Energetics Questions

1. When 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 HCl is mixed with 100 cm3 of 1.
0 mol dm–3
NaOH, the temperature of the resulting solution increases by 5.0 °C. What will
be the temperature change, in °C, when 50 cm 3 of these two solutions are
mixed?
A. 2.5
B. 5.0
C. 10
D. 20
(Total 1 mark)
2. Which statement about bonding is correct?
A. Bond breaking is endothermic and requires energy.
B. Bond breaking is endothermic and releases energy.
C. Bond making is exothermic and requires energy.
D. Bond making is endothermic and releases energy.

(Total 1 mark)
3. Consider the following reactions.
1
Cu2O(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2CuO(s) ∆HO = –144 kJ
Cu2O(s) → Cu(s) + CuO(s) ∆HO = +11 kJ
What is the value of ∆HO, in kJ, for this reaction?
1
Cu(s) + 2 O2(g) → CuO(s)
A. –144 + 11
B. +144 – 11
C. –144 – 11
D. +144 + 11
(Total 1 mark)
IB Questionbank Chemistry 1
4. Methanol is made in large quantities as it is used in the production of polymers
and in fuels.
The enthalpy of combustion of methanol can be determined theoretically or
experimentally.
1
CH3OH(l) + 1 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(a) Using the information from Table 11 of the Data Booklet, determine the
theoretical enthalpy of combustion of methanol.
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(3)
(b) The enthalpy of combustion of methanol can also be determined

experimentally in a school laboratory. A burner containing methanol was
weighed and used to heat water in a test tube as illustrated below.
The following data were collected.
Initial mass of burner and

80.557
methanol / g
Final mass of burner and methanol /
80.034
g
Mass of water in test tube / g 20.000
Initial temperature of water / °C 21.5
Final temperature of water / °C 26.4
(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of methanol burned.
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(2)
(ii) Calculate the heat absorbed, in kJ, by the water.
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(3)
(iii) Determine the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the combustion of 1

mole of methanol.
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(2)
(c) The Data Booklet value for the enthalpy of combustion of methanol is –
726 kJ mol–1.
Suggest why this value differs from the values calculated in parts (a) and
(b).
(i) Part (a)
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(1)
(ii) Part (b)
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)
5. When hydrogen peroxide decomposes, the temperature of the reaction mixture

increases.
2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l)
What are the signs of ∆H, ∆S and ∆G for this reaction?
∆H ∆S ∆G
A. – – –
B. – + –
C. + + –
D. – + +
(Total 1 mark)
6. Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy?
A. SO2(g) + 2H2S(g) → 2H2O(l) + 3S(s)
B. CaO(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s)
C. CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) + C2H2(g)
D. N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g)

(Total 1 mark)
7. Consider the two reactions involving iron and oxygen.
2Fe(s) + O2(g) → 2FeO(s) ∆HO = –544 kJ

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) ∆HO = –1648 kJ
What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the reaction below?
4FeO(s) + O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)
A. –1648 – 2(–544)
B. –544 – (–1648)
C. –1648 – 544
D. –1648 – 2(544)
(Total 1 mark)
8. Which equation corresponds to the lattice enthalpy for silver iodide, AgI?
A. AgI(s) → Ag(s) + I(g)
1
B. AgI(s) → Ag(s) + 2 I2(g)
C. AgI(s) → Ag+(aq) + I–(aq)
D. AgI(s) → Ag+(g) + I–(g)

(Total 1 mark)
9. Which processes have a negative enthalpy change?
I. 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
II. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
III. H2O(g) → H2O(l)
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
10. Consider the following reactions.
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ∆HO = +180 kJ

2NO2(g) → 2NO(g) + O2(g) ∆HO = +112 kJ
What is the ∆HO value, in kJ, for the following reaction?
N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
A. –1 × (+180) + –1 × (+112)
B. –1 × (+180) + 1 × (+112)
C. 1 × (+180) + –1 × (+112)
D. 1 × (+180) + 1 × (+112)
(Total 1 mark)
11. If white anhydrous copper(II) sulfate powder is left in the atmosphere it slowly
absorbs water vapour giving the blue pentahydrated solid.
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) → CuSO4•5H2O(s)

(anhydrous) (pentahydrated)
It is difficult to measure the enthalpy change for this reaction directly. However,
it is possible to measure the heat changes directly when both anhydrous and
pentahydrated copper(II) sulfate are separately dissolved in water, and then use
an energy cycle to determine the required enthalpy change value, ∆Hx,
indirectly.
(a) To determine ∆H1 a student placed 50.0 g of water in a cup made of

expanded polystyrene and used a data logger to measure the
temperature. After two minutes she dissolved 3.99 g of anhydrous
copper(II) sulfate in the water and continued to record the temperature
while continuously stirring. She obtained the following results.
(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
dissolved in the 50.0 g of water.
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(1)
(ii) Determine what the temperature rise would have been, in °C, if no
heat had been lost to the surroundings.
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(2)
(iii) Calculate the heat change, in kJ, when 3.99 g of anhydrous

copper(II) sulfate is dissolved in the water.
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(2)
(iv) Determine the value of ∆H1 in kJ mol–1.
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(1)
(b) To determine ∆H2, 6.24 g of pentahydrated copper(II) sulfate was

dissolved in 47.75 g of water. It was observed that the temperature of the
solution decreased by 1.10 °C.
(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of water in 6.24 g of pentahydrated

copper(II) sulfate.
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(2)
(ii) Determine the value of ∆H2 in kJ mol–1.
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(2)
(iii) Using the values obtained for ∆H1 in (a) (iv) and ∆H2 in (b) (ii),
determine the value for ∆Hx in kJ mol–1.
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(1)
(c) The magnitude (the value without the + or – sign) found in a data book for
∆Hx is 78.0 kJ mol–1.
(i) Calculate the percentage error obtained in this experiment. (If you did
not obtain an answer for the experimental value of ∆Hx then use the
value 70.0 kJ mol–1, but this is not the true value.)
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(1)
(ii) The student recorded in her qualitative data that the anhydrous
copper(II) sulfate she used was pale blue rather than completely
white. Suggest a reason why it might have had this pale blue colour
and deduce how this would have affected the value she obtained for
∆Hx.
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
12. Propane can be formed by the hydrogenation of propene.
CH3CH=CH2(g) + H2(g) → CH3CH2CH3(g)
(i) State the conditions necessary for the hydrogenation reaction to occur.
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(2)
(ii) Enthalpy changes can be determined using average bond enthalpies.

Define the term average bond enthalpy.
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(2)
(iii) Determine a value for the hydrogenation of propene using information

from Table 10 of the Data Booklet.
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(2)
(iv) Explain why the enthalpy of hydrogenation of propene is an exothermic
process.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
13. Which ionic compound has the greatest lattice enthalpy?
A. MgO
B. CaO
C. NaF
D. KF
(Total 1 mark)
14. Which equation represents the bond enthalpy for the H–Br bond in hydrogen
bromide?
A. HBr(g) → H(g) + Br(g)
B. HBr(g) → H(g) + Br(l)
1
C. HBr(g) → H(g) + 2 Br2(1)
1
D. HBr(g) → H(g) + 2 Br2(g)
(Total 1 mark)
15. Which change will not increase the entropy of a system?
A. Increasing the temperature
B. Changing the state from liquid to gas
C. Mixing different types of particles
D. A reaction where four moles of gaseous reactants changes to two moles of

gaseous products
(Total 1 mark)
16. ∆GO calculations predict that a reaction is always spontaneous for which of the
following combinations of ∆HO and ∆SO?
A. +∆HO and +∆SO
B. +∆HO and –∆SO
C. –∆HO and –∆SO
D. –∆HO and +∆SO

(Total 1 mark)
17. Some words used in chemistry can have a specific meaning which is different to
their meaning in everyday English.
State what the term spontaneous means when used in a chemistry context.
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(Total 1 mark)
18. Propene can be hydrogenated in the presence of a nickel catalyst to form
propane.
Use the data below to answer the questions that follow.
∆HOf / kJ mol– SO/ J K–1 mol–

Compound Formula 1 1
hydrogen H2(g) 0 + 131

propane C3H8(g) – 104 + 270
propene C3H6(g) + 20.4 + 267
(i) Outline why the value for the standard enthalpy change of formation of
hydrogen is zero.
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(1)
(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the hydrogenation of propene.
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(2)
(iii) Calculate the standard entropy change for the hydrogenation of propene.
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(2)
(iv) Determine the value of ∆GO for the hydrogenation of propene at 298 K.
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(2)
(v) At 298 K the hydrogenation of propene is a spontaneous process.

Determine the temperature above which propane will spontaneously
decompose into propene and hydrogen.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
19. Which types of reaction are always exothermic?
I. Neutralization
II. Decomposition
III. Combustion
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
20. A pure aluminium block with a mass of 10 g is heated so that its temperature
increases from 20 °C to 50 °C . The specific heat capacity of aluminium is 8.99
× 10–1 J g–1 K–1. Which expression gives the heat energy change in kJ?
A. 10 × 8.99 × 10–1 × 303
B. 10 × 8.99 × 10–1 × 30
10  8.99  10 1  303
C. 1000
10  8.99  10 1  30
D. 1000
(Total 1 mark)
21. In an experiment to measure the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol, a

student heated a copper calorimeter containing 100 cm 3 of water with a spirit
lamp and collected the following data.
Initial temperature of water: 20.0 °C

Final temperature of water: 55.0 °C
Mass of ethanol burned: 1.78 g
Density of water: 1.00 g cm–3
(i) Use the data to calculate the heat evolved when the ethanol was
combusted.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion per mole of ethanol.

(2)
(iii) Suggest two reasons why the result is not the same as the value in the
Data Booklet.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
22. Which reaction has an enthalpy change equal to a standard enthalpy change of
formation, ∆HfO?
All reactions occur at 298 K and 1.01 × 105 Pa.
A. C4H8(g) + H2O(g) → C4H9OH(l)

13
B. 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g) → C4H9OH(l) + 2 O2(g)
1
C. 4C(s) + 5H2(g) + 2 O2(g) → C4H9OH(l)
D. 8C(s) + 10H2(g) + O2(g) → 2C4H9OH(l)

(Total 1 mark)
23. Which process has an enthalpy change that represents the lattice enthalpy of
sodium chloride?
A. NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl–(g)

1
B. NaCl(s) → Na(s) + 2 Cl2(g)
C. NaCl(g) → Na+(g) + Cl–(g)
D. NaCl(s) → Na(s) + Cl(g)

(Total 1 mark)
24. Which is the correct order of increasing magnitude of lattice enthalpy (lowest
first)?
A. NaCl < KCl < MgS < MgO
B. MgO < MgS < KCl < NaCl
C. KCl < NaCl < MgS < MgO
D. MgO < NaCl < KCl < MgS

(Total 1 mark)
25. The standard enthalpy changes for the combustion of carbon and carbon
monoxide are shown below.
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆HcO = –394 kJmol–1

1
CO(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔHcO = –283 kJ mol–1
What is the standard enthalpy change, in kJ, for the following reaction?
1
C(s) + 2 O2(g) → CO(g)
A. –677
B. –111
C. +111
D. +677
(Total 1 mark)
26. Which is correct about energy changes during bond breaking and bond
formation?
Bond breaking Bond formation

A. exothermic and ∆H positive endothermic and ∆H
negative
B. exothermic and ∆H endothermic and ∆H
negative positive
C. endothermic and ∆H exothermic and ∆H
positive negative
D. endothermic and ∆H exothermic and ∆H positive
negative
(Total 1 mark)
27. Which processes are exothermic?
I. Ice melting
II. Neutralization
III. Combustion
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
28. One important property of a rocket fuel mixture is the large volume of gaseous
products formed which provide thrust. Hydrazine, N 2H4, is often used as a
rocket fuel. The combustion of hydrazine is represented by the equation below.
N2H4(g) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆HcO = –585 kJ mol–1
(a) Hydrazine reacts with fluorine to produce nitrogen and hydrogen fluoride,
all in the gaseous state. State an equation for the reaction.
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(2)
(b) Draw the Lewis structures for hydrazine and nitrogen.
(2)
(c) Use the average bond enthalpies given in Table 10 of the Data Booklet to
determine the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (a) above.
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(3)
(d) Based on your answers to parts (a) and (c), suggest whether a mixture of
hydrazine and fluorine is a better rocket fuel than a mixture of hydrazine
and oxygen.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
29. Which reaction has the most negative change in entropy?
A. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
B. NH4Cl(s) → NH3(g) + HCl(g)
C. PbCl2(s) → Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
D. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

(Total 1 mark)
30. What is the standard free energy change, ∆GO, in kJ, for the following reaction?
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
Compound ∆GfO / kJ mol–1

C2H5OH(l) –175
CO2(g) –394
H2O(g) –229
O2(g) 0
A. –1650
B. –1300
C. – 448
D. +1300
(Total 1 mark)
31. Which combination of ionic radius and ionic charge would result in the highest
lattice enthalpy for an ionic compound?
Ionic radius Ionic charge

A. small high
B. large high
C. small low
D. large low
(Total 1 mark)
32. Which statement is correct given the enthalpy level diagram below?
A. The reaction is endothermic and the products are more thermodynamically

stable than the reactants.
B. The reaction is exothermic and the products are more thermodynamically

stable than the reactants.
C. The reaction is endothermic and the reactants are more

thermodynamically stable than the products.
D. The reaction is exothermic and the reactants are more thermodynamically

stable than the products.
(Total 1 mark)
33. Identical pieces of magnesium are added to two beakers, A and B, containing
hydrochloric acid.
Both acids have the same initial temperature but their volumes and
concentrations differ.
Which statement is correct?
A. The maximum temperature in A will be higher than in B.
B. The maximum temperature in A and B will be equal.
C. It is not possible to predict whether A or B will have the higher maximum

temperature.
D. The temperature in A and B will increase at the same rate.

(Total 1 mark)
34. Which equation best represents the bond enthalpy of HCl?
A. HCl(g) → H+(g) + Cl–(g)
B. HCl(g) → H(g) + Cl(g)

1 1
C. HCl(g) → 2 H2(g) + 2 Cl2(g)
D. 2HCl(g) → H2(g) + Cl2(g)

(Total 1 mark)
35. The data below are from an experiment to measure the enthalpy change for the
reaction of aqueous copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4(aq) and zinc, Zn(s).
Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulfate solution was placed in a
polystyrene cup and zinc powder was added after 100 seconds. The
temperature-time data was taken from a data-logging software program. The
table shows the initial 23 readings.
A straight line has been drawn through some of the data points. The equation
for this line is given by the data logging software as
T = –0.050t + 78.0
where T is the Temperature at time t.
(a) The heat produced by the reaction can be calculated from the temperature change,
ΔT, using the expression below.
Heat change = Volume of CuSO4(aq) × Specific heat capacity of H2O × ∆T
Describe two assumptions made in using this expression to calculate heat

changes.
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(2)
(b) (i) Use the data presented by the data logging software to deduce the
temperature change, ∆T, which would have occurred if the reaction
had taken place instantaneously with no heat loss.
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(2)
(ii) State the assumption made in part (b)(i).
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(1)
(iii) Calculate the heat, in kJ, produced during the reaction using the
expression given in part (a).
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(1)
(c) The colour of the solution changed from blue to colourless. Deduce the
amount, in moles, of zinc which reacted in the polystyrene cup.
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(1)
(d) Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for this reaction.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
36. An experiment was designed to investigate how the enthalpy change for a
displacement reaction relates to the reactivities of the metals involved. The
following metals in order of decreasing reactivity were available.
Excess amounts of each metal were added to 1.00 mol dm –3 copper(II) sulfate
solution.
The temperature change was measured and the enthalpy change calculated.
(i) Suggest a possible hypothesis for the relationship between the enthalpy
change of the reaction and the reactivity of the metal.
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(1)
(ii) Sketch a graph on the diagram below to illustrate your hypothesis.
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
37. Hydrazine is a valuable rocket fuel.
The equation for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen is given below.
N2H4(g) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Use the bond enthalpy values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine
the enthalpy change for this reaction.
(Total 3 marks)
38. Consider the equations below.
CH4(g) + O2(g) → HCHO(l) + H2O(l) ∆HO = x

1
HCHO(l) + 2 O2(g) → HCOOH(l) ∆HO = y
1
2HCOOH(l) + 2 O2(g) → (COOH)2(s) + H2O(l) ∆HO = z
What is the enthalpy change of the reaction below?

1
2CH4(g) + 3 2 O2(g) → (COOH)2(s) + 3H2O(l)
A. x+y+z
B. 2x + y + z
C. 2x + 2y + z
D. 2x + 2y + 2z
(Total 1 mark)
39. Given the enthalpy change for the reaction below:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ∆HO = –572 kJ
which statement is correct?
A. The standard enthalpy change of combustion of H 2(g) is –286 kJ mol–1.
B. The standard enthalpy change of combustion of H 2(g) is +286 kJ mol–1.
C. The standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O(l) is –572 kJ mol–1.
D. The standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O(l) is +572 kJ mol–1.

(Total 1 mark)
40. Which is a correct definition of lattice enthalpy?
A. It is the enthalpy change that occurs when an electron is removed from 1

mol of gaseous atoms.
B. It is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mol of a compound is formed

from its elements.
C. It is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mol of solid crystal changes
into a liquid.
D. It is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mol of solid crystal is formed
from its gaseous ions.
(Total 1 mark)
41. Which reaction has the largest increase in entropy?
A. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
B. Al(OH)3(s) + NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)4–(aq) + Na+(aq)
C. Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
D. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

(Total 1 mark)
42. The lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride can be calculated from the Born-
Haber cycle shown below.
(i) Identify the enthalpy changes labelled by I and V in the cycle.

(2)
(ii) Use the ionization energies given in the cycle above and further data from
the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the lattice enthalpy of magnesium
chloride.
(4)
(iii) The theoretically calculated value for the lattice enthalpy of magnesium
chloride is +2326 kJ. Explain the difference between the theoretically
calculated value and the experimental value.
(2)
(iv) The experimental lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide is given in Table 13
of the Data Booklet. Explain why magnesium oxide has a higher lattice
enthalpy than magnesium chloride.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
43. When some solid barium hydroxide and solid ammonium thiosulfate were
reacted together, the temperature of the surroundings was observed to
decrease from 15 ºC to – 4 ºC. What can be deduced from this observation?
A. The reaction is exothermic and ∆H is negative.
B. The reaction is exothermic and ∆H is positive.
C. The reaction is endothermic and ∆H is negative.
D. The reaction is endothermic and ∆H is positive.

(Total 1 mark)
44. Which process represents the C–Cl bond enthalpy in tetrachloromethane?
A. CCl4(g) → C(g) + 4Cl(g)
B. CCl4(g) → CCl3(g) + Cl(g)
C. CCl4(l) → C(g) + 4Cl(g)
D. CCl4(l) → C(s) + 2Cl2(g)

(Total 1 mark)
45. Some water is heated using the heat produced by the combustion of
magnesium metal. Which values are needed to calculate the enthalpy change
of reaction?
I. The mass of magnesium
II. The mass of the water
III. The change in temperature of the water
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
46. Two students were asked to use information from the Data Booklet to calculate
a value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene to form ethane.
C2H4(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g)
John used the average bond enthalpies from Table 10. Marit used the values of
enthalpies of combustion from Table 12.
(a) Calculate the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene obtained
using the average bond enthalpies given in Table 10.
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(2)
(b) Marit arranged the values she found in Table 12 into an energy cycle.
Calculate the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene from the
energy cycle.
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(1)
(c) Suggest one reason why John’s answer is slightly less accurate than
Marit’s answer.
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(1)
(d) John then decided to determine the enthalpy of hydrogenation of

cyclohexene to produce cyclohexane.
C6H10(l) + H2(g) → C6H12(l)
(i) Use the average bond enthalpies to deduce a value for the enthalpy
of hydrogenation of cyclohexene.
..............................................................................................................
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(1)
(ii) The percentage difference between these two methods (average
bond enthalpies and enthalpies of combustion) is greater for
cyclohexene than it was for ethene. John’s hypothesis was that it
would be the same. Determine why the use of average bond
enthalpies is less accurate for the cyclohexene equation shown
above, than it was for ethene. Deduce what extra information is
needed to provide a more accurate answer.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
47. 1.0 g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, was added to 99.0 g of water. The
temperature of the solution increased from 18.0 ºC to 20.5 ºC. The specific heat
capacity of the solution is
4.18 J g–1 K–1.
Which expression gives the heat evolved in kJ mol –1?
2.5  100.0  4.18  1000

A. 40.0
2.5  100.0  4.18

B. 1000  40.0
2.5  100.0  4.18  40.0

C. 1000
2.5  1.0  4.18  40.0

D. 1000
(Total 1 mark)
48. Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy?
A. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
B. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
C. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
D. C2H4(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g)

(Total 1 mark)
49. The reaction between but-1-ene and water vapour produces butan-1-ol.
C4H8(g) + H2O(g) → C4H9OH(l)
The standard entropy values (SO) for but-1-ene, water vapour and butan-1-ol
are 310, 189 and 228 J K–1 mol–1 respectively. What is the standard entropy
change for this reaction in
J K–1 mol–1?
A. –271
B. +271
C. –107
D. +107
(Total 1 mark)
50. A reaction has a standard enthalpy change, ΔHO, of +10.00 kJ mol–1 at 298 K. The
standard entropy change, ΔSO, for the same reaction is +10.00 J K–1 mol–1. What is
the value of ΔGO for the reaction in kJ mol–1?
A. +9.75
B. +7.02
C. –240
D. –2970
(Total 1 mark)
51. Two students were asked to use information from the Data Booklet to calculate
a value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene to form ethane.
C2H4(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g)
John used the average bond enthalpies from Table 10. Marit used the values of
enthalpies of combustion from Table 12.
(a) Calculate the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene obtained
using the average bond enthalpies given in Table 10.
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(2)
(b) Determine the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene using the
values for the enthalpies of combustion of ethene, hydrogen and ethane
given in Table 12.
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(2)
(c) Suggest one reason why John’s answer is slightly less accurate than
Marit’s answer and calculate the percentage difference.
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(2)
(d) John then decided to determine the enthalpy of hydrogenation of
cyclohexene to produce cyclohexane.
C6H10(l) + H2(g) → C6H12(l)
(i) Use the average bond enthalpies to deduce a value for the enthalpy
of hydrogenation of cyclohexene.
..............................................................................................................
.............
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(ii) The percentage difference between these two methods (average

bond enthalpies and enthalpies of combustion) is greater for
cyclohexene than it was for ethene. John’s hypothesis was that it
would be the same. Determine why the use of average bond
enthalpies is less accurate for the cyclohexene equation shown
above, than it was for ethene. Deduce what extra information is
needed to provide a more accurate answer.
..............................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
52. Consider the following Born-Haber cycle:
The magnitudes for each of the enthalpy changes (a to e) are given in kJ mol–1
but their signs (+ or –) have been omitted.
(i) State the names for the enthalpy changes c and d.

(2)
(ii) Deduce which two of the enthalpy changes a to e have negative signs.
(1)
(iii) Determine the value for the enthalpy of formation of potassium bromide.
(2)
(iv) Explain why the quantitative value for the lattice enthalpy of calcium
bromide is larger than the value for the lattice enthalpy of potassium
bromide.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
53. What is the energy, in kJ, released when 1.00 mol of carbon monoxide is
burned according to the following equation?
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) ΔHo = –564 kJ
A. 141
B. 282
C. 564
D. 1128
(Total 1 mark)
54. The specific heat of iron is 0.450 J g–1 K–1. What is the energy, in J, needed to
increase the temperature of 50.0 g of iron by 20.0 K?
A. 9.00
B. 22.5
C. 45.0
D. 450
(Total 1 mark)
55. Which of the following reactions are exothermic?
I. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
II. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
III. Br2 → 2Br
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
56. Consider the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Which factors
will affect the reaction rate?
I. The collision frequency of the reactant particles
II. The number of reactant particles with E ≥ Ea
III. The number of reactant particles that collide with the appropriate
geometry
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
57. In some countries, ethanol is mixed with gasoline (petrol) to produce a fuel for
cars called gasohol.
(i) Define the term average bond enthalpy.

(2)
(ii) Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the
standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of ethanol.
CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

(3)
(iii) The standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of octane,
C8H18, is
–5471 kJ mol–1. Calculate the amount of energy produced in kJ when 1 g
of ethanol and 1 g of octane is burned completely in air.
(2)
(iv) Ethanol can be oxidized using acidified potassium dichromate, K 2Cr2O7, to

form two different organic products.
CH3CH2OH A B
State the structural formulas of the organic products A and B and describe
the conditions required to obtain a high yield of each of them.
(4)
(v) Deduce and explain whether ethanol or A has the higher boiling point.
(2)
(vi) Ethene can be converted into ethanol by direct hydration in the presence
of a catalyst according to the following equation.
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g)
For this reaction identify the catalyst used and state one use of the
ethanol formed other than as a fuel.
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
58. What is the standard entropy change, ∆SO, for the following reaction?
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
CO(g) O2(g) CO2(g)

SO/J K–1 mol–1 198 205 214
A. –189
B. –173
C. +173
D. +189
(Total 1 mark)
59. Which step(s) is/are endothermic in the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of
LiCl?
A. ½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) and Li(s) → Li(g)
B. Cl(g) + e– → Cl–(g) and Li(g) → Li+(g) + e–
C. Li+(g) + Cl–(g) → LiCl(s)
D. ½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) and Cl(g) + e– → Cl–(g)

(Total 1 mark)
60. Consider the following reaction.
2CH3OH(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g) + 2H2O(g)
(a) The standard enthalpy change of formation for CH 3OH(g) at 298 K is –201
kJ mol–1 and for H2O(g) is –242 kJ mol–1. Using information from Table 11
of the Data Booklet, determine the enthalpy change for this reaction.
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(2)
(b) The standard entropy for CH3OH(g) at 298 K is 238 J K–1 mol–1, for H2(g)
is
131 J K–1 mol–1 and for H2O(g) is 189 J K–1 mol–1. Using information from
Table 11 of the Data Booklet, determine the entropy change for this
reaction.
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(2)
(c) Calculate the standard change in free energy, at 298 K, for the reaction
and deduce whether the reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
61. In some countries, ethanol is mixed with gasoline (petrol) to produce a fuel for
cars called gasohol.
(i) Define the term average bond enthalpy.

(2)
(ii) Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the
standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of ethanol.
CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

(3)
(iii) The standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of octane,
C8H18, is
–5471 kJ mol–1. Calculate the amount of energy produced in kJ when 1 g
of ethanol and 1 g of octane is burned completely in air.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
62. Which substance does not conduct electricity?
A. Solid zinc
B. Molten zinc
C. Solid zinc chloride
D. Molten zinc chloride

(Total 1 mark)
63. Which is true for a chemical reaction in which the products have a higher
enthalpy than the reactants?
Reaction ∆H
A. endothermic positive
B. endothermic negative
C. exothermic positive
D. exothermic negative
(Total 1 mark)
64. In a reaction that occurs in 50 g of aqueous solution, the temperature of the

reaction mixture increases by 20 °C. If 0.10 mol of the limiting reagent is
consumed, what is the enthalpy change (in kJ mol –1) for the reaction? Assume
the specific heat capacity of the solution
= 4.2 kJ kg–1 K–1.
A. –0.10 × 50 × 4.2 × 20
B. –0.10 × 0.050 × 4.2 × 20
 50  4.2  20
C. 0.10
 0.050  4.2  20
D. 0.10
(Total 1 mark)
65. Use the average bond enthalpies below to calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ,
for the following reaction.
H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g)
Bond Bond energy / kJ mol–1

H–H 440
I–I 150
H–I 300
A. +290
B. +10
C. –10
D. –290
(Total 1 mark)
66. The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given below in
kJ.
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)∆HO = –3120

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ∆HO = –572
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHO = –1411
Based on the above information, calculate the standard change in enthalpy,

∆HO, for the following reaction.
C2H6(g) → C2H4(g) + H2(g)
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(Total 4 marks)
67. Which ionic compound has the most endothermic lattice enthalpy?
A. NaCl
B. KCl
C. NaF
D. KF
(Total 1 mark)
68. Which change leads to an increase in entropy?
A. CO2(g) → CO2(s)
B. SF6(g) → SF6(l)
C. H2O(l) → H2O(s)
D. NaCl(s) → NaCl(aq)
(Total 1 mark)
69. The Born-Haber cycle for MgO under standard conditions is shown below.
The values are shown in the table below.
Process enthalpy change / kJ mol–1

A +150
B +248
C +736 + (+1450)
D –142 + (+844)
E
F – 602
(i) Identify the processes represented by A, B and D in the cycle.

(3)
(ii) Define the enthalpy change, F.

(2)
(iii) Determine the value of the enthalpy change, E.

(2)
(iv) Define the enthalpy change C for the first value. Explain why the second
value is significantly larger than the first.
(4)
(v) The inter-ionic distance between the ions in NaF is very similar to that
between the ions in MgO. Suggest with a reason, which compound has
the higher lattice enthalpy value.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
70. (i) The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given
below in kJ.
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ∆HO = –3120

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ∆HO = –572
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHO = –1411
Based on the above information, calculate the standard change in

enthalpy, ∆HO, for the following reaction.
C2H6(g) → C2H4(g) + H2(g)

(4)
(ii) Predict, stating a reason, whether the sign of ∆SO for the above reaction
would be positive or negative.
(2)
(iii) Discuss why the above reaction is non-spontaneous at low temperature

but becomes spontaneous at high temperatures.
(2)
(iv) Using bond enthalpy values, calculate ∆HO for the following reaction.
C2H6(g) → C2H4(g) + H2(g)

(3)
(v) Suggest with a reason, why the values obtained in parts (i) and (iv) are
different.
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
71. How much energy, in joules, is required to increase the temperature of 2.0 g of
aluminium from 25 to 30 °C? (Specific heat of Al = 0.90 J g –1 K–1).
A. 0.36
B. 4.5
C. 9.0
D. 54
(Total 1 mark)
72. Which combination is correct for a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the
surroundings?
Type of reaction ΔH at constant pressure

A. Exothermic Positive
B. Exothermic Negative
C. Endothermic Positive
D. Endothermic Negative
(Total 1 mark)
73. Using the equations below:
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆Hο = –394 kJ mol–1
Mn(s) + O2(g) → MnO2(s) ∆Hο = –520 kJ mol–1
What is ∆H, in kJ, for the following reaction?
MnO2(s) + C(s) → Mn(s) + CO2(g)
A. 914
B. 126
C. –126
D. –914
(Total 1 mark)
74. The data below is from an experiment used to measure the enthalpy change for
the combustion of 1 mole of sucrose (common table sugar), C 12H22O11(s). The
time-temperature data was taken from a data-logging software programme.
Mass of sample of sucrose, m = 0.4385 g
Heat capacity of the system, Csystem = 10.114 kJ K–1
(a) Calculate ΔT, for the water, surrounding the chamber in the calorimeter.
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(1)
(b) Determine the amount, in moles, of sucrose.
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(1)
(c) (i) Calculate the enthalpy change for the combustion of 1 mole of
sucrose.
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(1)
(ii) Using Table 12 of the Data Booklet, calculate the percentage

experimental error based on the data used in this experiment.
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(1)
(d) A hypothesis is suggested that TNT, 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, is a
powerful explosive because it has:
• a large enthalpy of combustion

• a high reaction rate
• a large volume of gas generated upon combustion
Use your answer in part (c)(i) and the following data to evaluate this
hypothesis:
Equation for combustion Enthalpy

Relative of
rate of combustio
combusti n
on
/ kJ mol–1
Sucros
C12H22O11(s) + 12O2(g)  12CO2(g) + 11H2O(g) Low
e
2C7H5N3O6(s)  7CO(g) + 7C(s) + 5H2O(g) +
TNT High 3406
3N2(g)
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
75. (a) Define the term average bond enthalpy.
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(2)
(b) Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to calculate the
enthalpy change for the complete combustion of but-1-ene, according to
the following equation.
C4H8(g) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
76. Which reaction has the most negative ∆Hο value?
A. LiF(s) → Li+(g) + F–(g)
B. Li+(g) + F–(g) → LiF(s)
C. NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl–(g)
D. Na+(g) + Cl–(g) → NaCl(s)

(Total 1 mark)
77. Which equation represents the electron affinity of calcium?
A. Ca(g) →Ca+(g) + e–
B. Ca(g) →Ca–(g) + e–
C. Ca(g) + e– → Ca–(g)
D. Ca+(g) + e– → Ca(g)
(Total 1 mark)
78. Which reaction causes a decrease in the entropy of the system?
A. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
B. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
C. 2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)
D. 2SO3(g) → 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

(Total 1 mark)
79. What are the signs of ∆Hο and ∆Sο for a reaction that is non-spontaneous at low
temperature but spontaneous at high temperature?
Hο Sο
A. – –
B. + –
C. – +
D. + +
(Total 1 mark)
80. Consider the following reaction:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(i) Suggest why this reaction is important for humanity.

(1)
(ii) Using the average bond enthalpy values in Table 10 of the Data Booklet,
calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction.
(4)
(iii) The absolute entropy values, S, at 238 K for N2(g), H2(g) and NH3(g) are
192, 131 and 193 J K–1 mol–1 respectively. Calculate ∆Sο for the reaction
and explain the sign of ∆Sο.
(2)
(iv) Calculate ∆Gο for the reaction at 238 K. State and explain whether the
reaction is spontaneous.
(3)
(v) If ammonia was produced as a liquid and not as a gas, state and explain
the effect this would have on the value of ∆Hο for the reaction.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
81. (i) Define the terms lattice enthalpy and electron affinity.
(2)
(ii) Use the data in the following table and from the data booklet to construct
the Born-Haber cycle for sodium chloride, NaCl, and determine the lattice
enthalpy of NaCl(s).
1
Na(s) + 2 Cl2(g) → NaCl(g) ∆Hο = –411 kJ mol–1
Na(s) → Na(g) ∆Hο = +108 kJ mol–1

(4)
(iii) Describe the structure of sodium chloride.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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1. When 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 HCl is mixed with 100 cm3 of 1.

2. Which statement about bonding is correct?

A. Bond breaking is endothermic and requires energy.

B. Bond breaking is endothermic and releases energy.

C. Bond making is exothermic and requires energy.

D. Bond making is endothermic and releases energy.

3. Consider the following reactions.

What is the value of ∆HO, in kJ, for this reaction?

(b) The enthalpy of combustion of methanol can also be determined

Initial mass of burner and

(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of methanol burned.

(ii) Calculate the heat absorbed, in kJ, by the water.

(iii) Determine the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the combustion of 1

(i) Part (a)

(ii) Part (b)

5. When hydrogen peroxide decomposes, the temperature of the reaction mixture

2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

What are the signs of ∆H, ∆S and ∆G for this reaction?

6. Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy?

A. SO2(g) + 2H2S(g) → 2H2O(l) + 3S(s)

B. CaO(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s)

C. CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) + C2H2(g)

D. N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g)

2Fe(s) + O2(g) → 2FeO(s) ∆HO = –544 kJ

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the reaction below?

4FeO(s) + O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)

A. AgI(s) → Ag(s) + I(g)

C. AgI(s) → Ag+(aq) + I–(aq)

D. AgI(s) → Ag+(g) + I–(g)

9. Which processes have a negative enthalpy change?

I. 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

II. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

III. H2O(g) → H2O(l)

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ∆HO = +180 kJ

What is the ∆HO value, in kJ, for the following reaction?

N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) → CuSO4•5H2O(s)

(a) To determine ∆H1 a student placed 50.0 g of water in a cup made of

(iii) Calculate the heat change, in kJ, when 3.99 g of anhydrous

(iv) Determine the value of ∆H1 in kJ mol–1.

(b) To determine ∆H2, 6.24 g of pentahydrated copper(II) sulfate was

(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of water in 6.24 g of pentahydrated

(ii) Determine the value of ∆H2 in kJ mol–1.

CH3CH=CH2(g) + H2(g) → CH3CH2CH3(g)

(ii) Enthalpy changes can be determined using average bond enthalpies.

(iii) Determine a value for the hydrogenation of propene using information

13. Which ionic compound has the greatest lattice enthalpy?

A. HBr(g) → H(g) + Br(g)

B. HBr(g) → H(g) + Br(l)

A. Increasing the temperature

B. Changing the state from liquid to gas

C. Mixing different types of particles

D. A reaction where four moles of gaseous reactants changes to two moles of

A. +∆HO and +∆SO

B. +∆HO and –∆SO

C. –∆HO and –∆SO

D. –∆HO and +∆SO

∆HOf / kJ mol– SO/ J K–1 mol–

hydrogen H2(g) 0 + 131

(v) At 298 K the hydrogenation of propene is a spontaneous process.

19. Which types of reaction are always exothermic?

B. I and III only