Business Data Communications

Infrastructure Networking and Security

7th Edition Stallings Solutions Manual
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 Table 11.1 IP Addresses and Subnet Masks

(a) Dotted decimal and binary representations of IP address and subnet masks

Binary Representation Dotted Decimal

IP address 11000000.11100100.00010001.00111001 192.228.17.57
Subnet mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224
Bitwise AND of address
and mask (resultant 11000000.11100100.00010001.00100000 192.228.17.32
network/subnet number)
Subnet number 11000000.11100100.00010001.001 1
Host number 00000000.00000000.00000000.00011001 25

(b) Default subnet masks

Binary Representation Dotted Decimal

Class A default mask 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.0.0.0
Example Class A mask 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 255.192.0.0
Class B default mask 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0
Example Class B mask 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 255.255.248.0
Class C default mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255. 255. 255.0
Example Class C mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 255. 255. 255.252
 Table 11.2 Traffic Generated by Various Multicasting Strategies

Broadcast Multiple Unicast Multicast

S → N2 S → N3 S → N5 S → N6 Total S → N3 S → N5 S → N6 Total

N1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 1
N2
N3 1 1 1 1 1
N4 1 1 2 1 1 2 2
N5 1 1 1 1 1
N6 1 1 1 1 1
L1 1 1
L2
L3 1 1 1 1 1
L4 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
L5
Total 2 3 4 4 13 3 4 4 11 8
 Table 11.3 IP Performance Metrics
(a) Sampled metrics

Metric Name Singleton Definition Statistical Definitions

One-Way Delay Delay = dT, where Src transmits first bit of
packet at T and Dst received last bit of
packet at T + dT
Round-Trip Delay Delay = dT, where Src transmits first bit of
packet at T and Src received last bit of
packet immediately returned by Dst at T +
dT
One-Way Loss Packet loss = 0 (signifying successful
transmission and reception of packet); = 1
(signifying packet loss)
One-Way Loss Loss distance: Pattern showing the
Pattern distance between successive packet losses
in terms of the sequence of packets
Loss period: Pattern showing the number
of bursty losses (losses involving
consecutive packets)
Packet Delay Packet delay variation (pdv) for a pair of
Variation packets with a stream of packets =
difference between the one-way-delay of
the selected packets
Percentile, median,
minimum, inverse percentile
Percentile, median,
minimum, inverse percentile
Average
Number or rate of loss
distances below a defined
threshold, number of loss
periods, pattern of period
lengths, pattern of inter-loss
period lengths.
Percentile, inverse
percentile, jitter, peak-to-
peak pdv

Src = IP address of a host

Dst = IP address of a host

(b) Other metrics

Metric Name General Definition Metrics

Connectivity Ability to deliver a packet One-way instantaneous connectivity, Two-way
over a transport instantaneous connectivity, one-way interval
connection. connectivity, two-way interval connectivity,
two-way temporal connectivity
Bulk Transfer Long-term average data BTC = (data sent)/(elapsed time)
Capacity rate (bps) over a single
congestion-aware transport
connection.