1. Which statements are correct for an endothermic reaction?

I. The system absorbs heat.

II. The enthalpy change is positive.

III. The bond enthalpy total for the reactants is greater than for the
products.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

2. The mass m (in g) of a substance of specific heat capacity c (in J g–1 K–1 )
increases by t°C. What is the heat change in J?

A. mct

B. mc(t + 273)

mct
C. 1000

mc(t  273)
D. 1000
(Total 1 mark)

3. The average bond enthalpy for the C―H bond is 412 kJ mol–1. Which process
has an enthalpy change closest to this value?

A. CH4(g) → C(s) + 2H2(g)

B. CH4(g) → C(g) + 2H2(g)

C. CH4(g) → C(s) + 4H(g)

D. CH4(g) → CH3(g) + H(g)

(Total 1 mark)

1
4. For a certain reaction at 298 K the values of both ∆Hο and ∆Sο are negative.
Which statement about the sign of ∆Gο for this reaction must be correct?

A. It is negative at all temperatures.

B. It is positive at all temperatures.

C. It is negative at high temperatures and positive at low temperatures.

D. It cannot be determined without knowing the temperature.

(Total 1 mark)

5. In aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react as

follows.

KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → KCl(aq)+ H2O(l)

The data below is from an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of this
reaction.

50.0 cm3 of a 0.500 mol dm–3 solution of KOH was mixed rapidly in a glass
beaker with 50.0 cm3 of a 0.500 mol dm–3 solution of HCl.

Initial temperature of each solution = 19.6°C

Final temperature of the mixture = 23.1°C

(a) State, with a reason, whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

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(1)

(b) Explain why the solutions were mixed rapidly.

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(1)

2
3
(c) Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction in kJ mol –1. Assume that the
specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as that of water.

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(4)

(d) Identify the major source of error in the experimental procedure described
above. Explain how it could be minimized.

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(2)

(e) The experiment was repeated but with an HCl concentration of 0.510 mol
dm–3 instead of 0.500 mol dm–3. State and explain what the temperature
change would be.

4
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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6. Which type of reaction is referred to in the definition of standard enthalpy
change of formation?

A. the formation of a compound from its elements

B. the formation of a crystal from its ions

C. the formation of a molecule from its atoms

D. the formation of a compound from other compounds

(Total 1 mark)

7. The standard enthalpy change for the combustion of phenol, C 6H5OH(s), is –

3050 kJ mol–1 at 298 K.

(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of phenol.

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(1)

(b) The standard enthalpy changes of formation of carbon dioxide, CO 2(g),

and of water, H2O(l), are –394 kJ mol–1 and –286 kJ mol–1 respectively.

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of phenol,

C6H5OH(s).

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(3)

7
(c) The standard entropy change of formation, ∆Sο, of phenol, C6H5OH(s) at
298 K is –385 J K–1 mol –1. Calculate the standard free energy change of
formation,
∆Gο, of phenol at 298 K.

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(3)

(d) Determine whether the reaction is spontaneous at 298 K, and give a

reason.

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(2)

(e) Predict the effect, if any, of an increase in temperature on the spontaneity

of this reaction.

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(2)
(Total 11 marks)

9
8. The following equation shows the formation of magnesium oxide from
magnesium metal.

2Mg(s) + O2(g)2MgO(s) HӨ = –1204kJ

Which statement is correct for this reaction?

A. 1204 kJ of energy are released for every mol of magnesium reacted.

B. 602 kJ of energy are absorbed for every mol of magnesium oxide formed.

C. 602 kJ of energy are released for every mol of oxygen gas reacted.

D. 1204 kJ of energy are released for every two mol of magnesium oxide
formed.
(Total 1 mark)

9. The following equations show the oxidation of carbon and carbon monoxide to
carbon dioxide.

C(s) +O2(g)  CO2(g) HӨ = –x kJ mol–1

1
CO(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) HӨ = –y kJ mol–l

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the oxidation of carbon to carbon
monoxide?
1
C(s) + 2 O2(g) CO(g)

A. x+y

B. –x–y

C. y–x

D. x–y
(Total 1 mark)

10
10. A simple calorimeter was used to determine the enthalpy of combustion of
ethanol. The experimental value obtained was –920 kJ mol–1. The Data Booklet
value is –1371 kJ mol–1. Which of the following best explains the difference
between the two values?

A. incomplete combustion of the fuel

B. heat loss to the surroundings

C. poor ventilation in the laboratory

D. inaccurate temperature measurements

(Total 1 mark)

11. What is the correct order of decreasing entropy for a pure substance?

A. gas  liquid  solid

B. solid  liquid  gas

C. solid  gas  liquid

D. liquid  solid  gas

(Total 1 mark)

11
12. Two reactions occurring in the manufacture of sulfuric acid are shown below:

reaction I S(s) +O2(g)  SO2(g) HӨ = –297 kJ

1
reaction II SO2(g) + 2 O2(g) SO3(g) HӨ = –92 kJ

(i) State the name of the term HӨ. State, with a reason, whether reaction I
would be accompanied by a decrease or increase in temperature.
(3)

(ii) At room temperature sulfur trioxide, SO3, is a solid. Deduce, with a reason,
whether the HӨ value would be more negative or less negative if SO 3(s)
instead of SO3(g) were formed in reaction II.
(2)

(iii) Deduce the HӨ value of this reaction:

1
S(s) + 1 2 O2(g)  SO3(g)
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

13. (i) Define the term average bond enthalpy.

(3)

(ii) Explain why Br2 is not suitable as an example to illustrate the term
average bond enthalpy.
(1)

(iii) Using values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet, calculate the enthalpy
change for the following reaction:

CH4(g) + Br2(g)  CH3Br(g) + HBr(g)

(3)

(iv) Sketch an enthalpy level diagram for the reaction in part (iii).
(2)

(v) Without carrying out a calculation, suggest, with a reason, how the
enthalpy change for the following reaction compares with that of the
reaction in part (iii):

CH3Br(g) + Br2(g)  CH2Br2(g) + HBr(g)

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

12
13
14. For the reaction

2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)

the bond enthalpies (in kJ mol–1) are

H–H x
O=O y
O–H z

Which calculation will give the value, in kJ mol –1, of HӨ for the reaction?

A. 2x + y –2z

B. 4z – 2x – y

C. 2x + y – 4z

D. 2z –2x – y
(Total 1 mark)

15. Throughout this question, use relevant information from the Data Booklet.

(a) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, and illustrate your
answer with an equation, including state symbols, for the formation of nitric
acid.
(4)

(b) Propyne undergoes complete combustion as follows:

C3H4(g) + 4O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction, given the following

additional values:

HfӨ of CO2(g) = –394 kJ mol–1

HfӨ of H2O(l) = –286 kJ mol–1

(4)

(c) Predict and explain whether the value of SӨ for the reaction in part (b)
would be negative, close to zero, or positive.
(3)

14
 (Total 11 marks)

16. (a) Propyne reacts with hydrogen as follows:

C3H4(g) + 2H2(g)  C3H8(g) HӨ = –287 kJ

Calculate the standard entropy change of this reaction, given the following
additional information:

SӨ of H2(g) = 131 J K–1 mol–1

(3)

(b) Calculate the standard free energy change at 298 K, GӨ, for the reaction
in part (a). Use your answer and relevant information from part (d). If you
did not obtain an answer to part (a), use SӨ = –360 J K–1 (this is not the
correct value).
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

17. (a) The lattice enthalpy of an ionic compound can be calculated using a Born-
Haber cycle. Using lithium fluoride as the example, construct a Born-
Haber cycle, labelling the cycle with the formulas and state symbols of the
species present at each stage.
(6)

(b) Two values of the lattice enthalpies for each of the silver halides are
quoted in the Data Booklet. Discuss the bonding in silver fluoride and in
silver iodide, with reference to these values.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

18. Which statement about bond enthalpies is correct?

A. Bond enthalpies have positive values for strong bonds and negative
values for weak bonds.

B. Bond enthalpy values are greater for ionic bonds than for covalent bonds.

C. Bond breaking is endothermic and bond making is exothermic.

D. The carbon–carbon bond enthalpy values are the same in ethane and

15
ethene.
(Total 1 mark)

16
19. An equation for a reaction in which hydrogen is formed is

CH4 + H2O  3H2 + COHӨ = +210 kJ

Which energy change occurs when 1 mol of hydrogen is formed in this

reaction?

A. 70 kJ of energy are absorbed from the surroundings.

B. 70 kJ of energy are released to the surroundings.

C. 210 kJ of energy are absorbed from the surroundings.

D. 210 kJ of energy are released to the surroundings.

(Total 1 mark)

20. The equations and enthalpy changes for two reactions used in the manufacture
of sulfuric acid are:

S(s) O2(g)  SO2(g) HӨ = –300 kJ

2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)HӨ = –200 kJ

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the reaction below?

2S(s) + 3O2(g)  2SO3(g)

A. –100

B. –400

C. –500

D. –800
(Total 1 mark)

17
21. Which reaction has the largest positive value of SӨ?

A. CO2(g) + 3H2(g)  CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)

B. 2Al(s) + 3S(s)  Al2S3(s)

C. CH4(g) + H2O(g)  3H2(g) + CO(g)

D. 2S(s) + 3O2(g)  2SO3(g)

(Total 1 mark)

22. But–1–ene gas, burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour
according to the following equation.

C4H8 + 6O2  4CO2 + 4H2O

(a) Use the data below to calculate the value of HӨ for the combustion of
but-1-ene.

Bond CC C=C CH O=O C=O O–H

Average bond
enthalpy / kJ 348 612 412 496 743 463
mol–1

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(3)

(b) State and explain whether the reaction above is endothermic or

18
 exothermic.

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(1)
(Total 4 marks)

23. Calculate the enthalpy change, H4 for the reaction

1
C + 2H2 + 2 O2  CH3OH H4

using Hess’s Law and the following information.

1
CH3OH + 1 2 O2  CO2 + 2H2O
1
H1 = 676 kJ mol
1
C + O2  CO2 H2 = 394 kJ mol
1
1
H2 + 2 O2  H2O H3 = 242 kJ mol

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(Total 4 marks)

19
24. Approximate values of the average bond enthalpies, in kJ mol –1, of three
substances are:

H–H 430
F–F 155
H–F 565

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, for this reaction?

2HF  H2 + F2

A. +545

B. +20

C. –20

D. –545
(Total 1 mark)

25. The standard enthalpy change of formation values of two oxides of phosphorus
are:

P4(s) + 3O2(g)  P4O6(s) HӨf= –1600 kJ mol–1

P4(s) + 5O2(g)  P4O10(s) HӨf= –3000 kJ mol–1

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the reaction below?

P4O6(s) + 2O2(g)  P4O10(s)

A. +4600

B. +1400

C. –1400

D. –4600
(Total 1 mark)

20
26. Which is a correct equation to represent the lattice enthalpy of magnesium
sulfide?

A. MgS(s)  Mg(s) + S(s)

B. MgS(s)  Mg(g) + S(g)

C. MgS(s)  Mg+(g) + S–(g)

D. MgS(s)  Mg2+(g) + S2–(g)

(Total 1 mark)

27. Hex-1-ene gas, C6H12, burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
vapour.

(a) Write an equation to represent this reaction.

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(1)

21
(b) Use the data below to calculate the values of HcӨ and ScӨ for the
combustion of hex-1-ene.

Substance O2(g) C6H12(g) CO2(g) H2O(g)

Standard enthalpy of
1
formation, HfӨ / kJ 0.0 –43 –394 –242
mol
1
Entropy, SӨ / J K
205 385 214 189
mol1

(i) Value of HcӨ

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(2)

(ii) Value of ScӨ

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(2)

(c) Calculate the standard free energy change for the combustion of hex-1-
ene.

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(2)

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 (d) State and explain whether or not the combustion of hex-1-ene is
spontaneous at 25C.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

28. Calculate the enthalpy change, H4 for the reaction

1
C + 2H2 + 2 O2  CH3OH H4

using Hess’s Law, and the following information.

1
CH3OH + 1 2 O2  CO2 + 2H2O
1
H1 = 676 kJ mol
1
C + O2  CO2 H2 = 394 kJ mol
1
1
H2 + 2 O2  H2O H3 = 242 kJ mol

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(Total 4 marks)

25
29. Which equation represents a change with a negative value for S?

A. 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)

B. H2O(s)  H2O(g)

C. H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g)

D. 2NH3(g)  N2(g) + 3H2(g)

(Total 1 mark)

30. The expression for the standard free energy change of a reaction is given by

GӨ = HӨ – TSӨ

What are the signs for HӨ and SӨ for a reaction that is spontaneous at all
temperatures?

HӨ SӨ
A. + –
B. – +
C. + +
D. – –
(Total 1 mark)

31. Which statement is correct for an endothermic reaction?

A. The products are more stable than the reactants and H is positive.

B. The products are less stable than the reactants and H is negative.

C. The reactants are more stable than the products and H is positive.

D. The reactants are less stable than the products and H is negative.
(Total 1 mark)

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32. Methylamine can be manufactured by the following reaction.

CH3OH(g) + NH3(g)  CH3NH2(g) + H2O(g)

(a) Define the term average bond enthalpy.

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(2)

(b) Use information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to calculate the
enthalpy change for this reaction.

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(4)
(Total 6 marks)

33. Which statement is correct about the reaction shown?

2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) H = –196 kJ

27
 A. 196 kJ of energy are released for every mole of SO 2(g) reacted.

B. 196 kJ of energy are absorbed for every mole of SO 2(g) reacted.

C. 98 kJ of energy are released for every mole of SO2(g) reacted.

D. 98 kJ of energy are absorbed for every mole of SO2(g) reacted.

(Total 1 mark)

34. Which statements are correct for all exothermic reactions?

I. The enthalpy of the products is less than the enthalpy of the

reactants.

II. The sign of H is negative.

III. The reaction is rapid at room temperature.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

35. Which are characteristics of ions in an ionic compound with a large lattice
enthalpy value?

A. Large ionic radius and high ionic charge

B. Small ionic radius and low ionic charge

C. Large ionic radius and low ionic charge

D. Small ionic radius and high ionic charge

(Total 1 mark)

36. Methylamine can be manufactured by the following reaction.

CH3OH(g) + NH3(g)  CH3NH2(g) + H2O(g)

(a) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation.

28
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(2)

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(b) The values of standard enthalpy changes of formation for some
compounds are shown in the table.

Compound HfӨ / kJ mol–1

NH3(g) – 46
H2O(g) – 242

Predict, with a reason, whether the value of HfӨ for H2O(l) is less than,
greater than, or equal to, the value of HfӨ for H2O(g).

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(2)

(c) Use information from the table in (b) and from Table 11 of the Data Booklet
to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction used to manufacture
methylamine.

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

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31