ............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Reason ..........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 14 marks)

42. (a) Barium carbonate can be converted into barium chloride solution by a
reaction with hydrochloric acid. In a particular experiment, an excess of barium carbonate
3 –3
was added to 25 cm of hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.0 mol dm .
(i) Describe how you would obtain dry crystals of hydrated barium chloride,
BaCl2.2H2O, from the reaction mixture.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii) Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for this reaction.
(2)
(iii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used in the experiment.
(1)
(iv) Calculate the mass of one mole of hydrated barium chloride, BaCl 2.2H2O. Use the
Periodic Table as a source of data.
(1)

(v) Calculate the theoretical mass of crystals which could be obtained.
(1)
(vi) Suggest a reason why this mass of crystals is unlikely to be obtained in practice.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) What colour do barium compounds produce in a flame test?
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) When carrying out a flame test on a solid, state a suitable material on which it can
be supported in the flame.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
43. When solutions of potassium carbonate and calcium chloride are mixed together, the following
reaction takes place
CaCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2KCl(aq)
(a) Re-write the above equation as an ionic equation. Include state symbols, but omit any
spectator ions.
(2)

3
(b) An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change for this reaction. 50 cm
–3 3
of a 1.00 mol dm solution of potassium carbonate was added to 50 cm of a
–3
1.00 mol dm solution of calcium chloride. The temperature fell by 1.5 °C.
(i) Calculate the energy taken in from the surroundings using the relationship
energy = mass of × specific heat

capacity × temperature
solution of solution
change
–1 –1
/J /g /J g °C
/°C
You may assume that

3
 1.0 cm of solution has a mass of 1.0 g.
–1 –1
 The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J g °C .
Energy taken in = .................... J

(1)
(ii) How many moles of calcium chloride are used in this experiment?
(1)
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction, giving your answer to two
significant figures. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)

(iv) Which measurement is likely to have caused the major source of error in this
experiment? Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(v) What apparatus should be used to contain the reaction mixture during this
experiment?
................................................................................................................................
(1)
3
(c) If the experiment in (b) was repeated, but using only 25 cm of each solution, predict
what the fall in temperature would be.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
44. (a) Sodium chloride, NaCl, can be made by the reaction of sodium with
chlorine.
2Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2NaCl(s)
(i) Calculate the maximum mass of sodium chloride which could be obtained from 92
g of sodium.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the concentration of the solution obtained when this mass of
3
sodium chloride is dissolved in water and made up to a volume of 10 dm
with distilled water.
(1)
(iii) Calculate the volume of chlorine gas required to react with 92 g of sodium.
3
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm under the conditions of the experiment]
(2)
(b) Describe the structure of solid sodium metal and explain why it conducts electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) (i) Define the term first ionisation energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of chlorine is higher than that of sodium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
45. (a) State Hess’s Law.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Methane burns in oxygen.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, using the bond enthalpies
given below.
Bond enthalpy
–1
/ kJ mol
C–H +435
O=O +498
C=O +805
H–O +464
(3)
(ii) State the name of this enthalpy change.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
–1
(iii) The value of this enthalpy change, under standard conditions, is –890 kJ mol .
State the meaning of standard conditions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) Suggest, with a reason, why the enthalpy change calculated in (i) is different from
the standard value quoted in (iii).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Although the reaction between methane and oxygen is exothermic, it does not occur
unless the mixture is ignited.
Use these facts to explain the difference between thermodynamic and kinetic stability.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
46. A student carried out an experiment to find the concentration of a solution of nitric acid and also
its enthalpy of neutralisation.
• The solutions of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide were allowed to reach the
same temperature.
3
• 50.0 cm of the nitric acid was pipetted into a polystyrene cup.
3
• A burette was filled with a solution of 2.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
• The initial temperature of the acid was recorded.
3
• The sodium hydroxide was added to the acid in 5.0 cm portions.
• After each addition, the mixture was stirred and the maximum temperature recorded.
3
• This was repeated until 45 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution had been added.

The student plotted the results, as shown below.
30
28
26
Te m peratu re
/°C
24
22
20
18
16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Vo lu m e o f 2 .0 m o l d m – 3 so d iu m h y d ro x id e so lu tio n ad d ed / c m 3
(a) Complete the graph by drawing two intersecting straight lines of best fit.
(1)

(b) The point where the lines cross represents the neutralisation of the nitric acid by the
sodium hydroxide solution.
Use the graph to find:

3
(i) the volume of 2.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, that reacts exactly
3
with the 50 cm of the nitric acid.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) the maximum temperature change, T, in the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) The information in (b)(i) and the equation below can be used to calculate the
concentration of the nitric acid.
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
3
(i) Calculate the amount (moles) of sodium hydroxide used to neutralise the 50 cm of
nitric acid.
(1)
3
(ii) Write the amount (moles) of nitric acid in 50.0 cm of the solution.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
3
(iii) Hence calculate the concentration of nitric acid, HNO 3, in mol dm .
(2)

(d) (i) Use the data from (b) to calculate the heat change for this reaction.
–3
The density of the mixture produced at neutralisation is 1.0g cm and the specific
–1 –1
heat capacity of the mixture is 4.2 J g °C .
Heat change = mass × specific heat capacity × T
(2)
(ii) Use your answer from (d)(i) and (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy of neutralisation
per mole of nitric acid, HNO3. Include a sign and units with your answer.
(3)
(e) The enthalpy of neutralisation found by this method may be less exothermic than the
data book value because of heat loss.
Suggest ONE way to reduce the error due to heat loss.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

47. (a) Calculate the number of atoms in 3.50 g of lithium.

23 –1
[The Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 × 10 mol ]
(2)
(b) The equation for the reaction of lithium with hydrochloric acid is shown below.
2Li(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2LiCl(aq) + H2(g)
(i) Rewrite this equation as an ionic equation, omitting the spectator ions.
(1)

(ii) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons.
Indicate charges clearly on your diagram.
(2)
ο –1
(iii) The value of the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, H , is –557 kJ mol .
State TWO of the reaction conditions necessary for this enthalpy change to be
standard.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

48. (a) An atom of argon has mass number 40. Complete the table below showing
the composition of this argon atom.
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
(2)
(b) An atom of potassium has mass number 39. Explain, in terms of atomic structure, why
argon comes before potassium in the Periodic Table.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) A sample of argon contains a mixture of isotopes as shown below.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of argon in the sample. Give your answer to three
Isotopic mass % abundance

36.0 1.34
38.0 0.160
40.0 98.5
(2)

(d) Write the electron configuration of argon in s, p notation.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) The chart shows the first ionisation energy of some elements in the third period of the
Periodic Table.
2000
1 st 1500 ×
io n isatio n ×
en erg y 1000 × ×
/ k J m o l –1
500
0
P S Cl Ar K
(i) Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of argon.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) On the chart, add a cross to show the first ionisation energy of potassium. Justify
your choice of the position of the cross.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) Explain why there is a small decrease in first ionisation energy going from
phosphorus to sulphur.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) Explain why there is an increase in first ionisation energy going from sulphur to
chlorine.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(f) Suggest why argon is used to fill some types of light bulbs.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

49. (a) Sodium iodide reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride and iodine.
(i) State the oxidation numbers of the iodine and chlorine species in the spaces
provided.
2NaI + Cl2 → 2NaCl +

I2
.......... .......... ..........

.........
(2)
(ii) Use these oxidation numbers to explain why this reaction is a redox reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Calculate the maximum mass of iodine that could be produced from 30.0 g of
sodium iodide.
(3)

(iv) Calculate the volume of chlorine gas required to produce this amount of iodine.
3
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm under the conditions of the experiment]
(1)
(b) (i) Give the colour of iodine and its physical state at room temperature and
pressure.
Colour ........................................................................................
Physical state .............................................................................

(2)
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process occurring
when the first ionisation energy of iodine atoms is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
50. (a) (i) Explain why a water molecule does not have a linear shape.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) State the HOH bond angle in water and explain why it has this value.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) (i) Draw the boron trichloride molecule, BCl 3, making its shape clear. Mark in
the bond angle on your diagram.
(2)
(ii) Explain why a B–Cl bond is polar.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Explain why a BCl3 molecule is non-polar.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv) Name the strongest intermolecular force between boron trichloride molecules.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) A compound of phosphorus and chlorine has the composition by mass shown below.
Element % by mass
P 14.9
Cl 85.1
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
51. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The dissociation of phosphorus pentachloride is a reversible reaction.
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

(i) Use the values of enthalpy of formation given to calculate ∆H for the forward
reaction.
∆Hf /
–1
kJ mol
PCl5(g) – 399
PCl3(g) – 306
(1)
(ii) Explain, with reasons, the effect that raising the temperature would have on the
composition of the equilibrium mixture.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Other than by changing the temperature, suggest how the amount of PCl 5 present at
equilibrium could be increased. Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

52. A metal carbonate decomposes on heating to give an oxide and carbon dioxide.
XCO3(s)  XO(s) + CO2(g)
where X is the metallic element.
In an experiment to find the identity of X, 5.75 g of the solid XCO3 was heated until there was
no further change in mass; 3.55 g of solid XO was produced.
(a) Explain why it was necessary to heat the carbonate until there was no further change
in mass.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide gas given off.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the amount (moles) of carbon dioxide gas given off.
(1)
(iii) Use the answer from (ii) to state the amount (moles) of XCO 3 in 5.75 g of the
solid.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) Calculate the molar mass of XCO3.
(1)
(v) Use your answer from (iv) and the relative atomic masses of carbon and oxygen to
calculate the relative atomic mass of X in XCO3.
(1)

(c) All measurements of mass have some uncertainty. In this case, this leads to an error of
±0.91 % in the molar mass of XCO3.
(i) Use this information and your answer to (b)(iv) to calculate the error in the molar
mass of XCO3.
(1)
(ii) Hence suggest the range of possible values for the molar mass of XCO 3.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Hence give the range of possible values of the relative atomic mass of X.
(1)
(iv) Use the Periodic Table and your answer to (c)(iii) to suggest possible identities of
metal X.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

79
35 Br –22
53. (a) The mass of one atom of the isotope is 1.31 × 10 g. The molar mass
79
35 Br –1
of is 79.0 g mol .
Use this information to calculate a value for the Avogadro constant. Give your answer to
(2)
(b) According to the Periodic Table, the relative atomic mass of naturally occurring bromine
is 80.
What information can you deduce from this about naturally occurring bromine?
(No calculation is expected.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

54. The enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate cannot be measured
directly, but can be found by carrying out two reactions as shown in the Hess cycle below.
H reactio n
C aC O 3 (s) C aO (s) + C O 2 (g)
H 3 H 4
E lem e n ts in th e ir sta nd a rd states
(a) Suggest ONE reason why it is difficult to measure  Hreaction directly by experiment.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) In an experiment to find  H1 a student added 2.00 g of finely powdered calcium

3 –3
carbonate to 20.0 cm of 2.50 mol dm hydrochloric acid solution (an excess) in a
polystyrene container. The temperature rose from 20.5 °C to 23.0 °C.
(i) Why is the calcium carbonate used in this experiment finely powdered, rather than
in lumps? Explain why this is important for an accurate result.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Calculate the energy change using the relationship below.

Energy change = 4.2 × mass of solution
× temperature change
–1 –1
/J /J g K /g /K
Assume that the mass of the solution is 20 g.
(1)
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, H1. Include a sign and units in your answer.
–1
[The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100 g mol ]
(3)

–1
(iv) In another experiment, the value of  H2 was found to be –181 kJ mol .
Use this result and your answer to (iii) to calculate the value of  Hreaction.
(2)
(c) The student checked the experimental results using information from the Book of data in
another Hess cycle.
H reactio n
C aC O 3 (s) C aC O (s) + C O 2 (g )
H 3 H 4
E lem e n ts in th e ir sta nd a rd states
Name the enthalpy change represented by H3.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

55. (a) Complete the table below which is about isotopes and an ion of magnesium.
Numbers of
Protons Neutrons Electrons
24
12 Mg 12 12
26
12 Mg 12 12
24 2
12 Mg 12 12
(3)
(b) Complete the electronic configurations of magnesium and chlorine atoms.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Mg ↓↑ ↓↑
(1)
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Cl ↓↑ ↓↑
(1)
(c) Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of magnesium with chlorine.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) The mass spectrum of a sample of chlorine molecules shows three molecular peaks.
These are formed from the molecules shown below.
Molecule Percentage abundance

35 35
Cl- Cl 56.25
35 37
Cl- Cl 37.50
37 37
Cl- Cl 6.25
Calculate the relative molecular mass of chlorine in this sample.
(2)

(e) Calculate the volume of 4.73 g of chlorine gas at 100 °C.
3 –1
[The molar volume of a gas at 100 °C = 30.6 dm mol ]
(2)
(f) State and explain the type of bond that exists in solid magnesium.
Type ..............................................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(g) State the type of bond that exists in magnesium chloride. Draw a dot and cross diagram
showing the outer shell electrons.
Type ..............................................................
Dot and cross diagram
(3)
(Total 17 marks)

56. Sodium azide, NaN3, is used to inflate air bags in cars because, in a collision, the sodium azide
decomposes rapidly to produce nitrogen gas.
2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
(a) (i) Calculate the mass of one mole of sodium azide, NaN 3.
(1)
3
(ii) What mass of sodium azide would be needed to liberate 48 dm of nitrogen?
3 –1
[Molar volume of a gas is 24 dm mol at room temperature and pressure]
(2)
(b) What safety problem would arise when disposing of the air bag after a collision?
Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

57. An experiment was carried out to find the enthalpy change for the reaction of zinc powder with
copper(II) sulphate solution.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
3 –3
50cm of copper(II) sulphate solution, of concentration 1.0 mol dm , was put into a polystyrene
cup and the temperature of the solution measured. After one minute, 5.0 g of zinc powder was
added, the mixture stirred with a thermometer and the temperature measured every 30 s.
(a) (i) What is meant by a spectator ion?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give the formula of the spectator ion in this reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Write the equation for this reaction, omitting the spectator ion.
(1)
3
(b) How would you measure the 50 cm of copper(II) sulphate solution?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Give TWO reasons why it is better to use a polystyrene cup, rather than a metal container,
to obtain more accurate results.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Calculate the number of moles of each of the reactants and hence deduce which reactant
is completely used up.
Moles of zinc powder
Moles of copper(II) sulphate
Reactant used up .................................................................

(3)
(e) The following results were obtained.
Time /s 0 60 90 120 150 180 210

Temperature /°C 22 22 60 65 63 61 59

(i) On the graph paper below, plot the results of this experiment.
70
60
50
Tem p e ratu re
/ºC
40
30
20
10
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
Tim e / s
(2)
(ii) Explain the shape of your graph
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) The maximum recorded temperature in this experiment was 65°C. Use your graph
to estimate a more accurate maximum temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(f) (i) Calculate the energy change in this experiment using your answer to (e)(iii)
and the relationship
energy change = mass of × specific heat capacity

× temperature rise
solution of solution
–1 –1
/J /g /J °C g /°C
You may assume that

3
• 1.0 cm of solution has a mass of 1.0 g
–1 –1
• The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J °C g
(1)
(ii) Use your answers to (d) and (f)(i) to calculate ∆H for this reaction. Include a sign
and units in your answer.
(3)
(Total 18 marks)

58. (a) Complete the table below which is about the isotopes and an ion of bromine.
Number of
protons neutrons electrons
79
35 Br 35 35
81
35 Br 46 35
81 
35 Br 35 46
(3)
(b) Complete the electronic configurations of

2
Na 1s ..........................................................................................................................
2
Br 1s ...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Explain why the isotopes of bromine have identical chemical reactions.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) What instrument could be used to measure the abundance and mass of the isotopes of
bromine?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) The isotopic abundance of bromine is shown below.
Relative isotopic mass Percentage abundance

78.93 50.54
80.91 49.46
Calculate the relative atomic mass of bromine. Give your answer to four significant
figures.
(2)
(f) State the types of bonding present in bromine liquid
between the atoms .......................................................................................................
between the molecules ................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 11 marks)
59. (a) Define the term Avogadro constant.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Z is a Group 0 element.

22
(i) 1.907g of Z contains 2.87 × 10 atoms of Z.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of Z.

23 –1
[Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 10 mol ]

(2)
(ii) Suggest the identity of Z.
................................................................
(1)
(c) Potassium superoxide, KO2, reacts with water as follows:
2KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2O2(aq) + O2(g)
(i) Calculate the mass of potassium superoxide needed to produce 3.09 g of hydrogen
peroxide.
–1
[Molar mass of potassium superoxide, KO2: 71g mol . Molar mass of hydrogen
–1
peroxide, H2O2 : 34 g mol ]
(3)
(ii) Calculate the volume of oxygen produced from the reaction in (i).
3 –1
[Molar volume of oxygen under the conditions of the reaction = 24.0 dm mol ]
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

60. The apparatus used and the recordings made by a student, carrying out an experiment to
determine the enthalpy of combustion of methanol, are shown below.
Diagram
th e rm o m eter
b ea k er
w a te r
sp irit lam p
m e th an o l
Results
–1
Molar mass (methanol) = 32 g mol
3
Volume of water in beaker = 50 cm
Mass of water in beaker = 50 g
Weighings
Spirit lamp + methanol before combustion = 163.78 g
Spirit lamp + methanol after combustion = 163.44 g
Temperatures
Water before heating = 22.0 °C
Water after heating = 43.5 °C
–1 –1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g °C
Observations
• When the spirit lamp was being weighed its mass was continually falling.
• A black substance formed on the bottom of the beaker as the methanol burned.

(a) (i) Calculate the amount (moles) of methanol, CH 3OH, burned.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the heat gained by the water. Give your answer in kJ.
(2)
(iii) Use your values from (i) and (ii) to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of
–1
methanol in kJ mol . Include a sign with your answer.
–1
∆H = ........................................ kJ mol
(2)
(b) (i) The thermometer used in the experiment can be read to an accuracy of ±0.5
°C.
Calculate the percentage error in the temperature change.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the maximum temperature change that could have occurred during the
experiment.
(1)
(c) (i) Give a reason why the mass of the spirit lamp fell as it was being weighed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Suggest the identity of the black substance that forms on the beaker. State the
effect on the value of the enthalpy of combustion obtained.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

3
61. 25.0 cm of a solution contains 0.020 mol of ethanoic acid.
–3
Calculate its concentration in mol dm .
(Total 1 mark)
62. Nickel is one of the elements in the d-block of the Periodic Table.
(a) Complete the electron configuration of a nickel atom using the s, p, d notation.

2
1s ...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) A sample of nickel consists of three isotopes. Their percentage abundances are shown in
the table below.
Isotope Percentage Abundance

58
Ni 69.02
60
Ni 27.32
62
Ni 3.66
Calculate the average relative atomic mass of nickel.
(2)
(c) Nickel reacts with carbon monoxide to give the compound nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO) 4.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g) → Ni(CO)4(g)
Calculate the volume of carbon monoxide required to react completely with 5.9 g of
nickel.

3 –1
[The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm mol at room temperature and pressure.]
(2)

(d) Finely powdered nickel reacts slowly with dilute sulphuric acid to form a solution of
nickel(II) sulphate.
Ni(s) + H2SO4(aq) → NiSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(i) Re-write this equation in an ionic form, omitting the spectator ion. State symbols
are not required.
(1)
(ii) A sample of finely powdered nickel is added to a slight excess of dilute sulphuric
acid.
Describe the practical steps you would take to obtain dry crystals of hydrated
nickel(II) sulphate from the mixture, after the reaction is complete.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iiii) Calculate the maximum mass of hydrated nickel(II) sulphate, NiSO 4.7H2O, which
could be formed from 2.95 g of nickel.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
63. Calcium hydroxide decomposes on strong heating to form calcium oxide and water.
Ca(OH)2(s) → CaO(s) + H2O(l)
Two samples of calcium hydroxide were taken, each weighing exactly 1.00 g.
3
The first sample was cautiously added to 25.0 cm of dilute hydrochloric acid contained in a
glass beaker. The temperature rise was measured and found to be 16.5 °C.
The other sample was heated for some time. It was then allowed to cool and then added to
another 25.0 cm3 portion of hydrochloric acid as before. In this case the temperature rose by
25.5 °C.
In both cases, the acid used was an excess.
(a) (i) Calculate the energy produced by the reaction of each solid with the acid.
Use the relationship
Energy produced = mass of solution ×

4.2 × temperature rise
–1 –1
/J /g / J °C g /°C
3
You may assume that 1.0 cm of solution has a mass of 1.0 g. Ignore the mass of
the solid.
For the solid calcium hydroxide
For the solid calcium oxide

(1)
(ii) How many moles of calcium hydroxide were used in each experiment?
–1
[Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 74.0 g mol ]
(1)
(iii) Using your answers to (a)(i) and (ii), calculate the enthalpy changes for each
reaction.
Give your answers to two significant figures. Include the sign and units for each
answer.
For the solid calcium hydroxide, ΔH1
For the solid calcium oxide, ΔH2
(2)
(b) A Hess cycle for all these reactions is shown below.

H reactio n
C a (O H ) 2 (s) C aO (s) + H 2 O (l)
2 H C l (aq ) 2 H C l (aq )
H 1 H 2
C a C l 2 (aq ) + 2 H 2 O (l)

(i) Use this Hess cycle and your answers in (a)(iii) to calculate ΔHreaction. Include a
sign and units.
(2)
(ii) Apart from the approximations involved in using the equation given in (a)(i), give
TWO other potential sources of error which are likely to affect the accuracy of the
results.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Suggest why ΔHreaction is difficult to determine directly by experiment.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

64. A gaseous hydrocarbon, W, is a product formed in the cracking of eicosane, C20H42.

W decolourises bromine, forming compound X.
When X is reacted with aqueous potassium hydroxide, compound Y is formed.
When a solution of Y is refluxed with an excess of acidified potassium dichromate(VI),

compound Z is formed.
Compound Z contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

3
(a) (i) On complete combustion, 0.10 g of Z produced 53 cm of carbon dioxide
and 0.020 g of water at room temperature and pressure.
Calculate the empirical formula of compound Z.

3 –1
[Molar volume of a gas is 24 000 cm mol at room temperature and pressure]
(3)
–1
(ii) The molar mass of Z is 90 g mol . Find the molecular formula of Z.
(1)

(iii) A solution made by dissolving 0.900 g of compound Z in water is titrated with

3
sodium hydroxide solution. 20.0 cm of sodium hydroxide solution of
–3
concentration 1.00 mol dm is required for complete neutralisation.
Deduce the structural formula of compound Z.
(2)
(iv) Deduce the structural formulae of compounds W, X, and Y.
(3)
(v) Suggest a balanced equation for the cracking of eicosane.
(1)
(b) Compound Y can be made in one step from compound W.
State the reagents needed for this reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

65. (a) Complete the electronic configuration of a copper atom and a bromide ion.
2 2 6 2 6
(i) Copper atom, Cu 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ..............................................................
(1)
– 2 2 6 2 6
(ii) Bromide ion, Br 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ..............................................................
(1)
(b) Define the term relative atomic mass.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The following data were obtained for a mass spectrum of a sample of copper.
Relative isotopic mass Percentage abundance

62.93 69.17
64.93 30.83
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper. Give your answer to two
decimal places.
(2)
(d) Copper occurs naturally as the mineral malachite. The composition, by mass, of
malachite is as follows:
Cu = 57.5% C = 5.4% O = 36.2% H = 0.9%
(i) Calculate its empirical formula.

(2)
–1
(ii) The molar mass of malachite is 221 g mol . Calculate its formula.
(1)
(e) Copper forms a chloride, CuCl2. Use the data below to calculate the maximum and the
minimum values for the molar mass of CuCl2.
Data : Relative isotopic masses of chlorine are 35 and 37.

Relative isotopic masses of copper are 63 and 65.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
66. This question is about ammonia, NH3, which is produced as shown in the following equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(a) Use oxidation numbers to explain why this is a redox reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) (i) Use the average (mean) bond enthalpy data to calculate a value for the
enthalpy change for this reaction. You are reminded to show all your working.
Average bond enthalpy

Bond –1
/ kJ mol
N≡N 944
H—H 436
N—H 388
(3)
–1
(ii) The actual standard enthalpy change for this reaction is –92 kJ mol . Explain why
the value you calculated in (b)(i) is not the same as this.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) At room temperature, a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is thermodynamically

unstable with respect to ammonia, but is kinetically stable.
Use the data in (b)(i) and (ii) to help you explain why this mixture is
thermodynamically unstable
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

kinetically stable
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) The manufacturer of ammonia would like to achieve a high rate of reaction and a high
equilibrium yield of product.
(i) State and explain, in terms of collision theory, TWO ways to increase the rate of
the reaction. An increase in pressure does not alter the rate in this process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(6)

(ii) State and explain TWO ways to increase the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 19 marks)

67. Two experiments were carried out in order to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of
magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
A Hess cycle for these reactions is shown below.
 Hf
Mg + C + O2 M g C O 3 (s)
E x p erim en t 1 + 2 H C l (a q)  H 1
 H3 + 2 H C l (aq ) E x p erim en t 2
M g C l 2 (a q ) + H 2 (g ) + C + O2
 H 2 = – 6 8 0 k J m o l–1
M g C l 2 (aq ) + H 2 O (l) + C O 2 (g )
(a) Complete the Hess cycle above for the formation of magnesium carbonate from its
elements by balancing the equations and adding state symbols.
(2)
3
(b) In Experiment 1 the temperature of 100 cm of hydrochloric acid was measured.
After one minute, 0.100 g of magnesium was added to the excess acid and the
temperature measured every minute. The following results were obtained:
Time / min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Temp / °C 21.0 21.0 25.3 25.1 24.9 24.8 24.7
(i) How many moles of magnesium were used in this experiment?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

–3
(ii) The initial concentration of the hydrochloric acid was 2.00 mol dm .
Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid at the start and hence the
number remaining at the end of the experiment.
(3)
(iii) Plot the graph of temperature against time.
(2)

(iv) Calculate the energy change in this experiment assuming the temperature rise is
4.5 °C. Use the expression
Energy change (J) = 4.2 × mass of solution × temperature change

3
[Assume that 1 cm of solution has a mass of 1 g]
(1)
(v) Use your answer to (iv) to calculate ∆H1 for one mole of magnesium reacting with
hydrochloric acid. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(vi) Suggest why a temperature rise of 4.5 °C was used in the calculation in (iv).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

3
(c) 2.2 g of magnesium carbonate was added to 100 cm of the same acid in Experiment 2.
The temperature changed from 21.0 °C to 23.5 °C resulting in an energy change of

1.05 kJ.
(i) Calculate the mass of one mole of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 and hence the
number of moles of magnesium carbonate used in this experiment.
(2)
(ii) Using the method in part (b)(v), calculate ∆H3.
(1)
(d) Using your answers to (b)(v) and (c)(ii), calculate the enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf,
of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
(2)
(e) Why is it impossible to measure ∆Hf of MgCO3(s) directly?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)

68. Phosphorus reacts with excess chlorine to produce phosphorus pentachloride, PCl 5.
2P(s) + 5Cl2(g) → 2PCl5(s)
(i) Calculate the mass of phosphorus needed to produce 7.19 g of phosphorus pentachloride.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the volume of chlorine needed to produce 7.19 g of phosphorus pentachloride.
3 –1
[molar volume of chlorine under the conditions of this experiment = 24.0 dm mol ]
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

69. An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change for the reaction of zinc with
aqueous copper(II) sulphate.
The equation for the reaction is
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
• A measuring cylinder was used to transfer separate 50 cm3 samples of 1.25 mol dm–3
copper(II) sulphate solution into polystyrene cups.
• Weighed amounts of zinc powder were added to each sample in turn.
• Each mixture was stirred thoroughly and the temperature rise noted with a thermometer
accurate to 0.5 °C.
The results of this experiment are summarised on the graph below.
7 0 .0
× × × × × ×
6 0 .0
×
5 0 .0
×
4 0 .0 ×
Tem p era tu re
ch an g e /º C ×
3 0 .0
×
2 0 .0
×
1 0 .0
0 .0 ×
0 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .00 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 6.0 0 7 .0 0
M ass o f zin c / g
(a) Explain why the graph initially shows a rise in temperature and then levels off.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) (i) Suggest why the mass of metal is not used in the calculation of the heat
change.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) The graph shows that the maximum temperature change is 63.5 °C. Use this value
to calculate the maximum heat change, in joules, in this reaction.
–3
You should assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g cm and its heat
–1 –1
capacity is the same as water, 4.18 J g °C .
(1)
–
(iii) From the heat change calculated in (b)(ii) calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol
1
, for the reaction. Include the appropriate sign and give your answer to three
(4)

(c) (i) It is suggested that the precision of the experiment would be improved by
using a thermometer accurate to 0.1 °C.
Explain why this suggestion is incorrect.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Suggest a simple practical change to the method that would make the experiment
more accurate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
70. A sample of the element osmium, atomic number 76, is made up of four isotopes. The sample
has the following percentage composition.
Relative Atomic % Composition

Mass of Isotope
188 15.20
189 17.40
190 26.40
192 41.00
(i) What is the minimum number of neutrons present in any single atom of osmium in the
sample?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Calculate the average relative atomic mass of osmium in the sample. Give your answer to
four significant figures.
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
71. The Hess cycle below can be used to find the enthalpy change, ∆Hr, for the reaction between
hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, using standard enthalpy changes of formation.
H r
S O 2 (g ) + 2 H 2 S (g ) 3 S (s) + 2 H 2 O (l)
H 1 H 2
(i) Complete the cycle by filling in the empty box.

(2)
ο
(ii) What is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf , of a compound?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(iii) Use the cycle and the data below to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, ∆Hr.

ο –1
∆Hf / kJ mol
SO2 (g) –296.8
H2S (g) –20.6
H2O (l) –285.8
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
72. Use the data about four fuels given below to answer this question.
Enthalpy change of Molar mass

Fuel Formula Name combustion
–1 –1
/ kJ mol / g mol
A CH4 methane –890 16
B CH3OH methanol –726 32
C C3H8 propane –2219 44
D C4H10 butane –2877 58
(a) Which fuel, A, B, C or D, produces most energy per gram on complete combustion?
D
(1)
(b) Scientists give governments advice on technical issues. What information would
scientists use when advising governments on the choice of one of these fuels, if the aim
was to minimise carbon dioxide production?
A mass of carbon per gram of fuel
B mass of carbon per kilojoules produced
C number of kilojoules produced per gram
D number of kilojoules produced per mole

(1)
(Total 2 marks)

73. This question is about four hydrocarbons with molecular formulae as shown.
A C2H2
B C3H6
C C3H8
D C4H10
(a) Which hydrocarbon has the same empirical formula as its molecular formula?
D
(1)
(b) Which has a molecular ion in the mass spectrum at mass/charge ratio = 58?
D
(1)
(c) Which is neither an alkane nor an alkene?
D
(1)
(d) Which could be 2-methylpropane?
D
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

74. Copper(II) sulfate solution can be prepared from solid copper(II) carbonate by reaction with hot
dilute sulfuric acid.
(a) Write the equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
(1)
(b) The experiment was carried out using 0.025 moles of sulfuric acid of concentration 2.0
–3
mol dm . What volume of this sulfuric acid was used?
(1)
(c) (i) It is usual to react the sulfuric acid with a slight excess of copper(II)
carbonate.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate needed if a 10% excess is required.

–1
[Molar mass of copper(II) carbonate = 123.5 g mol ]
(2)
(ii) A student doing this experiment chose to use a balance reading to 0.01g in an
attempt to work accurately.
Was this choice of balance necessary from the point of view of accuracy? Explain
your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) The sulfuric acid is heated to boiling and the copper(II) carbonate is added in small
portions.
State the next step needed to prepare pure copper(II) sulfate solution. Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) When the solution of copper(II) sulfate is allowed to crystallise, the crystals which are
produced have the formula CuSO4.5H2O.
(i) What is the molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O?
(1)
(ii) 3.98 g of CuSO4.5H2O crystals were obtained. Calculate the percentage yield in
this experiment.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

75. This question is about magnesium and magnesium oxide.
(a) Describe the bonding in magnesium and explain why it is a good conductor of electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Draw a diagram (using dots or crosses) for the ions in magnesium fluoride showing all
the electrons and the ionic charges on:
(i) the magnesium ion
(1)
(ii) the fluoride ion.
(1)
(c) Under what conditions does magnesium fluoride conduct electricity?
Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) The mass spectrum of a sample of magnesium is shown below.
80
60
relativ e ab u n d an ce %
40
20
20 22 24 26 28
m ass/ch a rg e ratio
(i) Use the data above to estimate the percentage isotopic composition of the sample
of magnesium. Hence calculate the average atomic mass of the sample of
magnesium.
(2)

(ii) Why do the three isotopes have the same chemical properties?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) (i) Oceanographers studying plankton found that a sample of seawater

–3
contained 1.20 nanomol dm of chlorophyll, C55H77MgN4O5. (1 nanomol = 1 ×
–9
10 mol)
3
What mass of magnesium would be present in 1.00 cm of this sample of seawater?
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(2)
(ii) X-ray diffraction can be used to locate atoms or ions in molecules like chlorophyll.
X-rays are scattered by the electrons in atoms and ions. In chlorophyll the atoms of
one of the elements still cannot be located with certainty by this technique.
Suggest which element is most difficult to locate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

76. Airbags, used as safety features in cars, contain sodium azide, NaN3. An airbag requires a large
volume of gas to be produced in a few milliseconds. The gas is produced in this reaction:
2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g) H is positive
When the airbag is fully inflated, 50 dm3 of nitrogen gas is produced.

3
(a) Calculate the number of molecules in 50 dm of nitrogen gas under these conditions.
23 –1
[The Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 10 mol . The molar volume of nitrogen gas under the
3 –1
conditions in the airbag is 24 dm mol ].
(2)
3
(b) Calculate the mass of sodium azide, NaN 3, that would produce 50 dm of nitrogen gas.
(3)
(c) What will happen to the temperature in the airbag when the reaction occurs?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) The airbag must be strong enough not to burst in an accident. An airbag which has burst
in an accident is hazardous if the sodium azide in it has decomposed.
Explain why this is so.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

77. A student investigated a reaction which could be used to warm up coffee in self-heating cans.
Mg(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)  Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s)
In the self-heating cans, the bottom has a compartment containing copper(II) nitrate solution.
When a button on the bottom of the can is pressed, the magnesium powder is released into the
compartment where it reacts with the copper(II) nitrate solution.
(a) A student investigated the enthalpy change for this reaction by measuring
3 –3
50.0 cm of 0.300 mol dm copper(II) nitrate solution into a 100 cm3 beaker and adding
1g (an excess) of magnesium powder.
The results are shown below.
Temperature of copper(II) nitrate solution at start = 22 °C

Temperature of mixture after reaction = 43 °C
(i) Calculate the energy change which took place. The specific heat capacity of the
–1 –1
solution is 4.20 J g K .
Which is the correct value for the energy change in joules?
(1)
(ii) How many moles of copper(II) nitrate were used in the experiment?
(1)
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction. You should include a sign and units
in your answer.
(2)

(iv) Suggest two changes you would make to the equipment used in order to improve
the accuracy of the result.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The ionic equation for the reaction is shown below:

2+ 2+ –1
Mg(s) + Cu (aq)  Mg (aq) + Cu(s) H= –532 kJ mol
Would the following affect the value of the experimental result?
Explain your answer, stating the effect, if any, on the value of the enthalpy change
obtained.
(i) The student used 2 g rather than 1g of magnesium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The heat losses that occurred from the student’s beaker.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The temperature in the self-heating can needs to increase by 60 °C to produce a hot drink.
Suggest a change you could make to the mixture in the experiment in (a) to produce a
greater temperature rise. You are not expected to do a calculation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

78. The following data can be used in a Born-Haber cycle for copper(II) bromide, CuBr 2.
ο –1
Enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine H at[½Br2(l)] +111.9 kJ mol
ο –1
Enthalpy change of atomisation of copper, H at[Cu(s)] +338.3 kJ mol
–1
First ionisation energy of copper, Em1[Cu(g)] +746.0 kJ mol
–1
Second ionisation energy of copper, Em2 [Cu(g)] +1958.0 kJ mol
–1
Electron affinity of bromine, Eaff[Br(g)] –342.6 kJ mol
ο –1
Enthalpy change of formation of CuBr2(s), H f [CuBr2(s)] –141.8 kJ mol
(a) On the following outline of a Born-Haber cycle complete the boxes A, B, and C by
putting in the formula and state symbol for the appropriate species and writing the name
of the enthalpy change D.
C u 2 + (g ) + 2 B r – (g ) C u B r 2 (s)
C D ...........................................
C u (s) + B r 2 (l)
(3)
(b) Use the data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide.
Give a sign and units in your answer.
(3)

(c) When the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide is calculated from ionic radii and charges,
the result is a value numerically about 10% less than the one obtained from the Born-
Haber cycle.
(i) What does this suggest about the nature of the bonding in copper(II) bromide?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Draw a diagram to show how the smaller copper ion alters the shape of the larger
bromide ion.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

1. (a) H C
11.1 / 1 88.9 / 12 (1)
= 11.1 = 7.4
1.5 1 (1)
Empirical formula C2H3 (1) 3
(b) HI has more electrons (1)
has greater induced–dipole–induced dipole / vdW forces (1) 2
..
P
H H
(c) (i) pyramidal H
Need to show evidence of three dimensional or state it is pyramidal with two

dimensional diagram (1)
3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair to get as far apart as possible (1) 2
–
H
Al
H H
H
(ii) tetrahedral
Need to show evidence of three dimensional or state it is tetrahedral with two

dimensional diagram (1)
4 bond pairs around aluminium as far apart as possible (1) 2
(d) Amount of phosphine = 8.0/24000 (1)

–4
= 3.33 × 10 mol
23 –4
Number of molecules of phosphine = 6.0 × 10 × 3.33 × 10 (1) 2
= 2.0 × 1020
[11]

2. (a) (i) number of protons (in the nucleus)/ proton number (1)
not ‘number of electrons’ or ‘number of protons in an element’ (1)
(ii) Electronic configuration differs from previous element by an electron in a d (sub)

shell or orbital / d-shell is filling / d electron is last electron (1)
Allow outer electron is d / highest energy electron is d 1
(iii) Forms at least one ion/compound with partially full / incomplete d sub shell (1)
1
2 2 6 2 6 2 5 5 2
(b) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d or 3d 4s (1) 1
(c) (i) The heat/energy/enthalpy change needed to remove one mole of electrons (1)
from (1 mole) of gaseous (chlorine) atoms (1)
+ –
Correct equation i.e. Cl(g)  Cl (g) + e can score second mark. 2
(ii) Increasing slopes (1)
Jump after 7 (1)
Jump after 15 (1)
Ignore small jumps in the correct places. The points do not need to be joined.
(d) There are several way of doing this calculation; the following is one way. All other valid
ways score full marks
43.7/55 = 0.795 56.3/35.5 = 1.59 (1)
0.795/0.795 = 1 1.59/0.795 = 2 (1)
MnCl2 (1) This is a stand alone mark
or
MnCl2 and some correct working (3)
Note:
If a candidate gets a formula MnClx where × is between 2 and 7 because
they have made a chemical error, they can score a maximum of 1 mark. If
the error is mathematical they can score a maximum of 2 marks
3
[12]
3. (a) (i) fizzing/ effervescence

metal disappears /gets smaller
floats/ moves around on surface
melts/ turns into ball
any 2
do not allow ‘dissolves’ 2

(ii) 2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

species (1) balance (1) 2
(b) amount Na = 3.0123 = 0.13 mol (1)

amount H2 = 0.065 mol (1)
3 3
vol H2 = 0.065 × 24 dm = 1. 6 (dm ) (allow 1.56, 1.57 or 1.565) (1)
answers consequential on equation in (a)(i)
If units quoted and are wrong final mark lost 3
[7]
4. (a) (i) Number of protons + number of neutrons (1) 1
(ii) (weighted) average / mean mass of one atom (1)

relative to one twelfth the mass of carbon-1 2 (atom) / on a
12
scale in which C = 12 (1) 2
(iii) atoms with same atomic no/ same no of protons/ same element (1)
but different numbers of neutrons / mass number (1) 2
(b) (24  0.7860) + (25 × 0.1011) + ( 26 × 0. 1129) (1)

24.33 (1) 2
[7]
5. (a) Na Cl 33.3 / 35.5 O

21.6/23 45.1/16 (1)
= 0.939 = 0.938 = 2.82
 by smallest (1)
1 1 3
NaClO3
Could argue from formula and calculate back to shown percentages
for full marks. 2
 
(b) (i) 3OCl  2Cl + ClO3
species (1) balance (1)
Fully balanced molecular equation score / mark only 2
ignore spectator sodium ions in ionic equation if on both sides

(ii) Identification of oxidation states (1) +1 +5 1

Identification of an oxidation reaction (1) +1 to +5
Identification of a reduction reaction (1) +1 to 1

Disproportionation because (Cl in) OCI both oxidised or reduced (1)
Final mark can be awarded for a simple definition of
disproportionation related to chlorine.
n. b. reference to a single atom of chlorine not acceptable. 4
 
(c) (i) Cl2 + 2e  2Cl (1) (*) 1
 
(ii) 2Br  Br2 + 2e (1) (*) 1
(*) or multiples / negative charge on e not required

[10]
6. (a) (i) Enthalpy/heat change for formation of 1 mole of a

compound (1)
from its elements (1)
in their standard states / or stated temperature of 298K
(25C) and 1 atm (or suitable unit) (1) 3
(ii) = -60.4  (52.336.2) (1)

1
= -76.5 (Kj mol ) (1) 2
(iii) negative sign means reaction exothermic/gives out heat (1)

if no answer given to part (ii) must give general explanation
that negative means exothermic and positive means
endothermic reaction 1
(b) Energy in = (612 + 366) = 978 (1)

Energy out = 348 + 412 + 276 = 1036 (1)
Energy change = 978 – 1036 = -58 (1) consequential
If candidates choose to include the four C-H bonds the above
figures are 2626, 2684 and -58 3
(c) Average values from many compounds used in bond

enthalpies (1)
Actual values for these compounds probably slightly different
/ or, calculation in (a) (ii) uses real / actual / experimental
/standard/ values (1)
n.b. do not accept arguments based on error 2
[11]

0.25
7. (a) (i) 97 = 0.00258 / 2.58 × 10–3 / 0.0026 / 0.002577 (1) 1
(ii) 0.00258 / same number of moles as calculated in (i) (1)

1000
–3
0.00258 × 23.45 (1) = 0.110 (mol dm ) (1) units not required
consequential on (i) possible answers 0. 11, 0.110, 0.1111 3
2  0.01 100
(b) 0.25 = 8% (1)
0.01
but allow 0.25  100 = 4% 1
(c) W Weighing must be evidence of two weighings at some point in

the process (1)
P Preparation Rinsing out one piece of relevant apparatus

correctly (1) (*)
D Dissolve Dissolve in water in beaker / volumetric flask (1) (*)
R Rinse Rinse beaker and add washing to volumetric flask /

rinse funnel (if solid straight to volumetric flask) (1) (*)
V Volumetric Volumetric / standard / graduated flask (1)

flask DO NOT AWARD IF CANDIDATE USES VOLUMETRIC
3
FLASK TO MEASURE OUT 250 cm (*)
3 3
M 250 cm Making up to mark / exactly 250 cm of solution (1) (*)
S Shake Shake / invert / mix final solution (1) n.b. this is at end (*)
mass of sulphamicacid 1000


C concentration = 97 (or Mr) 250 (1)
H Safety
(solution of) acid is corrosive and appropriate safety precaution
e.g. wear eye protection and/or gloves (1)
(*) Max 5 marks

[13]

8. (a) Lattice Energy:
 enthalpy or heat energy released (could mention the
process is exothermic or value negative) (1)
a when gaseous ions (1)
(come together to) form / mole solid / crystal / lattice (1)
but not substance
if equation given could get state marks and energy change

marks if H shown 3
Enthalpy of Atomisation:
 heat energy change for the formation of one mole of gaseous atoms (1)
from an element in its standard state (1)
not standard conditions

if state or imply exothermic max 1 2
(b) (i) correct step shown (1) must identify change 1
(ii) +150 + 736 + 1450 + (2 × 121) + 642 = 3220

= 2493 + 2x (1)
2x = 727
x = –363 ± 1 (1) sign vital
n. b. 727 scores 1, –303 scores 1, 606 scores 0 2
N a + (g ) + H (g ) + e –
N a + (g ) + H – (g )
N a(g ) + H (g )
N a(g ) + 1/2 H 2 (g )
N a(s) + 1/2 H 2 (g )
N aH (s)
(c)

Marking points on cycle

 all correct species and steps plus state symbols where crucial (1 mark)
n. b. crucial steps Na (s) to Na (g) + gaseous ions to solid NaH

 complete cycle (1 mark)
 ½H2 to H (1 mark)
n. b. the whole cycle could be doubled to give 2 × electron affinity

n. b. an energy diagram as above is not essential any correct 3
cycle in any representation is equally acceptable
+
n. b. any cycle containing H scores 0 marks
[11]
9. (a) (i) moles of KNO3 = 10.1/101 = 0.100 (1) 1

Allow 0.1/0.10
(ii) moles of KOH = 0.100 (1)

or answer from (i)– could be shown in calculation below.
3
volume = 0.1 × 1000/2 = 50.0(cm ) (1) 2
Consequential on (i); allow 50
(iii) moles of O2 = 0.1/2 = 0.0500 (1) i.e. divide by 2

3
vol O2 = 0.05 × 24 = 1.2 (dm ) (1) i.e. × by 24 2
consequential on (ii) or (i)

–3
if use wrong unit eg mol dm max (1)
(b) (i) Percentage of oxygen = 29.1 % (1) stand alone
K O
70.9/39 29.1/16 (1)
i.e. divide by Ar
1.82 1.82
1 1
KO (1) 3
If assume KO and prove it (Max 2)
(ii) Mr (= 22/0.2) = 110 (1)

(Mr of KO = 55 so) molecular formula = K2O2) (1) 2

[10]
10. (a) Enthalpy / heat (energy) change on the neutralisation

/ reaction of one mole of a monobasic acid /
hydrogen ions (by an alkali)
or
Enthalpy / heat (energy) change on the formation of one mole of
water when an acid is neutralised
Or
+ 
Enthalpy change per mole for reaction H + OH ,
H2O (1) 1
(b) q = mcT (1) other unambiguous symbols/names

= 100 × 4.18 × 6.90 (1)
= 2884 J including units (1) 3
Consequential on sensible chemistry in line 2 i.e. use of 50 for mass or temp
in K or data for temperature, transposed(max2). Ignore sign of answer
Allow 3 or 4 significant figures
(c) 2884/0.05 (1)

answer from (b)  0.05/allow answer from (b) × 20
–1
= – 57.7 kJ mol (1) accept – 57.6 2
If wrong sign (max 1)
If wrong units (max 1)
(d) Ensures all acid reacts / neutralisation (of acid) 1

+
completed / reaction (of acid) completed / all H reacted (1)
[7]
11. (a) Note 1 mark for improvement 1 mark for related reason in each case to max 4 marks.
Reason must relate to improvement. Max 2 for improvement. Max 2 for reason.
Improvement insulate beaker / polystyrene cup / plastic cup / use lid (1)
Reason Prevents / reduces heat loss or absorbs less heat (1)
Improvement Use pipette / burette (1)
Reason More accurate (than measuring cylinder) (1)
Improvement Measure temperature for several minutes before the addition (1)
Reason Allows more accurate value for the initial temperature (1)
Improvement Measure temperature more often (1)

Reason Allows for better extrapolation / more accurate
temperature change from graph (1)
Improvement Read thermometer to 1 dp / use more precise

thermometer/ digital thermometer (1)
Reason Gives more accurate temperature change (1)
Improvement Stir mixture (1)
Reason Ensure even temperature / reaction faster less heat loss

with time (1)
Improvement Use finely divided iron / smaller pieces (1)
Reason Reaction faster less heat loss with time (1)

Not speeds up alone 4
(b) (i) Heat change = 50.0 × 4.18 × 15.2J

= 50.0 × 4.18 × 15.2 / 1000kJ
= 3.18kJ or 3180J (1)
Ignore sig. fig. Allow mark if units omitted 1
If units quoted but wrong eg 3.18 J score 0.
(ii) No of mols of copper sulphate = 50.0 × 0.500 / 1000

= 0.025 (1) 1
(iii) Enthalpy change per mol = 3.18/.025 = –127kJ (1)

negative sign (1) stand alone
consequential on (i) and (ii)
1
max 4 sig fig and answer must be in kJ mol even if units omitted. 2
[8]
12. (a) (i)  Energy / enthalpy change per mole (1)

 required to remove an electron (1)
from / mole of gaseous atoms (1) 3
(ii)  The nuclear charge on K is greater than on Na (1)

 the outer electron is further from the nucleus (1)
but there is more shielding around K than Na (1) 3
(b) (i) 4.56 / 71 (1) = 0.0642 (1)mol 2
(ii) Answer from (i)  2 (1) = 0.0321 mol 1

3
(iii) Answer from (ii)  24 (1) 0.771 dm 1
3
(iv) Answer from (iii)  3/2 (1) 1.16 dm 1
[11]
13. (a)  Enthalpy or heat change or heat energy / released when 1 mol
of substance / element or compound (need to say both) (1)
 is burned in excess oxygen / completely / reacts completely (1)
at 1 atm pressure and specified temperature (1) 3
(b) H = 2Hc(C) + 2Hc(H2)  Hc(CH3COOH) (1) for this or

equivalent cycle drawn;
H = (–394  2) + (286  2)–(–874) (1)

–1
= 486 kJ mol (1) 3
(c) (Enthalpy of) formation / Hf (1)
(d)  correct orientation of energy levels / labelled (at least one) (1)
 H shown - number allowed (1)
reaction profile showing Ea (1)
[if based on (b) max 2]
a ctiv atio n en erg y

C (+ O 2 )
E n th a lp y
H
CO 2
[10]
14. (a) (i)  Reaction is complete (1)

 addition of cooler NaOH causes temp to fall (1) 2
3
(ii) 20.0 cm (1) 1
(iii) 20.0  2.00 / 1000 (1)= 0.0400 mol 1

(iv) 20  1.00 / 1000 (1) =0.0200 mol 1
(v) 1 : 2 (1) MUST be consequential on working in (iii) to (iv) 1
(vi) Cu(OH)2 (1) Consequential provided that the ratio of Cu to OH is

a whole number 1
(b) (i) 7.2 C (or K) (1) 1
(ii) q = 1210 J / 1.21 kJ (1) Consequential on (b)(i) 1
(iii)  H = 1210 J / 0.020 (1) ie. method Mark consequentially on (a)(iv)

and (b)(ii).
 – sign (1)
Correct units (1) (*)
2 max if numerical error (*)
In final answer 3
(c)  No stirring / poor mixing (1)

 Specified method of stirring or mixing e.g. magnetic stirrer / swirl cup
between additions (1)
or
 Solutions at different initial temperatures (1)
Allow them to stabilise at room temperature (1)
Do not allow anything to do with heat loss. Do not allow ‘more accurate
thermometer` since the one specified is good enough. 2
[14]
–
15. (a) (i) NO 3
2–
(ii) CrO 4 2
2–
+
(b) Ag , CrO 4 or names 1
2–
+
(c) 2Ag (aq)+ CrO 4 (aq)  Ag2CrO4(s)
Formulae and balancing (1)
State symbols (1) 2
[5]

20
16. (a) 1000 × 0.5 = 0.01 1
(b) Energy change = 20 × 4.18 × 26.3 = (2198.68)

2198.68
H = (–) 0.01 (1)
–220, ALLOW 4sf –219.9, no units needed
OR – 220,000 J (1) 2
[3]
17. (a) (i) (46 × 8 + 47 × 7.3 + 48 × 74 + 49 × 5.5 + 50 × 5.2) ÷ 100 = 47.926
= 47.9
Method (1)
Correct answer to three significant figures (1) 2
(ii) mass spectrometer 1

2 2 6 2 6 2 2 2 2
(b) (i) 1s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p (1) 4s 3d OR 3d 4s (1) 2
(ii) Transition metals /elements OR d block 1
(c) (i) reduction or redox 1

–1
(ii) 940 – 2 × 110 = +720 kJ mol
Method (1)
Value (1)
Sign and units (1) 3
(iii) Hess / Law of Conservation of Energy First Law of Thermodynamics 1
(iv) Carbon monoxide / CO is produced (1)

which is toxic / poisonous (1) 2
[13]
18. (a) (i) Description of asymmetry of electron/charge cloud hence attractive

forces between neighbouring induced dipoles 1
(ii) NCl3 / chlorine because more electrons 1
(iii) NF3 because F more electronegative (than Cl) 1
(iv) Van der Waals forces more significant/greater than permanent

dipole-dipole interactions 1

(b) (i) N(g) + 3F(g) in top right-hand box

½ N2(g) + 1 ½ F2(g) in lower box. 1
(ii)
4 7 3 + (3 × 7 9 )
– 1 2 5 (k J m o l – 1 ) = (+ ) 7 1 0 (kJ m o l – 1 )
(1 )
A C C E P T 7 1 0 a lo n e
(1 )
Arrows in correct directions and labelled with correct data 2

ο –1
(iii) H at for [NF3(g)]  N (g) + 3F (g) = 710 – ( – 125) = (+) 835 (kJ mol ) (1)
835
E (N – F) = 3 –1
= (+) 278 kJ mol (1)
Penalise 4 or more SF
Penalise incorrect units 2
[9]
19. (a) (i) Weighted average (mass) of 1 atom (1)

12
on a scale in which 1 atom of C = 12 units / compared to
12
1/12 atom of C (1) 2
(ii) Number of protons plus / and neutrons or nucleons in a nucleus / an atom. 1
(iii) Atoms of same atomic number / same proton number (1)
which differ in the number of neutrons (1) (in the nucleus) 2
(b) (i) Concept of high energy electron collision:

Electron bombardment / gun / acceleration / fired (1)
knocks off electron / equation showing electron being knocked off (1) 2
+
(ii) Positive, +, S 1
(iii) Voltage differential across plates / charged plates [plural] /

electrostatic field / electric field 1
(c) [95.0 × 32 + 0.76 × 33 + 4.24 × 34] / 100 (1)

= 32.0924 = 32.09 (1) NOT 32 or 32.10 2
6 4
(d) 1s²2s²2p 3s²3p 1
[12]
20. (a) % oxygen 100 – (31.84 + 28.98) = 39.18 (1)

K Cl O
31.84/39 28.98/35.5 39.18/16 Divide by Ar (1)
0.8164 0.8163 2.448 Divide by smallest
1 1 3
M u st b e 2 o r m o re sig n ific an t fig u re s
Alternative multiply by Ar + SUM (1) Calc % (1) 39.18 for 0 (1) 3
(b) Ratio of moles or mass (1)

Moles of A or relative mass of A (1)
× 24 or volume of O2 (1) (not stand alone)
E.g.
2 moles of A gives 3 mols of oxygen (1)

1.0g of A 1.00/122.5 moles of A
therefore 1.00 × 3/122.5 × 2 moles of oxygen
volume of oxygen = 1.00 × 3 × 24 / 122.5 × 2
3
= 0.294 dm
OR
1.00g of A gives 0.3918 g of oxygen (1)

0.3918 g of oxygen = 0.03918/32 moles of oxygen = 0.0122 moles (1)
3 3
0.0122 moles of oxygen = 0.0122 × 24 dm of O² = 0.293 dm (1)
2-4 significant figure in answer allowed 3

[6]
21. (a) (i)  It is the enthalpy / heat (energy) change / evolved for the
formation of 1 mol of urea (1)
 from its elements (1)
 in their standard states / at 1 atm and stated temperature {298K} (1) 3
(b) AMENDED (ignore units)
{(-333.0) + (– 285-8)} – {(2 × –46.2) + (–393.5)}
= - 618.8 + 485.9
= - 132.9 kJ (3)
Correct answer with some correct working (3)
Correct answer alone (1)

+ 132.9 kJ (2)
Omitting the ×2 gives –179.1 kJ (2)
+ 179.1 kJ (1)
Incorrect application of Hess’s Law gives –1104.7 kJ (2)
+ 1 1 04.7 kJ (1)
Incorrect Hess’s Law and omit ×2 gives –1058.5 kJ (1)
+ 1058.5 kJ (0)
NOT AMENDED (ignore units)
{(632.2) + (–285.8)) – ((2 × –46.2) + (–393.5)} (1)

= - 918.0 + 485.9
= - 432.1 kJ (3)
Correct answer with some correct working (3)
Correct answer alone (1)
+ 432.1 kJ (2)
Omitting the ×2 gives – 478.3 kJ (2)
+ 478.3 kJ (1)
Incorrect application of Hess’s Law gives – 1403.9 kJ (2)
+ 1403.9 kJ (1)
Incorrect Hess’s Law and omit x2 gives 1357.1 kJ (1)
+ 1357.1 kJ (0)
[6]
22. (a) 31e, 38n, 31p

All correct  (2)
2 correct  (1) 2
69  60  71 40

(b) 100 (1)
= (4140 + 2840)/100
= 69.8 (1)
-1 for more or less than 3 SF 2
(c) Metallic/ metal 1

[5]

23. (a) (i) 4gS = 1/8 mol / 0.125 mol 1
(ii) 1/8mol S  1/8 mol SO2 (stated or implied) (1)

3 3 3 3
Volume = 24/8 = 3 dm / 3.0 dm / 3.00 dm / 3000 cm (1)
–1 for incorrect/missing units 2
SO 2  2OH – SO 32 –  H 2 O
          
(b) (1)  (1) 2
[5]
+
24. (a) (i) H2O is proton / H / hydrogen ion donor 1
(ii) Strong base ionises completely in water/solution

or weak base does not ionise/ interact to any extent in water
or strong base is a better proton acceptor than weak base
Don’t allow definitions based on rate 1
(b) (i) 2N2(g) +6H2(g) + 5O2(g)

Correct diatomic elements with state symbols (1)
Balanced cycle (1) 2
(ii) ie H = 4(90.2) + 6(–241.8) –4(–46.1) (2)

= 360.8 – 1450.8 + 184.4
–1
= – 905.6 kJ mol
–1
= – 906 kJ mol (1)
–1 for incorrect significant figures

correct use of Hess cycle (1)
correct use of multiples (1)
consequential answer with correct sign and units (1) 3
[7]
–3
25. (a) Density = 1.0 g cm
3
OR 1 cm (of water) weighs 1 g 1
(b) (T = 38.1 – 19.5 =) 18.6 (°C) calculated or correctly used (1)

200  4.18  18.6
1000 = 15.5/15.55 (kJ) (1)
Correct answer with some working (2) 2
(c) (Mass used = 198.76 – 197.68 = ) 1.08 calculated or correctly used

(1)
1.08
Moles = 46.0 = 0.0235 / 0.02348 (1) 2
Answer to(b)
(d) Answer to(c) (1)
15.5
e.g. 0.0235
–1
negative sign and kJ mol (1)
answer correct to 3sf (1) 3
(e) (i) Ethanol vaporises/evaporates (1) 1
(ii) Carbon/soot (1)

Incomplete combustion/insufficient oxygen so reaction does
not go to completion (1) 2
[11]
26. Number of molecules

23
= 12/24 (1) × 6×10
23
= 3×10 (1) 2
27. (a) H2SO4(aq) + CuCO3(s)  CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Reactants (1)
Products (1)
No/wrong state symbols 1max
If H2CO3 product 1 max 2
H2SO4(I) 1 max
(b) (i) Measuring cylinder / pipette / burette

Volumetric flask (0) 1
–2
(ii) 2.5×10 / 0.025 1

–2
(c) (i) 2.5 × 10 × 123.5 (1) × 1.1 = 3.4 / 3.40 / 3.396 g (1)
ALLOW TE from (b)(ii) 2
(ii) To prevent the reaction mixture from frothing out of the beaker 1
(iii) Filter (to remove unreacted copper(II) carbonate) 1
(d) (i) 249.5 1
(ii) actual mass/ mol × 100 / = 3.98 / 249.5 × 100

method
–2
theoretical mass / mol 2.5 × 10
OR method using masses = 3.98 = 3.98 etc

(1)
0.025×249.5 6.2375 2
answer 63.8 / 64 % (1)

ALLOW TE from (a) / (c) (I) / (d)(i)
(e) Toxic/irritant/enzyme inhibitors 1

[12]
2+ 2+
28. (a) (i) Mg(s) + Cu (aq)  Mg (aq) + Cu(s)
entities (1)
state symbols (1) 2
(ii)
ο ο 2+ ο 2+
H (r) = H f[Mg (aq)] – H f [Cu (aq)]
entities including state symbols (1)

arrows (1)
Hess applied (1) 3
(b) (i) 4.2×150×60 (1)

= 37800 / 38000 J (1)
OR 37.8 / 38 kJ 2
(ii) 37800 / 530000

= 0.07(13) (mol) 1
(iii) 1000 × 0.0713 / 8

3
= 8.9(2) cm

ALLOW TE from (i) and (ii) 1
(c) Heat losses to surroundings /container / through container (1)

Heat capacity of chemicals not considered (1)
Incomplete reaction / mixing (1)
Any two reasonable points 2
[11]
29. (a) (i) a particle / species /group with an unpaired electron /OWTTE 1
(ii) 1
(iii) homolytic 1
(b) B and C 1
(c) (i) C12 + CH4  CH3Cl + HCl 1
–1
(ii) +242 + 4 + –339 = –93 kJ mol
(A + B + F)
OR
–1
+4 – 97 = –93 kJ mol
(B + C)
Method (1)
answer with units (1) 2
–1
(d) (i) -242 kJ mol 1
(ii) Exothermic because a bond has been formed. 1
(e) Less endothermic (1)

the bond is weaker (1) 2
[11]
30. (a) (i) 5.00 + 84.0 = 0.0595 mol 1
(ii) 50.0 × 4.18 × 6.5 (1) ignore sign

÷ 1000 (1) = 1.36kJ mark consequentially
(1.49.kJ if use 55.0 g (1)) 2
(iii) Answer to (ii) ÷ answer to (i) (1) /correct method.

(expected answer +22.6 to + 22.9 for 50.0 g or +24.8 to +25.1 for
55.0g)
Answer with positive sign to 3 sfs (1) 2

(b) (i) Increase temperature for Na2CO3 and decrease for NaHCO3 (1)
Larger T with Na2CO3 (or consequential on (a)(iii) (1) 2
(ii) No heat lost/gained to/from surroundings/reaction is complete

shc of the solution is the same as water
3
Allow 1 cm of solution has a mass of 1g 1
–10 –1
Do not allow shc is 4.18 J g C
[8]
31. (a) (i) Nichrome/platinum wire/ceramic rod (1)

cleaned in concentrated hydrochloric acid (1)
dipped in powdered sample and heated in flame (1)
rd
both ideas needed for 3 point. 3
(ii) Electrons promoted/excited to higher energy levels (1)

Fall back releasing energy as light of a particular frequency
/wavelength/emr (1) 2
+
(iii) Sodium/Na 1
(b) (i) 4.18 × 100 × 1.1 (1)

= 460J / 0.460 kJ/459.8J (1) 2
(ii) Mr MgSO4.7H2O = 246 (1)

12.3/246 = 0.05 (1) Allow TE 2
(iii) 460/0.05
–1 –1
+9200 J mol /+9.2 kJ mol (1)
sign and units (1)
–1 for incorrect SF.
ALLOW TE from b(i) and/or b(ii) 2
(c) (i) Hr = H1 – H2 1
(ii) +9.2 – –85.2

–1
= +94 kJ mol (1)
sign and units (1) 2
[15]
32. (a) (i)

ACCEPT all dots/crosses
(ii)
Trigonal pyramid/Tetrahedral/‘Three leg stool’ shape (1) –

must be some attempt at 3D or correct name
107° ALLOW 92-108 (1) 2
(iii) repulsion between four pairs of electrons gives

tetrahedral shape (1))
Greater repulsion of non-bonding electrons/lone pair
closes down tetrahedral bond angle (1) 2
(b) (i) PH3(g)  P(g) + 3H(g) 1
(ii) Hess applied (1)

Multiples (1)
–1
Correct answer + 963(.2)/960 kJ mol (1) 3
(iii) Answer to (ii) divided by 3

–1
+ 321(.1)/320 kJ mol 1
[10]
33. (a) Reduction is electron gain (1) IGNORE any reference to oxygen and hydrogen
ALLOW decrease in oxidation number/state 1
(b) In (i) and (ii) allow multiples
(i) Fe
3+ –
+ e → Fe
2+ 1
– –
(ii) 2I → I2 + 2e Do NOT allow I for ½I2 1
3+ – 2+
(iii) 2Fe + 2I → 2Fe + I2
Stand alone
This equation must be correct for the mark and not just a combination
of (i) and (ii) 1
(c) (i) Cl is (+) 1 in NaClO (1),

(+) 5 in NaClO3 (1),
and –1 in NaCl (1)
ACCEPT as Roman numerals 3
(ii) Chlorine is both oxidised and reduced

OR
The chlorine’s oxidation number goes from +1 to +5 and –1.
consequential on oxidation numbers in (i) provided that chlorine has
gone both up and down 1
3 3 –1
(d) (i) Amount of N2 = 54 dm /20 dm mol = 2.7 (mol) 1
(ii) Amount of NaN3 = 2.7 × 2/3 = 1.8 mol 1
(iii) 117 g (2)

Salvage marks:
–1
Mr of NaN3 = 65 g mol (1)
Mark consequentially (i–iii)
2–4 SF
117 with no unit (1)
117 with wrong unit (1) 2
[12]
34. (a) Enthalpy / heat/energy change when 1 mol of a substance (1)

NOT “heat needed”
is burnt in excess / burnt completely in air/oxygen (1)
under standard conditions of 1 atm pressure & stated temperature / at 298 K (1) 3
(b) Bonds broken 4 × C-H = + 1740

 996
2 × O=O  2736 (1)
Bonds made 2 × C=O = – 1610

 –1856
4 × H–O  –3466 (1)
–1
∆H = + 2736 + (–3466) = – 730 (1) (kJ mol ) 3
(c)
C H 4 (g ) + 2 H 2 O (g ) C O 2 (g ) + 4H 2 (g)
4 H 2 (g) + C (s) + O 2 (g)
Cycle (1)
do not allow the word “elements”
Arrows labelled  Hf etc or numbers (1)
∆Hr = – 394 – (– 75) – 2 × (–242) (1)

–1
= + 165 (1) (kJ mol ) 4
[10]


35. (a) Step II Wait before reading temperature/ take a series of

(temperature) readings (1)
NOTE Ignore any references to time or more accurate thermometer
Step III Stir after each addition / leave thermometer in solution

throughout/do not rinse (1) 2
(b) Drawing two best fit lines (second line can be through first three points) (1)
Extending to a maximum (1) 2

3
Curve between 20 and 25 cm scores first mark only
Note if use wrong last point for first line, no marks can be scored.
Hand sketched (without ruler) scores one mark only.
(c) Reading ∆T consequentially (1) expected ∆T = 7.0 ± 0.1 (°C) 2sf for ∆T
3
Reading VN consequentially (1) expected VN = 22.5 to 23.0 (cm ) 3sf for VN
3
∆T = 6.9 (°C) VN = 25.0 (cm ) scores (1) only 2
(d) (i) Heat calculated using candidate’s values in (c)

ignore 3 or more SF at this stage 1
Answer to ( d )(i )
(ii) (–) 0.025
Method consequentially (1)
Answer, sign and 2–4 SF (1) 2
∆T Vol Heat/kJ ∆H/kJ mol
–1
7.0 22.5 1.39 –55.6

7.0 23.0 1.40 –56.0 / – 56.2
25.0 1.44 –57.7 / – 57.6
6.9
[9]
36. Only penalise wrong or missing units once in parts (a) & (b).
3 3
(a) 24 dm OR 24 000 cm 1
3 3
(b) 48 dm OR 48 000 cm 1
[2]

37. (a) (ionic) precipitation 1

+ 2-
(b) (i) (2)NH4 and Cr2O7 2
2- +
(ii) Cr2O7 ((aq)) + 2NH4 ((aq)) → (NH4)2Cr2O7((s))
State symbols not required 1
(iii) The orange colour would move towards the anode / + / left 1
-1
(c) (i) 18 × 2 + 52 × 2 + 16 × 7 = 252 (g / g mol )
-1
Penalise incorrect units eg 252 g in (i) and (ii) only once. 1
(ii) 0.1 mol has a mass of 25.2 (g)

ALLOW TE 1
3 3
(iii) 100 cm / 0.1 dm must have units 1
(iv) Filter (1)

Wash with (small quantity) / (cold) water (1)
Dry between filter papers / in a warm oven (< 40° C) / in a dessicator (1) 3
(v) Some remains in solution )

Some lost on washing ) Any two
Transfer loss eg on glassware, filter paper ) 2
[13]
38. (a) thermal decomposition / redox

NOT reduction or oxidation on their own 1
(b) (i) Formation of 1 mole of the compound/substance (1)

from its elements (1)
in their standard states/ under standard conditions/ (temperature
and pressure) at 298K and 1 atmosphere pressure (1) 3
(ii)
Cr2 loses formula mark 2 max
Mark independently formulae (1)

number of moles (1)
arrows and state symbols (1) – depend on one mark being given for
the above. 3


-1
(iii) 0 / zero (kJ mol ) 1
(iv) 4 × –242 + –1140 (OR – 2108) – –1810 (1)

-1
–298 kJ mol
value (1)
signs and units (1) dependent on value being one of these given 3
(c) Exothermic + attempt at explanation (1)

Bonds are formed when a gas turns to a liquid (1)
ACCEPT answers based on kinetic theory
Evaporation is endothermic (therefore by Hess’s Law) the reverse
must be exothermic 2
[13]
39. (a) (i) % of oxygen = 45.1% (1)

54.9/39 = 1.41 and 45.1/16 = 2.82 (1)
1.41/1.41 = 1 and 2.82/1.41 = 2 (hence KO2) / 1.41 : 2.82 ≡ 1 : (1)
2
MUST have some working 3
Correct inductive reasoning (3)
(ii) -0.5 / – ½ / -.5 1
+
(b) KNO3 because K / potassium ion has larger radius / is larger - ion essential (1)
+ +
but same charge - stated or K and Li given
[lower charge density scores 1 out of the first two marks]
“Charge density” on its own (1) UNLESS term is explained (2)
polarises/distorts nitrate/negative ion/anion less (1)
OR weakens bonds in nitrate less
NOT weakens ionic bond
If LiNO3 more stable (0) 3
[4]
1664
40. (a) (i) 4 = 416 (kJ mol –1) IGNORE “+” signs 1
(ii) energy needed to break bonds:

2 × 436 + 193 = (+)1065 (1)
energy change in making bonds:

–348 + 4x –416 + 2x –276 = (–) 2564 (1)
–1
enthalpy change = 1065 – 2564 = – 1499 (kJ mol ) (1)

rd
[value and –ve sign needed for 3 mark] 3
ALLOW T.E.
+ 1499 with working scores (2)
(b) C not in standard state / C not solid 1

[5]
41. (a) (i) Points accurately plotted (1)
Two straight lines of best fit. (1)

NOT dot-to-dot, IGNORE any other joining – up. 2
(ii) Suitable extrapolation to find maximum temperature rise at 3 ½ min (1)

Value from candidate’s graph 0.5 °C (1)
(43.5-44.5°C for accurate plot) 2
(iii) (The best fit line) allows for cooling effect

OR heat loss
OR calculation of more accurate temperature change
OR response time of the thermometer
OR slowness of reaction
NOT “more accurate” on its own 1
(b) (i) Heat change = 50 × 4.18 × T (= 9196J or 9.196kJ)

Consequential on (a) (ii)
If no units given, assume J
If kJ must be correct value
–1
Wrong units eg kJ mol (0)
IGNORE SF or sign 1
–3 3
(ii) Density = 1g cm / total volume after reaction 50 cm / total mass is 50 g.
3
ACCEPT 1g = 1 cm
ACCEPT Density is same as that for water
ACCEPT Heat capacity of metal is irrelevant
NOT density = 1 1
(iii) (1.0 × 50 / 1000) = 0.05(0) (mol) 1
answer to(b) (i)

(iv) answer to(b) (ii) (1)
–1
divide by 1000, value, negative sign (for units of kJ mol ). (1)
–1
ALLOW answer in J mol if unit given. 2
IGNORE SF.
(c) Improvement is a stand alone mark, reason is not

Any two from:
QWC Improvement: Place a lid on the polystyrene cup (1)

Reason: Reduces heat loss (1)
Improvement: Use a pipette or burette (to measure the volume of solution) (1)
Reason: More accurate (way of measuring volume) (1)
Improvement: Use more precise thermometer / digital thermometer (1)

Reason: Gives more accurate temperature change (1)
Improvement: Mechanical stirrer / magnetic stirrer (1)

Reason: to ensure complete / or faster reaction (1)
NOT ‘spread heat…’
Improvement: Measure temperature more often

Reason: Allows for better extrapolation (1)
OR can obtain a more accurate value of maximum temperature /
temperature change from graph 4
NOT repeating few times

NOT “cotton wool insulation” alone
NOT more accurate weighing.
[14]
42. (a) (i) Filter (1)
Evaporate some of the filtrate by boiling / heating (1)
Leave to crystallise / cool (collect crystals) (1)
Dry between sheets of filter paper / blotting / dessicator / warm

oven (1)
NOT “dabbing” / “patting” on its own
NOT “hot oven”
NOT “oven”
If temperature quoted, must be < 70 °C
Stages must be in correct order.

Mark until procedure fails
Can score remaining 3 marks even if initial filtration has not been
carried out 4
(ii) BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

ALLOW H2CO3(aq)
balanced equation (1)

state symbols (1)

BaCl2.2H2O(aq/s) acceptable, providing extra H2O(l) on left
nd
ALLOW 2 mark provided a sensible but unbalanced equation is
given. 2
(iii) moles of HCl used =

((25/1000) × 1.0)
–2
= 0.025 / 2.5 × 10
IGNORE units 1
(iv) Mr [BaCl2.2H2O(s)] = 137 + 71 + 36

–1
= 244 (g mol ) 1
(v) Moles of BaCl2.2H2O = 0.5 × 0.025 = 0.0125

Mass of crystals = 0.0125 × 244 = 3.05 / 3.1 (g)
IGNORE units
ALLOW transferred error from (ii), (iii) and (iv) 1
(vi) Any one
BaCl2 lost in the (saturated) filtrate when crystals collected /

OWTTE (1)
Transfer loss/ OWTTE (1)
Loss when washing (1)
NOT incomplete reaction/ inaccurate measurement of materials /

spillage on its own BUT neutral otherwise 1
(b) (i) (Apple) green / yellow-green NOT yellow 1
(ii) Pt/nichrome (wire)/ceramic rod / spatula

NOT nickel / chromium wire
NOT wire of indeterminate material 1
[12]
2+ 2- (2+) (2-)
43. (a) Ca (aq) + CO3 (aq) → Ca CO3 (s)
left-hand side (1)
right-hand (1) 2
BUT if all formulae correct (including charges) but missing/
wrong state symbols 1 max
(b) (i) (Energy = 100 × 4.2 × 1.5 =) (+) 630 (J)

NOT – 630 (J) 1
(ii) Quantity of CaCl2 = (50/1000) × 1.00

= 0.05 mol 1
(630/0.05)
1000 –1
(iii) ∆H = = + 13 kJ mol [2 SF]
answer (i) ÷ (ii) (1)
sign, units and 2 SF (1)
nd st
2 mark dependent on 1 unless clear method given
–1
Answer can be calculated in J mol
–1
+ 13 kJ mol with no working (2)
–1
+ 13 000 J mol with no working (2) 2
(iv) Temperature, since ∆T is so small (and therefore leads to

relatively large % error) / thermometer has limited accuracy
Heat loss / gain not sufficient 1
(v) Thermos flask / (expanded) polystyrene/plastic cup / a beaker

contained in a larger one lagged with cotton wool
OR
Calorimeter (unqualified) (0) BUT “with cotton wool”/
insulated/lagged etc gets (1) 1
(c) 1.5 °C / no change 1

[9]
44. (a) (i) moles Na = 92 / 23 = 4 = moles NaCl

mass NaCl = 4 × 58.5 = 234 (g)
Penalise use of atomic numbers once
Incorrect answer scores (1) only if moles (NaCl) mentioned
OR
23g Na  58.5g NaCl (1)
92  58.5
  234 (g )
Mass NaCl 23 (1)
4 234
 23.4
(ii) 10 = 0.40 mol dm–3 OR 10 g dm
–3

consequential on (a)(i)
units required 1
(iii) moles chlorine = 2

3
vol = 2 × 24 = 48 (dm )
Consequential on (a)(i)
Correct answer (some working) (2)

Correct answer (no working) (1)
Incorrect answer scores (1) only if moles of Cl2 mentioned 2
(b) Regular pattern or lattice of (sodium) ions
in a sea of electrons / delocalised electrons

ALLOW “cloud of electrons”
electrons are mobile / free to move (under an applied

potential and so conduct electricity)
NOT ‘free’ on its own or carry the charge 3
(c) (i) Energy (allow enthalpy) required per mole

to remove 1 electron (per atom)
from gaseous atoms
OR
+
X(g) → X (g) + e
Species (1)
State symbols (1) – only on correct equation
Electron affinity defined (0) 3
(ii) chlorine has more protons / nucleus more positive
Same shielding / same number of inner electrons/atomic

radius less ALLOW outer electron(s) in same shell
(so more energy required)
OR
effective nuclear charge increases (1) 2
[13]
45. (a) Heat / enthalpy / energy change (for a reaction) / ∆H (1)
is independent of the pathway / route (between reactants and products)

OR depends only on its initial and final state (1)
Both marks can score from a diagram and equation 2

(b) (i) ∆H = {(4x + 435) + (2x + 498)} (1)
+ {(2x – 805) + (4x – 464)} (1)

IGNORE signs for first two marks, ie marks for total
enthalpies of bonds broken and made.
–1
= – 730 (kJmol ) (1)
rd
3 mark is consequential on their values for first two marks
–1
+ 730 (kJmol ) (max 2) 3
(ii) (Enthalpy of) combustion

DO NOT penalise “standard” 1
(iii) At 1 atm pressure OR 101 / 100 kPa OR 1 bar (1)

stated temperature (1)
ACCEPT 298 K / 25 C 2
(iv) Reaction has H2O(g) (rather than H2O(l)) (1)

nd st
So not standard conditions (1) – 2 mark is conditional on the 1
Average bond enthalpies used (so not specific) (1 max) 2
QWC (c) (Exothermic so) products are at lower energy than reactants (1)
Reactants are therefore thermodynamically unstable

st
(with respect to products) (1) Consequential on 1 mark
NOT ‘reaction’ or ‘system’ is thermodynamically unstable
Can argue from point of view of products.
Ea is high (for noticeable reaction at room temperature) (1)

NOT ‘Ea high’ on its own
So reactants are kinetically stable (with respect to products) (1)

rd
Consequential on 3 mark
If “reaction” instead of reactants is used (3 max) 4

[14]
46. (a) Two intersecting straight lines through data 1
3 3
(b) (i) 27.0 cm ALLOW ± 1.0 cm 1
(ii) 9.3 ± 0.5 °C 1

(b) (i)  2
(c) (i) 1000
ALLOW correct answer with no working 1
(ii) (c)(i) 1
1000
(iii) (c)(ii) × 50 (1)
Correct answer – see table below (1) 2
(d) (i) 50 + (b)(i) (1)
(b)(ii)
× 4.2 × (1000) = answer (1)
nd
Must use (b)(i) in calculation to score 2 mark
If the units are given, they must be correct 2
(d) (i)
H   
(ii) 0.05  (c) (iii) answer plus units
sign (1)
numerical answer, using candidate’s figures, to 2 or 3 s.f. (1)
–1
kJ mol (1) can be in J or KJ 3
Table of answers
(b)(i) (b)(ii) (c)(i) & (ii) (c)(iii) (d)(i) (d)(ii)
/ kJ / kJ mol
–1
26.0 9.4 0.052 1.04 3.00 – 57.7

9.6 3.06 – 58.8
26.5 9.4 0.053 1.06 3.02 – 57.0
9.6 3.08 – 58.1
27.0 9.4 0.054 1.08 3.04 – 56.3
9.6 3.10 – 57.4
(e) Insulate calorimeter / (polystyrene) cup

OR put (calorimeter) in a (glass) beaker
OR put a lid on 1
[13]

3.5
 0.50 / 1 2
47. (a) Number of moles / 7 (1)
If candidate does first part only, working must be shown
23
Number of atoms = 3.01 × 10 (1)
23
ACCEPT 3.0 OR 3 OR 3.010(×10 )
23
NOT 3.01
nd
If all working shown, allow TE for 2 mark Ignore units
Correct answer with no working (2) 2
+ +
(b) (i) 2Li((s)) + 2H ((aq)) → 2Li ((aq)) + H2((g))
ALLOW multiples Ignore state symbols 1
+ –
++
Li + Cl
(ii)
(1) (1)
–
Allow all dots or all crosses on Cl
Max 1 if no/wrong charges
If covalent (0)
Do NOT penalise if electrons not shown in pairs
Maximum 1 if Li and Cl not labelled
Li and Cl symbols can go below diagram
Square brackets not essential
Allow number of protons/positive charges in nucleus as
alternative to symbols for Li and Cl 2
(iii) Any two from:
Temp 298 K/ 25 °C OR “at a specified temperature”

Unit of temperature needed
NOT “room temperature”
–3
(Acid/solution) concentration 1 mol dm / 1 molar
5 5 2
Pressure 1 atm / 10 Pa / 1.01 × 10 Pa/10 k Pa /
5 –2
101 k Pa/10 N m / 76 cm Hg
NOT “pressure of hydrogen” OR “pressure of reactants”
NOT atmospheric pressure
Must be the most stable/usual/normal physical states

NOT “standard states”
If more than 2 conditions given, deduct 1 mark for each incorrect answer 2
[7]
P ro to n s 18 (1 )
E lectro ns 18
48. (a) N eu tron s 22 (1 ) 2
(b) Position depends on proton number/ atomic number (not mass) / Ar

atom has 1 less proton than K atom.
IGNORE references to number of protons = number of electrons 1
(c) Average = 36 × 1.34 + 38 × 0.16 + 40 × 98.5

100 (1)
= 39.9 (1)
–1 for more or less than 3 SF

IGNORE units 2
2 2 6 2 6
(d) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Numbers following letters can be subscript or superscript 1
s and p can be upper or lower case
+ (–)
(e) (i) Ar(g) → Ar (g) + e ((g))
(–) +
OR Ar(g) – e ((g))→ Ar (g)
Symbol of Ar must be correct 1
(ii) Potassium value well below sulphur in range 250-750 (1)

Low ionisation energy as electron which is removed is more
shielded / further from the nucleus / in a higher energy level (1)
NOT just ‘because electron is in fourth shell’ 2
(iii) Sulphur has 4 electrons in (3) p / phosphorus has 3 (1)
Plus any one from:

Electrons in shared p orbitals repel (so are lost more easily) (1)
half-filled sub-shells are (more) stable (1)
phosphorus has half-filled sub-shell (1) 2

(iv) Chlorine has more protons/greater nuclear charge (1)

Shielding unchanged /electrons in same shell/ electrons same
distance from nucleus (1)
Could be answered in terms of S having fewer protons 2
(f) Argon inert / unreactive so filament can’t react/ vaporises less easily/
lasts longer (1) 1
[14]
49. (a) (i) –1/–l, 0 –1/–l, 0

minus can be either side, sub or superscript
iodine no’s correct (1)

chlorine no’s correct (1) 2
(ii) chlorine oxidation number goes down/goes from 0 to –1, so reduced (1)
iodine oxidation number goes up/goes from –1 to 0, so oxidised (1) 2

Mark consequentially on (a)(i)
30.0
 0.2
(iii) moles NaI = 150 (1)
moles I2 = 0.1 (1)
mass of I2 = 0.1 × 254 = 25.4 (g) (1)
OR
300g NaI (1)  254g I2 (1)
254
30.0 × 300 = 25.4(g) (1)
Correct answer with some working (3)

Use of atomic numbers 2 max
Penalise wrong units 3
3
(iv) vol = 0.1 × 24 = 2.4 (dm ) 1
If not 2.4, check for consequential on (a)(iii)
(b) (i) black/grey/grey-black (1)

NOT blue-black
NOT purple
IGNORE shiny/silvery

Solid (1) 2
+ (–) () +
(ii) I(g)  I (g) + e OR I(g) – e  I (g)
species (1)
state symbols (1) - award state symbols mark only if species correct
and in correct place, or if wrong halogen used
If I2 OR ½I2 (0) 2
[12]
50. (a) (i) 4 pairs of electrons /2 lone pairs and 2 bond pairs (1)
so electron pairs arranged tetrahedrally

OR
Arranged to give maximum separation/minimum repulsion (1) 2
(°)
(ii) 103 – 105 (1)
lone pair repulsion> bond pair repulsion (1) 2
(b) (i) trigonal planar diagram (1)

e.g two opposite wedges gets (1)
three wedges of two types gets (1)
one wedge only gets (0)
IGNORE name
()
120 marked on diagram (1) - stand alone 2
(ii) B and Cl have different electronegativities / Cl more

electronegative than B 1
OR different electronegativities explained
(iii) Dipoles (or vectors) cancel/symmetrical molecule/centres

of positive and negative charges coincide
IGNORE polarity cancels 1
(iv) Induced-dipole(-induced dipole)/dispersion/London/v der Waals/vdw

Temporary or instantaneous can be used instead of induced
NOT “dipole” forces

NOT permanent dipole
NOT dipole-dipole 1

14.9 85.1
(c) 31 = (0.481) 35.5 = (2.40) (1)
0.481 2.40
0.481 = 1 0.481 = 5 , so PCl5 (1)
Use of atomic number max 1 2

[11]
51. (a) Heat/enthalpy/energy change per mole of substance/compound/product
OR
heat/enthalpy/energy change for the formation of 1 mol of substance/
compound/product (1)
“heat released” and “heat required” not allowed unless both mentioned
NOT molecule
from its elements in their standard states (1)
at 1 atm pressure and a stated temperature/298 K (1)

NOT “room temperature and pressure”
NOT “under standard conditions” 3
–1
(b) (i) (∆H = – 306 – (–399)) = (+) 93 (kJ mol ) 1
ALLOW kJ
Incorrect units lose mark otherwise
(ii) The equilibrium moves to right hand side

OR amount of dissociation increases (1)
Because the (forward) reaction is endothermic (1)
Needs to be consistent with (i)
If (i) has a negative answer (exothermic)

equilibrium moves to left hand side (1)
Because (forward) reaction is exothermic (1)
If answer to (i) is +93 or 93 but state that this is exothermic

If reaction moves to left hand side (1)
If reaction moves to right hand side (0) 2
(iii) add chlorine (1)

which drives equilibrium to the left (1)
OR
increase the (total) pressure (1)
because there are fewer (gas) molecules on left hand side (1)
OR

add PCl3 (1)
Which drives equilibrium to the left (1) 2
[8]
52. (a) To make sure the decomposition/ reaction is complete / all the carbon
dioxide has been given off.
Reference to burning (0)
NOT “maximum CO2” 1
IGNORE significant figures in (b) and (c)
(b) (i) 2.2(0) (g) 1
2.20
(ii) 44 = 0.05(00) mark is for  44 1
(iii) 0.05(00) 1
5.75
(iv) 0.0500 (1) = 115 (g mol–1) 1
(v) 115 – (12 + 48) = 55 1

Consequential BUT answer must be sensible
115  0.91
(c) (i) Molar mass error = 100 = () 1(.05) (1) 1
Consequential on (b)(iv)
ALLOW a range of 2 × error
(ii) 114 to 116 1

Consequential on (i)
(iii) 54 to 56 1
Consequential on (ii)

(iv) “Could be Mn or Fe” 1
Consequential on (iii)
MUST be metals and must give all possible in range
[10]
79.0
L
53. (a) 1.31  10  22 (1)
23
= 6.03 × 10 (1)
–1 mark for SF error

23
Final answer must be 6.03 × 10 for 2nd mark
Correct answer with no working (2)
23 23
6 × 10 / 6.02 × 10 quoted with no working (0)
Error in method, max (1) 2
(b) 80 is the average mass of Br atoms / isotopes

OR
There must be another/at least one Br isotope of mass greater than
80/with more than 45 neutrons
NOT naturally occurring isotope has mass 80 1
[3]
54. (a) Difficult to decide when reaction complete/ reaction may be incomplete (1)
OR All CaCO3 may not decompose (1)
OR Difficult to measure temperature changes in solids (1)
OR ∆T or ∆Hreaction cannot be determined because heat is supplied (1)
OR Necessary temperature cannot be reached (1)
OR No suitable thermometers (for measuring temperature change at high

temperatures) (1)
ALLOW “heat is required so temperature change will not be accurate”
NOT “Heat is supplied so temperature cannot be

measured/ will not be accurate” 1
(b) (i) Reaction occurs quickly / incomplete reaction (in reasonable time)
with lumps (1)
Heat losses occur if reaction is slow (1) 2

(ii) 4.2 × 20 × 2.5 = 210 (J) OR 0.210 kJ
IGNORE +/- signs
Incorrect units (0) 1
(iii) Number of moles of CaCO3 = 0.02 (1)
210
 10 500
0.02 (1)
–1 –
∆H1 = –10500 J mol OR –10.5 kJ mol 1 (1)
ALLOW TE from (ii)

–1 for incorrect/missing sign/units
nd
Third mark depends on correct method for 2 mark 3
(iv) ∆Hr = ∆H1 – ∆H2 (1) = –10.5 –(–181) ie use of Hess
–1
= (+) 170.5/ (+) 171 ( kJ mol ) (1)
ALLOW T.E. from (iii)

Watch for adding J to kJ 2
(c) (Standard) enthalpy (change) of formation (of calcium carbonate)

ACCEPT ∆Hformation / ∆H°formation/formation
NOT ∆Hf / ∆H°f 1
[10]
55. (a)
Neutrons Electrons
24
12
12Mg
26
14
12Mg
24
2+ 10
12Mg
1 mark each number 3

Accept words or numbers
(b)
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

Mg ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Cl ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
Arrows can be
for 
for  2
Accept both arrows up or both down
Reject numbers
(c) Mg(s) + Cl2(g) → MgCl2(s)
Formulae (1)
State symbols (1) – only if formulae correct or near miss for MgCl 2
(e.g. MgCl/Mg2Cl) 2
Accept multiples
2+ –
Accept Mg (Cl )2(s)
2+ –
Reject “Mg + 2Cl ” for MgCl2
(0 mark)
(56.25  70)  (37.50  72)  (6.25  74)

(d) 100 (1)
= 71 (1)
Any unit max 1
nd
2 mark consequential on fraction provided 70, 72 and 74 used 2
Accept answer ≥ 2 SF
Reject use of Ar (0 mark)
Reject just “71” with no working (0 mark)
4.73
(e) 71 moles (1)
3
X 30.6 = 2.04 dm (1)
Answer with no working 1 max 2
Accept consequential if wrong answer to (d) used.
Accept 71 used when (d) incorrect
Accept answer ≥ 2 SF
Reject no or incorrect unit of volume (loses 1 mark)
(f) Type – Metallic(1)

2+
Attraction between Mg (1)
And (surrounding) sea of electrons/delocalised electrons (1)
Stand alone 3
Accept cations/positive ions /magnesium ions
Reject atoms/nuclei/ions
“force between” if used instead of “attraction”
(g) Ionic (1)

2+ –
oo oo
o o o o
o
Mg
o 2 o Cl o
oo oo
OR
oo – 2+ –
oo oo
o o o o o o
o Cl o o
Mg
o o Cl o
oo oo oo
Correct charges and number of ions (1)

Correct electronic structures (1)
Stand alone 3
Accept diagram without brackets
Accept Mg with no electrons shown
2+
ie [Mg]
Reject any suggestion of electrons being shared
• +
Reject [Mg ]
[17]
56. (a) (i) 23 + 3 × 14 = 65(g)

–1
Ignore units e.g. g mol , g/mol 1
3
(ii) 48 dm = 2 moles (1)
allow TE from (a)(i)
allow 87 g/86.67 g
Reject 86 g
86.6 g
86.6666666 g
number of moles of NaN3 = 2/3 × 2 = 4/3
mass = 4/3 × 65 = 86.7 g (1)

ALLOW 2,3 or 4 SF
Accept correct answer with no working (2)

st
If 2 moles of N2 seen anywhere award 1 mark 2

(b) Formation of sodium which is reactive

with water/air / oxygen (1)
Reject –1 if discuss poisonous flammability of N2 as well as
correct problems with sodium
to produce hydrogen which is flammable / NaOH which is

corrosive (1)
Reject sodium is poisonous
Max 1 if only discuss sodium and air 2

[5]
57. (a) (i) An ion which is unchanged during the reaction owtte
An ion which does not take part in the reaction 1
Reject an ion which does not change its state
Reject use of word “element” instead of “ion”
2–
(ii) SO4 1
2+ 2+
(iii) Zn + Cu  Zn + Cu
IGNORE state symbols 1
++ ++
Accept Zn + Cu  Zn + Cu
2+ 2+
Accept Zn + Cu = Zn + Cu
(b) measuring cylinder 1

Accept burette
Accept pipette
Accept volumetric pipette
Accept graduated pipette
3
Accept 50 cm pipette
Accept pipette = pipette filter
Accept reasonable phonetic spelling e.g. pipet, biurette
Reject beaker
Reject biuret
Reject graduated flask
Reject volumetric flask
Reject beaker or a pipette
Reject pepite
Reject conical flask

(c) Any two
polystyrene conducts heat less well than metals/less heat lost

to surroundings (1)
Accept discussion of either polystyrene or metal
has a lower (specific) heat capacity/absorbs less heat energy (1)
Plastic inert whereas metal container might react (with CuSO 4) (1) 2
(d) Zinc 5/65.4 = (0.0765/0.08/0.076/0.77) (1)
Copper sulphate 50/1000 = 0.05 (1)

2+
Copper sulphate / Cu / CuSO4 (1)
Accept consequential on copper being less than zinc
Accept zinc is in excess
IGNORE sig figs 3
(e) (i)
70
allo w eith er
60
50
Tem p eratu re 4 0
/ºC
30
20
10
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
T im e / s
correctly plotted points (1) – All 7 (including 0, 22)
must be correctly plotted
points joined by suitable lines (1)

Accept curve/straight lines

[If you cannot see a line, check twice, if still not visible send to
review as out of clip] 2
(ii) reaction not instant / so some time before all heat

energy released/measured (1)
Accept energy lost
(temperature (slowly) declines) as heat energy given out

(to the surroundings) (1) 2
Reject no temp change for first 60 s because zinc has not been
added. Slow to start
Reject temp slowly declines because reaction is complete
Reject no marks for describing shape of graph without
explanation
(iii) 66 – 69 °C 1
Reject 65.5 and less and 69.5 and more
(f) (i) 50 × 4.2 × 45 = 9450 (J) for 67°C
Ignore units unless value and units are incompatible e.g.

9240 kJ (0)
9.24 J (0) 1
Accept TE from e(iii)
e.g.
66 = 44 ° rise = 9240
68 = 46 ° rise = 9660
69 = 47 ° rise = 9870
65 = 43 ° rise = 9030
(Allow minus sign) ignore sign
70 = 48 ° rise = 10080
65.5 = 43.5 ° rise = 9135
allow use of 65° even if different value in (iii)
Reject 55 for mass of solution + zinc

(ii) Max Temp

9870
0.05 –1
≡ –197,000 = –197 kJ mol 69
9660
0.05 –1
≡ –193,000 = –193 kJ mol 68
9450
0.05 –1
≡ –189,000 = –189 kJ mol 67
9240
0.05 –1
≡ –185,000 = –185 kJ mol 66
9030
0.50 –1
≡ –180,600 = –181 kJ mol 65
This first mark is for dividing by 0.05 (1)
Value and sign (1)

units and 3 or 4sf (1) 3
st
Accept if ÷ 0.08 only 1 mark lost
[18]
79
58. (a) 35 Br : 44 neutrons (1)
81
35 Br : 35 protons (1)
81 -
35 Br : 36 electrons (1) 3
2 6 1
(b) Na 2s 2p 3s (1)
2 6 2 6 10 2 5
Br 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p (1)
2
Ignore repeat of 1s 2
Allow subscripts and ignore capital letters
2 10 5
Allow 4s 3d 4p
Allow p as pxpypz with 2 in each

(c) They have the same (number of protons and) electron(ic) configuration
Same (number of protons and)electronic structure
Same (number of protons and)electron arrangement
same (number of protons and)number of electrons
MUST MENTION ELECTRONS 1
Reject ‘just‘ Same number of protons
Reject ‘just’ same number of electron shells
Reject same number of outer electrons
Reject same number of electrons in outer shell
Reject correct answer followed by reference to outer shell
scores (0)
(d) Mass spectrometer 1

Allow variations of spelling
Reject mass spec (1)
(78.93 50.54)  (80.91 49.46)

(e) 100 (1)
= 79.91(1)
nd
2 mark consequential on transcription error data used
Correct answer with no working scores 2
Answer to 4 S.F. with NO units but allow g/mol 2
(f) Between the atoms: Covalent (1)
Between the molecules :Induced dipole-(induced) dipole

OR dispersion OR London OR van der Waals OR
instantaneous OR Temp dipole – (1) (forces) 2
Accept variations on van der Waals such as de and walls, vdW
Reject dipole-dipole OR ‘JUST’ intermolecular forces
Reject ID–ID
[11]
12
59. (a) The number of atoms in 12g of C (2)
12
The number of atoms in 1 mole of C (2) 2
Accept number of atoms in 1 mole (1) of atoms / stated
monatomic substance (1)
OR Number of molecules in 1 mole (1) of molecules / stated
molecular substance (1)
OR Number of electrons in 1 mole (1) of electrons (1)
OR Number of particles in 1 mole (1) max

If answer just quotes the number it does not score it is in the
question.
Reject number of particles in 1 mole of a substance
22
(b) (i) 1.907 g of Z contains 2.87 × 10
22 23
Accept moles of Z = 2.87 × 10 / 6.02 × 10 = (0.04767) (1)
23 22
1.907 × 6.02 × 10 / 2.87 × 10 is 1 mol (1)
= 40.(0) (1) No units but allow 40 g/mol
IGNORE s.f. in answer
Accept atomic mass = 1.907/moles = 40.(0) (1)
Allow 39.7 for 2 marks this is rounding 0.04767 to 2 sig figs in calc
Allow 38.14 for 1 mark as this is rounding to 1 sig fig.
Correct answer with some working (2) 2
(ii) Ar / Argon
Consequential on (i) but must be nearest group 0 1
3.09
(c) (i) Amount hydrogen peroxide produced = 34 = 0.09088 (moles) (1)
Amount of potassium superoxide = 0.09088 × 2 (moles) (1)
34g of H2O2 requires 2 × 71g of KO2 (1)
2  71 3.09
3.09g requires 34 (1) or (2) if this is start line
= 12.9 g (1)
If round 0.09088 to 0.09 can score 2 for 12.78
mass of potassium superoxide = 0.09088 × 2 × 71

= 12.9g (1) / 13g
incl unit but ignore S.F. (note = 6.45 g scores 2 marks)
Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks 3
3.09  24
34 3
(ii) Volume of oxygen = = 2.18 dm (1) IGNORE s.f. &
do not penalise lack of units twice
Allow error carried forward. i.e if omit to ×2 in part (i)
only penalise it in part (i) not here 1
Accept 2.2
[9]


60. (a) In (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) penalise 1SF on the first occasion only.
ACCEPT ≥ 2SF
(i) Mass methanol burnt = 0.34 (g) (1)
0.34
32 = 0.0106 (1) 2
Accept 0.011, 0.01063, 0.010625
CQ on incorrect calculation of mass
(ii) Temperature rise = 43.5 – 22 (= 21.5) (°C) (1)
21.5  4.18  50
(Heat energy =) 1000 = 4.49 (kJ) (1)
The temperature rise mark can be scored from the heat

energy expression 2
Accept CQ on incorrect calculation of temp.
Reject answer in Joules
Answer (ii) 4.49


(iii) Answer (i) 0.0106 (1)
Accept CQ on (i) and ii)

–1
= –422.9 (kJ mol ) [calculator stored value]
Accept answers in the range –420 to –424
OR
–1
= –423.6 (kJ mol ) [using rounded values] (1) minus
sign and value both required
If the final answer is incorrect the 2nd mark is only

accessible if energy is divided by moles in first part of calculation 2
1 .0
(b) (i) 21.5 × 100 = (±)4.65 %
IGNORE SF 1

(ii) (21.5 + 1.0 =) 22.5 (°C)

OR
(44 – 21.5)=22.5 (°C)
OR
 104.65 
 21.5  
 100  = 22.5 (°C)
CQ on % error in b(i) if this is used to calculate the temperature 1

Reject all other values
(c) (i) Evaporation (of methanol/alcohol) 1

Accept turns to vapour
OR methanol volatile
Reject balance faulty or spills or Methanol reacts
(ii) Carbon (1)
Lower/less exothermic (1) ignore references to incomplete

combustion 2
Accept soot
Reject any other substance
[11]
1000
–3
61. [CH3COOH] = 25.0 × 0.020 = 0.8(0) (mol dm )
Accept correct answer with no working.
[1]
2 2 6 2 6
62. (a) (1s ) 2s 2p 3s 3p ……….... (1)
8 2 2 8
..…… 3d 4s / 4s 3d (1) 2
(b) Mr[Ni] = (58 × 0.6902) + (60 × 0.2732) + (62 × 0.0366)

Or correct fraction using percentages (1)
= 58.6928 (calculator value)

= 58.7 (3 s.f.) (1)
nd
No 2 mark if units given, e.g. g, % etc 2

Accept 58.6928 / 58.693 / 58.69
Mr[Ni] = 59, if working shown
Reject 60 /Incorrectly rounded answer, e.g. 58.692, 58.70, 58.6
5.9
(c) 5.9 g of nickel = 59 = 0.10 (mol) (1)
From equation, 0.40 mol of CO required
3 3
Volume of CO = 0.40 × 24 = 9.6 dm / 9600 cm (1)
3 –1 –3
Correct units needed for 2nd mark, eg dm mol /dm (0)
nd
Allow TE for 2 mark, from wrong number of moles
3
(i.e. 4 × number of moles × 24 dm ) 2
Allow full marks for answer based on Ar[Ni] calculated in (b)
+ 2+
(d) (i) Ni + 2H → Ni + H2
Ignore state symbols 1
+ 2+
Accept Ni + 2H3O → Ni + 2H2O + H2 (1)
(ii) Stop marking when operation no longer “works”, e.g.

distil/add CaSO4/boil solution to dryness
Boil/heat (NOT warm) to drive off some of the water/to

concentrate (not to dryness) (1)
leave/set aside for some time/overnight (to crystallise) /

allow to cool (must be evident that some solution remains
afterwards) (1)
Collect crystals by decantation/filtration/use of tweezers (1)
Dry crystals between (sheets of) filter paper (must imply

an “active process” – leaving on filter paper isn’t enough) /
use of warm oven, not just “oven” (1)
4 key points  3
3 key points  2
2 key points  1
1 or 0 key point  0 3
(iv) Mr[NiSO4.7H2O]= 59 + 32 + 64 + (7 × 18)

–1
= 281 (g mol ) (1)
2.95
2.95 g of Ni = 59 = 0.050 mol
Mass of crystals formed = 0.050 × 281 = 14.1 (g) (1)
–1
Ignore units, e.g. g mol

Allow TE from incorrect Mr[NiSO4.7H2O], i.e. 0.05 × Mr
Allow full credit for answer based on accurate Ar[Ni], e.g. 58.7 2
Accept 14.05 g answer to between 2 and 4 sig. fig
[12]
63. (a) (i) E[Ca(OH)2] = 25.0 × 4.2 × 16.5 = 1730 (J)

E[CaO] = 25.0 × 4.2 × 25.5 = 2680 (J)
Both correct for 1 mark
Ignore negative signs in front of values / missing/wrong units 1
Accept 1732.5 / 1733 / 1700 J
Accept 2677.5 / 2678 / 2700 J
Answers in kJ acceptable
Reject 1732 J
Reject 2677 J
1.00
(ii) 74.0 = 0.0135 mol
Answer must be decimalised 1
Accept 0.014
1
Reject 74 / 0.01
1732.5
 –1
(iii) ∆H1 = 0.0135 = –130 (kJ mol ) ( 2 s.f.)
2677.5
 –1
∆H2 = 0.0135 = –200 (kJ mol ) ( 2 s.f.)
st
1 mark for method (dividing energy by number of moles)
nd
2 mark for both answers given to 2 sig fig and including
negative signs.
nd st
2 mark is dependant on 1 2
Allow TE from (a)(i) and (a)(ii)
(b) (i) ∆Hreaction = ∆H1 – ∆H2 /relevant values being subtracted (1)
–1
= –130 – (–200) = + 70 kJ mol (1)
Mark independently
nd
For 2 mark: correct arithmetic, sign and units needed 2
Allow TE from (a)(iii)
Ignore sig. figs.
(ii) Using a glass beaker / no lid is likely to lead to heat loss (1)
(glass) beaker has significant heat capacity (1)

No apparent check made to ensure that Ca(OH)2 was heated
long enough/difficult to know whether Ca(OH)2 was fully decomposed (1)
The likely use of an insufficiently accurate thermometer (1)
Any TWO valid and agreed sources of error 2
(iii) Measuring temperatures of solids (with a lab thermometer)

isn’t accurate / is difficult (1)
Bunsen/high temperatures are involved (above bpt. of
Hg/ethanol) so lab thermometers can’t be used (1)
Difficult to know when Ca(OH)2 has fully decomposed (1)
Given high temperatures involved, impossible to use
thermometer to measure energy taken in by the Ca(OH) 2 (1)
Any ONE of these 1
[9]
53
64. (a) (i) Amount of CO2 = 24000
= 0.0022 (mol)
Accept 0.002 with working
0.020
Amount of H2O= 18
= 0.0011 (mol) 3
Amount of C = 0.0022 mol = 0.0265(g)

Amount of H = 0.0022 mol = 0.0022(g)
st
Any one of above needed for 1 mark (1)
Mass of O in Z = 0.0714 (g)

OR amount of O in Z = 0.0045 (mol)
Some clear indication they have done it correctly (1)
Empirical formula CHO2 (1)
(ii) (CHO2)y = (12 + 1 + 2 × 16)y = 90

Y=2
Molecular formula C2H2O4
Allow TE from (i)
Allow C2H2O4 with no working
Allow any indication they know how to do it
eg ‘n × empirical mass = molar mass’ 1
Reject C4H10O only (no connection with (i))

20.0  1.00
(iii) (0.01 mol Z contain 1000 =) 0.02 (mol) (1)
Accept formula alone for Z
CO2H
|
CO2H (1) 2
Accept fully/partially displayed formula
(iv) W CH2=CH2 (1)

X CH2BrCH2Br (1)
Y CH2OHCH2OH (1)
Look out for TE and internal TE
Eg W CH3CHCH2
X CH3CHBrCH3
Y CH3CHOHCH3
is worth 1 max 3
Accept full credit for consistent answers based on other gaseous
alkenes eg CH3CHOHCH2OH etc
(v) C20H42  C18H38 + C2H4 (1)

Allow C17H36 + C3H6 OR C16H34 + C4H8 1
Accept TE for W
Accept any balanced equation including ethane
(b) Potassium manganate((VII))/KMnO4 (1)

Sulphuric acid/H2SO4 consequential on potassium manganate (1)
ALLOW ‘acidified potassium manganate((VII))’ for both marks 2
Accept TE for W alkene and corresponding monohydric alcohol
1. H2SO4/sulphuric acid
2. H2O/water
Reject other Roman numerals after managate
[12]
65. (a) (i) Copper

10 1
…….3d 4s 1
Accept subscripts/ignore capitals 4s inside 3d
9 2
Reject 3d 4s
(ii) Bromide ion

10 2 6
…….3d 4s 4p 1
Accept subscript/ignore capitals 4s inside 3d
Reject 4p inside 3d
(b) The average mass (taking into account the abundance of each isotope)
of the atoms (of that element) (1)
relative to 1/12th the (mass of a)

carbon 12 atom
Or
12
relative to C = 12 (exactly) (1)
second mark stand alone 2
Accept weighted/mean in place of average
Atoms must be mentioned at least once to score (2)
Accept average mass of a mole of atoms of an element relative
th 12 12
to 1/12 mole of C / relative to one mole of C = 12 (exactly)
(2)
[62.93 69.17]  [64.93 30.83]

(c) 100 (1)
= 63.55 (1)
must be to 2 decimal places
cq only on transcription error e.g.

69.71 provided answer to 2 d.p. 2
Accept 63.54 with some working scores (1)
Correct answer alone scores (2
–1
Answer should have no unit, but allow unit of “g mol ” but not
“grams” or “g”
(d) (i)
Cu C O H
57.5 5.40 36.2 0.900
63.5 12 16 1
0.906 0.450 2.26 0.900
2.01 1 5.02 2.00
Use of atomic number scores 0
Empirical formula Cu2CO5H2

(1) for dividing by atomic mass
(1) stating empirical formula 2
Correct answer without working scores (2)

(ii) Empirical formula mass = 221 = Mr

Molecular formula Cu2CO5H2
Must show use of 221 1

If use atomic number in (i) allow mark for Cu2CO5H and 220
Allow any formula that adds up to the correct molecular
formula
65 37
(e) (Highest = Cu + 2 Cl) = 139 (1)
63 35
(Lowest = Cu + 2 Cl) = 133 (1)
Ignore units 2
[11]
66. (a) N/N2 goes from 0 to –3 = reduction (1)

H/H2 goes from 0 to (+)1 = oxidation (1) 2
If “the oxidation number of N goes down hence reduced and the
oxidation number of H goes up and hence oxidised” (max 1)
If all O.N. correct but fails to state which is oxidation and
which is reduction scores 1.
If all O.N. correct but both reactions misclassified, scores zero.
Any answer not referring to nitrogen or hydrogen scores zero.
(b) (i) Calculation of bonds broken 463 × 3 + 944/ (= 2252) (1)

Calculation of bonds made 388×6/ (= 2328) (1)
–1
∆H = –76 (kJ mol ) (1)
mark consequential on numerical values calculated above 3
Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks
Correct answer alone scores 2 marks
(ii) Average / mean bond enthalpy used for N–H bond / ammonia 1
Reject just “average bond enthalpies used”

(iii) Thermodynamic:
energy level of products lower than that of reactants
OR
energy released in bond formation > energy used to break bonds (1)
Accept ∆H negative / reaction exothermic
kinetic:
high activation energy (1)
because strong N≡N (1)

[confusion between thermodynamic and kinetic loses first 2 marks]. 3
Accept because N≡N is 944/ total bond breaking energy is
–1
high/2252(kJ mol )
(c) (i) QWC

One way
temperature increase therefore molecules have greater (average
kinetic) energy (1)
Accept moving faster
more molecules/collisions have E ≥ Eact (1)
Therefore a greater proportion of/ more of the collisions are

successful (1)
Ignore greater frequency of collision
Accept E > Eact particles for molecules
greater frequency of successful collisions/ more successful
conditions per unit time
Reject just “more successful collisions”
Another way
addition of (iron) catalyst (1)
Accept platinum catalyst
Reject incorrect catalyst
provides alternative route of lower activation energy (1)
EITHER:
A greater proportion of /more of the molecules/collisions have E ≥ E cat/
a greater proportion of collisions are successful
Reject just “more successful collisions”
OR provides (active) sites (where reactant molecules can

bond / be adsorbed) (1)
Ignore any answers referring to pressure or concentration.

Do not penalise just “more collisions are successful” more
than once 6

(ii) QWC
Decrease temperature (1)
because (forward) reaction exothermic (1)
increase pressure (1)
because more moles (of gas) on left (1) 4
Accept low temperature ∆H is negative
Answer based on endothermic reaction scores 0
Accept high pressure
Accept molecules for moles
[19]
67. (a) Mg(s) + C(graphite) + 1½O2(g) in both left hand boxes

Balancing (1)
state symbols for Mg/C/O2 must be present and correct at least once (1) 2
Accept C(s)
Accept everything in all boxes doubled (allow 2HCl rather than
4HCl)
Reject equation with CO or CO2 in it
0.1
–3
(b) (i) 0 24 = 4.17 × 10 / 0.00417 1
Accept 0.00416 (recurring)
Accept 0.0042
Reject 0.004
Reject 0.00416
(ii) Moles of HCl at the start = 0.2 (1)

Moles of HCl reacted = 2 × 0.00417
= 0.00834 (1)
Moles of HCl left = 0.2 – 0.00834

= 0.19166 (1)
ignore sf 3
Accept transferred error from (b)(i)
Eg 0.192
0.1917
Reject 0.2
Accept 0.196
(forgetting to multiply by 2)
Worth max of 2

(ii) Axes labelled and suitable scale – must cover more than half
the provided grid and time must be on the horizontal axis (1)
All points plotted accurately and suitable curve/straight lines (1)
From 0 to 1 minute, must be straight horizontal line.
From 1 to 2 minutes, vertical or sloping line to 25.3 or
above. From 2 to 6 minutes, straight line or smooth curve. 2
Reject temperature scale starting at 0°C (1 max)
(iv) Energy change = 4.2 × 100 × 4.5

= 1.89 (kJ) 1
Accept 1890 (J)
Accept 1.9 (kJ)
Accept 1900 (J)
Accept with either + or – or no sign
Reject answers using mass = 100.1g
Giving 1891.89 (J)
–1 –1
Reject J mol kJ mol
 1.89
(v) H = 0.00417
–1
= –453 kJ mol (2)
1 mark for number and 1 for sign and units 2
Accept TE from (b)(i) and (iv)
Second mark dependent on the first
(vi) Either lines drawn on graph to show maximum temperature

rise should be 4.5
Or
Some heat loss (and so the reading of 4.3 was too small) 1
Accept max temperature between 1 and 2 minutes
Reject rounded up to nearest 0.5
(c) (i) 24 + 12 + 3 x 16 = 84 (g) (1)

Number of moles = 2.2/84 = 0.0262 / 0.02619 (1)
Ignore sf except if only 1 (i.e. 0.03) 2
Accept 0.026
Reject 0.0261
Reject 0.02

 1.05
(ii) ∆H = 0.0262
–1
= – 40.1 kJ mol 1
Accept correct sign and units needed for mark
Allow K instead of k –40.131
Allow TE from (c)(i)
Reject 40.1
(d) ∆Hf = ∆H1 + ∆H2 – ∆H3 (1)

= – 453 – 680 + 40
–1
= – 1090 kJ mol (1) 2
Only penalise missing units once
Accept –1093
Accept transferred error:
∆H1 = (b)(v)
∆H2 = –680
∆H3 = (c)(ii)
correct answer with no working gets 2 marks
Reject incorrect application of Hess’s Law (0)
(e) Elements don’t react together to form magnesium carbonate 1

Reject hard to measure temperature of solid
[18]
68. (i) Ignore sig figs unless they round to 1 sig.fig during calculation
Incorrect /absent units in final answer penalise only once in part (i)/(ii)
7.19
7.19 g of PCl5 = 208.5 mol (1)
2 × 31 g of P produce 2 × 208.5 g of PCl5 (1)
(= 0.03448)
(1 mol of PCl5 from 1 mol of P)
Mass of P = 0.03448 × 31 = 1.07 g (1)

2  31 7.19
7.19 g of PCl5 from 2  208.5
= 1.07g (1)
Penalise use of Atomic Number only once

Answer with no working scores 2 2

Allow 0.034 but NOT 0.035
(ii) Mark consequentially on part (i)
Moles of chlorine needed = 0.03448 × 2.5 (1)

3
Accept 2 × 208.5 g of PCl5 produced from 5 × 24 dm of Cl2
(1)
3
Volume = 24 × 0.03448 × 2.5 = 2.07 dm (1)
Value and unit necessary
Value consequential on their calculated/stated moles of chorine × 24

Answer with no working scores 2 2
5  24  7.19
3
7.19 g PCl5 produced from 2  208.5 = 2.07 dm (1)
3
Just 24 × 2.5 = 60 dm scores zero
[4]
69. (a) Initially CuSO4 in excess so amount of reaction depends on amount of Zn

or
More CuSO4 reacts (as more Zn added) (1)
Accept CuSO4 in excess
Accept more Zn reacts
Reject reaction is exothermic
Graph levels off because all CuSO4 used up (1) 2

Accept Zn now in excess
Reject just ‘Reaction is complete’
(b) (i) Heat capacity (of metal)

low (compared with that of solution) 1
Accept metal has negligible/low specific heat capacity
Accept metal absorbs (much) less heat (than solution/water)
(ii) q = 50 × 63.5 × 4.18 = 13271.5 J

Units, if given, must be correct
Ignore signs 1
Accept 13300/13270/13272
Accept answer in kJ only if units stated
Reject 13271

1.25
(iii) Moles CuSO4 = 50 × 1000 = 0.0625 (1)
Correct answer with some working scores full marks
Accept Ecf from moles
13271.5
H = (–) 0.0625 1000 (1)
–1
= – 212 (kJ mol )
1 mark for negative sign
1 mark for answer to 3 SF
Units, if given, must be correct 4
Accept Ecf from (ii) gives –213/–212/–212
(c) (i) Extra precision negligible compared with

approximations in calculations/heat loss 1
Accept measuring cylinder is least accurate measuring
instrument
(ii) Use a lid on the cup (to reduce heat loss) 1

Accept extra insulation for cup
Accept weigh CuSO4 solution
Accept use burette/pipette to measure volumes
Reject repeat experiments
OR
use more accurate balance
OR
Smaller mass intervals
[10]
70. (i) 112 1
(188 15.2)  (189 17.4)  (190 26.4)  (192 41.0)

(ii) 100 (1)
= 190.3 (1)
Correct answer with no working (2)

Ignore units 2
Accept 190.34/190.342 with no working = max 1
Reject 190
Reject 190.34
Reject 190.342

[3]
71. (i) 3S (s) + O2 (g) + 2H2 (g)
correct entities (1)

state symbols and balancing (1) 2
(ii) Energy change when 1 mole of a compound is formed (1)
from its elements (in their standard states) (1)
at 298K/quoted temperature and 1atm (1) 3
(iii) (2 × –285.8) – (–296.8 +(2 × –20.6)) (1)

= –233.6/–234 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Allow transferred error for one minor slip (e.g. 20.4 instead of 20.6)
but not for omission of multiples.
Ignore units 2
Reject –233
Reject –230
[7]
72. (a) A 1
(b) B 1
[2]
73. (a) C 1
(b) D 1
(c) A 1
(d) D 1
[4]

74. (a) CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)  CO2(g) + CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) 1
(b) B 1
(c) (i) (0.025 × 123.5) × 1.1 = (1)
3.396/ 3.40 / 3.4g (g) (1)

OR
0.025 mol copper carbonate = 3.087/3.09 (g)(1)
3.087 +10% = 3.396/ 3.40/ 3.4 (g)
Full marks for correct answer with no working 2
(ii) No, as copper carbonate is in excess 1

Reject no, as molar mass is only to one decimal place
(d) Filter to remove excess copper carbonate 1
(e) (i) 249.6 1
(ii) Expected yield = 0.025 × 249.6 (1)

= 6.24g
% yield = (100 × 3.98/6.24 )= 63.8/63.78% (1) 2

[9]
75. (a) QWC (i) & (iii)
(Lattice of) positively charged ions/ ions with 2+charge (1)
held together by (electrostatic) attraction to delocalised electrons (1)
Delocalised electrons /free electrons/ electrons in sea of electrons

are free to move and carry charge / current (1) 3
Reject incorrect use of the terms atom or molecule for ion.
Reject incorrect descriptions of delocalised electrons.

2+
(b) (i) Mg shown as 2,8 (1) 1
–
(ii) F shown as 2,8 (1) 1
(c) When molten/ when dissolved in water so that ions can move/
lattice breaks down (1) 1
Reject dissolved in other solvents.
Reject reference to atoms or molecules rather than ions.
24 25 26
(d) (i) 77% Mg, 10% Mg, 13% Mg (1)
Average atomic mass

((77  24)  (10  25  13  26))
100 = 24.36 = 24.4 g (1) 2
(ii) Have same electron configuration 1

Reject same number of electrons in outer orbit
–9 3
(e) (i) 1.20 × 10 mol of Mg per dm (1)
–9 –3
(1.20 × 10 × 24.3 × 10 ) =
–11 –12
2.92 × 10 / 29.2 × 10 (g) (1)
max 1 for more/less than 3 significant figures eg 2.916 2
(ii) Hydrogen because it has the least number of electrons per atom 1
[12]
50
23
76. (a) (6.02 × 10 × 24 )= 1
24 24 24
1.25 × 10 / 1.254 × 10 / 1.26 × 10
Allow TE from a 1
(b) Mr = (23 + 42) = 65 (1)

50
Mass = (2 × 65 × 72 ) (1)
= 90/ 90.3g (1) Allow TE from (c) 3
Reject wrong unit eg kg

(c) decrease 1
(d) QWC (i) & (iii)
Sodium is hazardous (1)
May go on fire with water/ produces flammable gas with water/

produces explosive gas with water/ produces strong alkali with
water/ reacts with moisture on skin and becomes hot /corrosive (1)
nd
2 mark depends on reference to sodium 2
Reject unspecific comments about sodium being poisonous /
toxic / flammable without reference to water.
[8]
77. (a) (i) 4410 1
(ii) 0.015 1
–1
(iii) (–4.41/ 0.015) = – 294 kJ mol
Value (1)
Negative sign and units (1)
TE for answer to (i)/ answer to (ii) 2
(iv) QWC
Any two of:
Use an insulated container/(expanded) polystyrene cup

Use a lid
Use a thermometer calibrated to at least 0.5 °C 2
(b) (i) QWC
No effect, as all copper nitrate reacts anyway. (1)
Enthalpy change is based on mass of solution heating up

/ SHC of the metal is very low. (1) 2
(ii) QWC

Yes, temperature rise is smaller than it should be(1)
So enthalpy change less negative (1) 2
(c) Use more concentrated solution (with correspondingly more magnesium). 1

[11]
78. (a) A Cu(g)

+
B Cu (g)
C 2Br(g)
2 marks for all correct but max 1 if state symbols wrong/ missing
1 mark for 2 correct
(ο)
D Hf / (standard) enthalpy (change) of formation (of CuBr2) (1) 3
(b) Hf = Ha(Cu) + Em1(Cu) + Em2(Cu) + 2 × Ha(1/2 Br2) + 2 × Eaff(Br) + Hlatt

OR
Lattice energy = D–(other enthalpy changes) (1)
Can be shown using the numbers
= –141.8 – (338.3 + 746 + 1958 + 2 × 111.9 + 2 × –342.6) = –141.8 – 2580.9

–1
= –2722.7 = –2723 (kJ mol ) (2)
max 1 if no multiples of 2 for Br

max 2 (out of 3) if positive sign 3
(c) (i) QWC
Not 100 % ionic/ has some covalent character 1

Reject answers where it is not clear that bonding has some
intermediate character, but not entirely ionic or covalent
(ii) Non-spherical bromide / negative ion with bulge towards

copper / positive ion (1) 1
[8]

CHM1 Qualitative Chemistry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHM1 Qualitative Chemistry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic 2 – Qualitative Chemistry (Answers)

Topic 2 – Qualitative Chemistry (Questions)

Hydrogen 11.1% Carbon 88.9%

Hydrogen chloride –85ºC

Hydrogen iodide –35ºC

(c) Draw and explain the shapes of:

(i) the PH3 molecule;

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(a) (i) Define the term atomic number.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(ii) Define the term d-block element

(iii) Define the term transition element.

(c) (i) Define the terrm first ionisation energy of chlorine.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

Determine the empirical formula of the salt.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

3. (a) Sodium reacts with cold water.

(i) What would you see as the reaction proceeds?

(ii) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

4. (a) (i) What is meant by the mass number of an atom?

(ii) Define the term relative atomic mass.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(iii) What are isotopes?

(b) NaClO3 can be obtained from NaOCl(aq) by a disproportionation reaction on heating.

(i) Give the ionic equation for this disproportionation reaction.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(c) Chlorine is used in the extraction of bromine from seawater.

(i) Give the half-equation for the reduction of chlorine.

6. (a) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, Hf .

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

Name Formula Hf /kJ mol

ethene C2H4(g) +52.3

C2H4(g) + HBr(g)  C2H5Br(g)

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

Bond Average bond enthalpy/kJ mol

C2H4(g)  HBr(g)  C2H5Br(g)

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

7. (a) In an experiment to standardise an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide

NH2SO3H(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NH2SO3Na(aq) + H2O(l)

(i) Calculate the amount (number of moles) of sulphamic acid in 0.25 g.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(Allow one lined page)

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(a) Define the terms:

Value of the enthalpy

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

9. (a) (i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium nitrate, KNO 3, in

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)  KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

(iii) Potassium nitrate decomposes, when heated, to produce oxygen.

2KNO3(s)  2KNO2(s) + O2(g)

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(b) A compound of potassium and oxygen contains 70.9% potassium.

(a) Define the term enthalpy of neutralisation.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

The student produced the following account of their experiment.

A p ie ce of iron, m ass abo ut 3 g , w as pla ced in a gla ss be aker. 5 0 cm 3 of

T im ing bef ore 1 m in 2 m ins 3 m ins 4 m ins 5 m ins

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(b) In an improved version of the same experiment a maximum temperature rise of

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of copper sulphate used.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com