1. Propane can be formed by the hydrogenation of propene.

CH3CH=CH2(g) + H2(g) → CH3CH2CH3(g)

(i) State the conditions necessary for the hydrogenation reaction to occur.

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(2)

(ii) Enthalpy changes can be determined using average bond enthalpies. Define the term
average bond enthalpy.

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(2)

(iii) Determine a value for the hydrogenation of propene using information from Table 10 of
the Data Booklet.

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(2)

(iv) Explain why the enthalpy of hydrogenation of propene is an exothermic process.

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(1)
(Total 7 marks)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 1
2. Some words used in chemistry can have a specific meaning which is different to their meaning
in everyday English.

State what the term spontaneous means when used in a chemistry context.

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(Total 1 mark)

3. Propene can be hydrogenated in the presence of a nickel catalyst to form propane.

Use the data below to answer the questions that follow.

O –1 O –1 –1
Compound Formula ∆H f / kJ mol S / J K mol
hydrogen H2(g) 0 + 131
propane C3H8(g) – 104 + 270
propene C3H6(g) + 20.4 + 267

(i) Outline why the value for the standard enthalpy change of formation of hydrogen is zero.

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(1)

(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the hydrogenation of propene.

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(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 2
 (iii) Calculate the standard entropy change for the hydrogenation of propene.

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(2)

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(iv) Determine the value of ∆G for the hydrogenation of propene at 298 K.

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(2)

(v) At 298 K the hydrogenation of propene is a spontaneous process. Determine the

temperature above which propane will spontaneously decompose into propene and
hydrogen.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

4. In an experiment to measure the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol, a student heated a

3
copper calorimeter containing 100 cm of water with a spirit lamp and collected the following
data.

Initial temperature of water: 20.0 °C

Final temperature of water: 55.0 °C
Mass of ethanol burned: 1.78 g
–3
Density of water: 1.00 g cm

IB Questionbank Chemistry 3
 (i) Use the data to calculate the heat evolved when the ethanol was combusted.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion per mole of ethanol.

(2)

(iii) Suggest two reasons why the result is not the same as the value in the Data Booklet.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 4
5. The data below are from an experiment to measure the enthalpy change for the reaction of
aqueous copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4(aq) and zinc, Zn(s).

2+ 2+
Cu (aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + Zn (aq)
3 –3
50.0 cm of 1.00 mol dm copper(II) sulfate solution was placed in a polystyrene cup and zinc
powder was added after 100 seconds. The temperature-time data was taken from a data-logging
software program. The table shows the initial 23 readings.

A straight line has been drawn through some of the data points. The equation for this line is
given by the data logging software as

T = –0.050t + 78.0

where T is the Temperature at time t.

IB Questionbank Chemistry 5
 (a) The heat produced by the reaction can be calculated from the temperature change, ΔT,
using the expression below.

Heat change = Volume of CuSO4(aq) × Specific heat capacity of H2O × ∆T

Describe two assumptions made in using this expression to calculate heat changes.

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(2)

(b) (i) Use the data presented by the data logging software to deduce the temperature
change, ∆T, which would have occurred if the reaction had taken place
instantaneously with no heat loss.

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(2)

(ii) State the assumption made in part (b)(i).

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(1)

(iii) Calculate the heat, in kJ, produced during the reaction using the expression given
in part (a).

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(1)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 6
 (c) The colour of the solution changed from blue to colourless. Deduce the amount, in moles,
of zinc which reacted in the polystyrene cup.

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(1)

–1
(d) Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol , for this reaction.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

6. An experiment was designed to investigate how the enthalpy change for a displacement reaction
relates to the reactivities of the metals involved. The following metals in order of decreasing
reactivity were available.

–3
Excess amounts of each metal were added to 1.00 mol dm copper(II) sulfate solution.
The temperature change was measured and the enthalpy change calculated.

(i) Suggest a possible hypothesis for the relationship between the enthalpy change of the
reaction and the reactivity of the metal.

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(1)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 7
 (ii) Sketch a graph on the diagram below to illustrate your hypothesis.

(1)
(Total 2 marks)

7. Hydrazine is a valuable rocket fuel.

The equation for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen is given below.

N2H4(g) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Use the bond enthalpy values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the enthalpy
change for this reaction.
(Total 3 marks)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 8
8. The lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride can be calculated from the Born-Haber cycle shown
below.

(i) Identify the enthalpy changes labelled by I and V in the cycle.

(2)

(ii) Use the ionization energies given in the cycle above and further data from the Data
Booklet to calculate a value for the lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride.
(4)

(iii) The theoretically calculated value for the lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride is
+2326 kJ. Explain the difference between the theoretically calculated value and the
experimental value.
(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 9
 (iv) The experimental lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide is given in Table 13 of the Data
Booklet. Explain why magnesium oxide has a higher lattice enthalpy than magnesium
chloride.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

9. Consider the following Born-Haber cycle:

–1
The magnitudes for each of the enthalpy changes (a to e) are given in kJ mol but their signs
(+ or –) have been omitted.

(i) State the names for the enthalpy changes c and d.

(2)

(ii) Deduce which two of the enthalpy changes a to e have negative signs.
(1)

(iii) Determine the value for the enthalpy of formation of potassium bromide.
(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 10
 (iv) Explain why the quantitative value for the lattice enthalpy of calcium bromide is larger
than the value for the lattice enthalpy of potassium bromide.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

10. In some countries, ethanol is mixed with gasoline (petrol) to produce a fuel for cars called
gasohol.

(i) Define the term average bond enthalpy.

(2)

(ii) Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the standard enthalpy
change for the complete combustion of ethanol.

CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

(3)

(iii) The standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of octane, C 8H18, is
–1
–5471 kJ mol . Calculate the amount of energy produced in kJ when 1 g of ethanol and
1 g of octane is burned completely in air.
(2)

(iv) Ethanol can be oxidized using acidified potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7, to form two
different organic products.

CH3CH2OH A B

State the structural formulas of the organic products A and B and describe the conditions
required to obtain a high yield of each of them.
(4)

(v) Deduce and explain whether ethanol or A has the higher boiling point.
(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 11
 (vi) Ethene can be converted into ethanol by direct hydration in the presence of a catalyst
according to the following equation.

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g)

For this reaction identify the catalyst used and state one use of the ethanol formed other
than as a fuel.
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

11. In some countries, ethanol is mixed with gasoline (petrol) to produce a fuel for cars called
gasohol.

(i) Define the term average bond enthalpy.

(2)

(ii) Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the standard enthalpy
change for the complete combustion of ethanol.

CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

(3)

(iii) The standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of octane, C 8H18, is
–1
–5471 kJ mol . Calculate the amount of energy produced in kJ when 1 g of ethanol and
1 g of octane is burned completely in air.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 12
12. The Born-Haber cycle for MgO under standard conditions is shown below.

The values are shown in the table below.

–1
Process enthalpy change / kJ mol
A +150
B +248
C +736 + (+1450)
D –142 + (+844)
E
F – 602

(i) Identify the processes represented by A, B and D in the cycle.

(3)

(ii) Define the enthalpy change, F.

(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 13
 (iii) Determine the value of the enthalpy change, E.
(2)

(iv) Define the enthalpy change C for the first value. Explain why the second value is
significantly larger than the first.
(4)

(v) The inter-ionic distance between the ions in NaF is very similar to that between the ions
in MgO. Suggest with a reason, which compound has the higher lattice enthalpy value.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

13. (i) The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given below in kJ.
O
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ∆H = –3120
O
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ∆H = –572
O
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = –1411

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Based on the above information, calculate the standard change in enthalpy, ∆H , for the
following reaction.

C2H6(g) → C2H4(g) + H2(g)

(4)

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(ii) Predict, stating a reason, whether the sign of ∆S for the above reaction would be positive
or negative.
(2)

(iii) Discuss why the above reaction is non-spontaneous at low temperature but becomes
spontaneous at high temperatures.
(2)

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(iv) Using bond enthalpy values, calculate ∆H for the following reaction.

C2H6(g) → C2H4(g) + H2(g)

(3)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 14
 (v) Suggest with a reason, why the values obtained in parts (i) and (iv) are different.
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

14. Consider the following reaction:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

(i) Suggest why this reaction is important for humanity.

(1)

(ii) Using the average bond enthalpy values in Table 10 of the Data Booklet, calculate the
standard enthalpy change for this reaction.
(4)

(iii) The absolute entropy values, S, at 238 K for N2(g), H2(g) and NH3(g) are 192, 131 and
–1 –1 ο ο
193 J K mol respectively. Calculate ∆S for the reaction and explain the sign of ∆S .
(2)

ο
(iv) Calculate ∆G for the reaction at 238 K. State and explain whether the reaction is
spontaneous.
(3)

(v) If ammonia was produced as a liquid and not as a gas, state and explain the effect this
ο
would have on the value of ∆H for the reaction.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

15. (i) Define the terms lattice enthalpy and electron affinity.
(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 15
 (ii) Use the data in the following table and from the data booklet to construct the Born-Haber
cycle for sodium chloride, NaCl, and determine the lattice enthalpy of NaCl(s).

1
ο –1
Na(s) + 2 Cl2(g) → NaCl(g) ∆H = –411 kJ mol

ο –1
Na(s) → Na(g) ∆H = +108 kJ mol
(4)

(iii) Describe the structure of sodium chloride.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

IB Questionbank Chemistry 16