—s— Eee ——— es ey eee enna — a ——— ee. = ee eae __ In this unit, students will learn how to Prove the following theorems alongwith corollaries and apply them to solve appropriate problems. 28 One and only one circle can pass through three non collinear points. 2» A straight line, drawn from the centre of a circle to bisect a chord (which is not a diameter) is perpendicular to the chord. 2 Perpendicular from the centre of a circle on a chord bisects it. & If two chords of a circle are congruent then they will be equidistant from the centre. 2% Two chords of a circle which are equidistant from the centre are congruent. eBasic concepts of the circle A cirele is the locus of a moving point P in a plane which is always equidistant from some fixed point O. The fixed point 0 not lying on the circle is called the centre, the constant distance OP is its radius whereas the boundary taced by moving point P is called circumference of the circle Note that the radial segment of a circle is fr, a line segment, determined by the centre and a point on the circle. There is only one centre point Whereas all the radii ofa circle are equal in length, In the adjoining figure (i) of the circle, the Pp Q length of radial segment = mOP = m0Q = mOT Fig. (i) Cy. 2nr is the circumference of a circle with radius r whereas an irrational number 7 being the ratio of the circumference and the diameter of a given circle. ‘An are ACB of a circle is any portion of _p| its circumference. ‘A chord AKB of a circle is a line segment joining any two points A and B on the ‘circumference of a circle. Whereas diameter POQ is the chord passing through the centre of a circle. Evidently diameter bisects a circle. Fig. (i) A segment is the portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a corresponding chord Evidently any chord divides a circle into two segments. In figure (ii) the bigger area shown by J slanting line segments is the major segment whereas the smaller area shown by shading is the minor segment. A sector of a circle is the plane figure bounded by two radii and the are intercepted between them. Any pair of radii divides a circle into two sectors. In the figure (ii) OAIB is the minor sector, whereas OAJB is the major sector of the ‘minor segment \_ minor sector iy, Fig. Gil) circle ZAOB is the central angle of a circle whose vertex is at the centre O and its arms meet at the end points of the arc AB.9.1) Given: A, B and C are three non collinear points in aplane, To prove: One and only one circle can pass through, three non-collinear points A, B and C. Construction: Join A with B and B with C. Draw DF 1 bisector to AB and HIK 1 bisector to BC. So, DF and HK are not parallel and they intersect each other at point O. Also join A, B and C with point 0. Proof: =]BiL oe ‘One and only one circle can pass through three non-c Statements Reasons Every point on DF is equidistant from A and B. In particular mA = mOB @ Similarly every point on HK is equidistant from, Band. In particular mOB = mC ) Now 0 is the only point common to DF and IK which is equidistant from A, B and C. i.e, mOA = mOB = mOC ‘However there is no such other point expect 0. Hence a circle with centre O and radius OA will pass through A, B and C. Ultimately there is only one circle which passes through three given points A, B and C. ENN Show that only one circle can be drawn ‘0 pass through the vertices of any rectangle. Given: ABCD is a rectangle. To Prove: Only one circle can be drawn through the vertices of the rectangle ABCD. Construction: Diagonals AC and BD of the rectangle ‘meet each other at point 0. DF 1 bisector to AB (construction) FR is 1 bisector to BC (construction) Using (j) and (ii) > wn Zan SJState Reasons ABCD is a rectangle. Given mC =mBD (| Diagonals of a rectangle are equal. “KC and BD meet each other at 0 Construction =. mOA = mOC and mOB = mOD (i) | Diagonals of rectangle bisect each other => mOA = mOB = mOC = mOD- Gi) ‘Using (i) and (ii) ie, point O is equidistant from all vertices of the rectangle ABCD. Hence OA, B, OC and OD are the radii of the circle which is passing through the vertices of the rectangle having centre O. =" <9 ae 9.1(i) A straight line, drawn from the centre of a circle to bisect a chord (which is not a diameter) is perpendicular to the chord. Given: M is the mid point of any chord AB of a circle with centre at 0. Where chord AB is not the diameter of the circle. To prove: OM B Constructio Write Z 1 and 22 as shown in the figure. Proof: ‘Statements Reasons In A OAM © AOBM mA = mOB Radii of the same circle miM = mBMt Given mOM=mOWt ‘Common AOAM = AOBM SSS=SSS > m£l=mZ2 (i) | Corresponding angles of congruent triangles i.e, m Z1 +m 22 =mZAMB = 180° Gi) Adjacent supplementary angles _mZl=mZ2=9" From (i) and (i) ie, OM LABBiase) ic) 9.AGii) Perpendicular from the centre of a circle on a chord bisects it, Given: AB is the chord of a circle with centre at O so that OM L chord AB. ‘To prove: M is the mid point of chord AB ie, mAM =mBM Construction: Join A and B with centre O. Proof: Statements In Zrt A OAM © OBM mZOMA = mZOMB = 90° hyp. mOd = hyp. mOB. mOM = mOM © AOAM = AOBM Hence, mAM = mBM => OM biscets the chord AB. Corollary 1: Corollary of acircle. of two citcles and intercepted by them are equal, ‘Reasons Given Radi of the same circle ‘Common In Za’ HS=HS Corresponding sides ‘congruent triangles of _L bisector of the chord of a circle passes through the centre of a circle. ‘The diameter of a circle passes through the mid points of two parallel chords Parallel lines passing through the points of intersection, Given: Two circles have centres O and 0, PE B They intersect each other at points E and F. / Ik Line segment AB I Line segment CD o| 0, ‘To Prove: mAB=mD Is Construction: Draw PT and RS 1 both AB and <~C" TF D ©D and join the centres 0, and O,, Pros Statements Reasons Construction PRST is a rectangle PR=mTS @ By Theorem 34 (mE +m EB) Using (i), (ii) and Soe Sore 1. Prove that, the diameters of a circle bisect each other. 2. Two chords of a circle do not pass through the centre, Prove that they cannot bisect each other. 3. If length of the chord AB diameter of such circle. 4, Calculate the length of a chord which stands at a distance Sem from the centre of a circle whose radius is Sem, =——) THEOREM4 (= 9.1(iv) If two chords of a circle are congruent then they will be equidistant from the centre. = Scm, Its distance from the centre is 3 cm, then find the Given: AB and GD are two equal chords of a circle with centre at 0, So that OH | AB and OK 1 CD. ‘To prove: mOH=mOK Construction: Join O with A and O with C. ‘So that we have ZrtA’ OAH and OCK. Proof: Statements OF bisects chord AB OH AB ie, mH =} mAB @ Similarly OK bisects chord CD OKLCD By Theorem3 mtb @ ie, mK:But mAB=mCD Given Hence mAH =mCK Givy | Using G, (i) & Gi) Now in Zrt A‘ OAH © OCK Given OF LAB and OR 1. CD hyp OA =hyp OC Radi of the same circle ‘AR = mCR Already proved in (iv) AOAH= AOCK HLS postulate = mOH=mOK SB 9.1(%) Two chords of a circle which are equidistant from the centre, are congruent. Given: AB and CD are two chords of a circle with centre at 0. OF AB and OK 1 CD, so that mOH = mOK ‘To prove: m4B = mCB Construction: Toin A and C with 0. So that we can form (ZrtX* OAH and OCK. Proof: Statements Reasons In 271 Av OAH © OCK. hyp OA =hyp OC Radii of the same circle, Given HS Postulate (| Comesponding sides of ‘congruent triangles (i) | OL chord AB Given) (ii) | OK Lchord @ Given) Since mAH= mK Aleady proved in (i) oe }maB 4m cD ‘Using (ii) & (iii) or mAB =m CD Prove that the largest chord in a circle is the diameter.Given: AB is a chord and CD is the diameter of a circle with centre point 0. ‘To prove: IFAB and CD are distinct, then mCD > mAB. Construction: Join O with A and with B then form a A OAB. Proof: Sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than its third side. InAOAB => mA + mOB > mAB @ But OA and OB are the radii of the same circle with centre 0. So that mOA + mOB cD «i => Diameter CD > chord AB using (i) & Gi) Hence, diameter CD is greater than any other chord drawn in the circle SS eo ‘Two equal chords of a circle intersect, show that the segments of the one are equal corresponding to the segments of the other AB is the chord of a circle and the diameter CD is perpendicular bisector of AB. Prove that mAC = mBC. 3. As shown in the figure, find the distance between two parallel chords AB and CD. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 9 ‘Multiple Choice Questions 1. _ Four possible answers are given for the following questions. ‘Tick (¥) the correct answer. (Inthe circular figure, ADB is called @ mate (b) asecant B © (d) adiameter achordii) @) o wi) (wi) (viii) (ix) @ (i) (xi) In the circular figure, ACB is called (a) anare (b) asecant (© achord (@) adiameter In the circular figure, AOB is called @ anare (B) asecant (© achord (@) adiameter B A mom B In a circular figure, two chords AB and CD are a equidistant from the centre. They will be LK (a) parallel (b) non congruent A (©) congruent (@ perpendicular aD Radi of a circle are (a) allequal (b) double of the diameter () all unequal (@) half of any chord A chord passing through the centre of a circle is called @ radius () diameter (©) circumference (d) secant Right bisector of the chord of a circle always passes through the (@) radius () circumference (© centre (@) diameter The circular region bounded by two radii and the corresponding arc is called (@ circumference of a circle (B) sector of a circle (©) diameter of a circle (@) segment of a circle The distance of any point of the circle to its centre is called @ radius (®) diameter (©) achord ~—(@)_—aanare Line segment joining any point of the circle to the centre is called (@ circumference ©) diameter (©) radial segment (a) perimeter Locus of a point in a plane equidistant from a fixed point is called @ radius (circle (© circumference (d)__ diameter ‘The symbol for a triangle is denoted by @ Zz A ol @ ©(xiv) Q2. A complete circle is divided into (a) Wdegrees (b) 180degrees (c) 270 degrees (d) 360 degrees ‘Through how many non collinear points, can a circle pass? (a) one () two (©) three (none Differentiate between the following terms and illustrate them by diagrams. (@ — Acitcle and a circumference. (ii) Acchord and the diameter of a circle. (iii) Achord and an are of a circle. (iv) Minor are and major arc of a circle. (v) Interior and exterior of a circle. (vi) A sector and a segment of a circle. =) SUMMAR’ 2nr is the circumference of a circle with radius r. mo? is the area of a circle with radius r. Three or more points lying on the same line are called collinear points otherwise they are non-collinear points The circle passing through the vertices of a triangle is called its circumeircle whereas bisectors of sides of the triangle provide the centre. One and only one circle can pass through three non-collinear points A straight line, drawn from the centre of a citcle to bisect a chord (which is not a diameter) is perpendicular to the chord, Perpendicular from the centre of a circle on a chord bisects it. If two chords of a circle are congruent, then they will be equidistant from the centre, ‘Two chords of a circle which are equidistant from the centre are congruent.