Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100058

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Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/padiff

The solution of Poisson partial differential equations via Double Laplace

Transform Method
Amjad Ali a,b ,∗,1 , Abdullah a ,1 , Anees Ahmad a ,1
a Department of Mathematics, Govt P.G Jahanzeb College Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
b Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

MSC: The Poisson’s Partial Differential Equation (PPDEs) is known as the generalization of a famous Laplace’s
primary 37A25 Equation. The aforementioned differential equation is an elliptic in nature and frequently used in theoretical
secondary 34D20 physics. The consider equation shows linkage between potential difference and volume charge density. The
37M01
authors, developed the scheme for approximate solution of PPDEs by Double Laplace Transform (DLT). To
Keywords: illustrated the main work, we have steepness some numerical examples. Author’s also provided graphical
Poisson partial differential equations representation corresponding to desired solutions for the concern class of PDEs.
Double Laplace Transform
Approximate solution
Matlab

1. Introduction
The subject of differential calculus constitutes a large and very im-
portant portion of modern mathematics. In fact, it plays a central rule in
both pure and applied mathematics. All those phenamena that involve
the rate of change, are described in the form of Differential Equations
(DEs). In engineering, differential equations are most commonly used
in model dynamic system.1–5 Recently, differential calculus has got the
considerable attention of researchers due to its numerous applications
in various fields of science and engineering such as the design of
containers and funnels in fluid dynamics, heat conduction analysis
for the designation of heat spreaders in microelectronics, combined
heat conduction, convection for the designation of heating and cooling
chambers and rigid body dynamics.6–8 Furthermore, the important fea-
tures of differential calculus are the modelling of real world problems
arising in geometry, physics and applied mathematics in the form of
DEs and the solution of complex problems.9,10
Majority of universal laws are naturally formulated as DEs.9–11 In
this regards, researchers paid much attention to the concerned area
of research. A class of DEs in which unknown function depends on
single independent variable is known as Ordinary Differential Equa-
tion (ODEs). ODEs arise most commonly in the study of dynamical
systems and electrical networks. That are much easier to treat than
partial differential equations (PDEs), whose unknown functions de-
pend on more than one independent variables. This class of DEs is
concerned to formulate mathematically the solution of physical and
engineering problems involving functions of several variables such as
propagation of heat and sound, fluid flow, elasticity, electrostatics and
electrodynamics.11–13 Some of the common examples of PDEs which
describe physical phenomena in the real world are wave equation, that
describes the motion of stretched string such as musical instruments,
heat equation that describes the variation in temperature in a given
region and interval of time, Poisson equation, Laplace equation and
telegraph equation, see Refs. 14, 15.
Differential calculus has numerous applications in several fields of
social and physical science, such as chemistry, dynamics, fluid flow,
pattern organization, signal and image processing. Due to aforemen-
tioned applications of DEs, the researchers are taking keen interest
in investigation of different aspects of the aforesaid area of research.
The important aspects of DEs are existence, stability and numerical
analysis. Furthermore, in some situation it is too difficult to find
the exact analytic solution of each DE. Although, if exact solution is
possible which needs massive calculation. In such a situation numerical
techniques play a key role to investigate the approximate solution of
DEs. The researchers developed different numerical techniques, some
of the most commonly used techniques are Adomian Decomposition
Method (ADM),16 Differential Transform Method (DTM),17 Finite Dif-
ference Method (FDM) and Finite Element Method (FEM), Hirota Direct
Method (HDM).18–22 Along with aforementioned techniques, some in-
tegral transforms were also developed in order to find the approximate
solution of PDEs, such as Backlund Transform, Fourier Transform,
Melline Transform, Natural, Samudu Transform, Laplace Transform and
many more, for more detail see Refs. 23–33. Probably, one of the

∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, Govt P.G Jahanzeb College Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
E-mail addresses: amjadalimna@yahoo.com (A. Ali), abdullah.aabid98@gmail.com (Abdullah), aneesmaths52@gmail.com (A. Ahmad).
1
All authors have equally contributed this work.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2021.100058
Received 18 November 2020; Received in revised form 14 April 2021; Accepted 18 May 2021

2666-8181/© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
A. Ali, Abdullah and A. Ahmad Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100058

most accurate and efficient transform of the mentioned techniques is where 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑠) represents the Laplace transform of 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)’’.
Laplace Transform. Laplace Transform is one of the modern technique Similarly, ‘‘Laplace transform of the function 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) w.r.t ‘𝑥’ is
used for the solution of PDEs. This technique transforms a function of defined as
real variable to a function of complex variable. The Laplace transform ∞

has the advantages over classical methods that it gives the particular ℒ𝑥 {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)} = 𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑡) = 𝑒−𝑝𝑥 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)𝑑𝑥,
∫0
solution directly with out finding the general solution of the pro-
where 𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑡) represents the Laplace transform of 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡).
posed problem. In case of non-homogeneous DEs, we do not need to
find the corresponding general solution of the problem. Recently, the
Properties of Laplace transform for function of two variables
researchers used the technique of double Laplace transform for the
Let 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) be the continuous function for all 𝑡 ≥ 0 and 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑠) =
solution of DEs, specially PDEs. The aforesaid modified technique, we
ℒ𝑡 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) be the Laplace transform of 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡), then we have the
convert one or both of the independent variable/variables to complex
following properties
variables. This technique works more efficiently and accurately for the
initial value problems, for further study, we refer.34–39 • ℒ𝑡 {𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡)} = 𝑠𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑠) − 𝑢(𝑥, 0),
An important class of second order PDE is known as Poisson PDE, • ℒ𝑡 {𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡)} = 𝑠2 𝑈{(𝑥, 𝑠) − 𝑢(𝑥,
} 0) − 𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0),
that shows linkage between potential difference and volume charge 𝜕𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕
• ℒ𝑡 {𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡)} = ℒ𝑡 = 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑠),
density. Poisson equation plays an important role in many branches 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
of science such as astronomy, fluid mechanics, electrodynamics, elec- 𝜕2
• ℒ𝑡 {𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡)} = 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑠).
tromagnetics, heat transfer, electrostatics and many others, for further 𝜕𝑥2
study we refer.12 The general form of aforesaid PDE is given by Similarly, we have
𝜌
∇2 𝑢 = − , • ℒ𝑥 {𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡)} = 𝑝𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑡) − 𝑢(0, 𝑡),
𝜀
• ℒ𝑥 {𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡)} = 𝑝2{𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑡) − 𝑢(0,
} 𝑡) − 𝑢𝑥 (0, 𝑡),
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕
where ∇2 = + is the Laplacian or Laplace operator, ‘‘𝑢’’, • ℒ𝑥 {𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡)} = ℒ𝑥 = 𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑡),
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑦2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
‘‘𝜌’’ and ‘‘𝜖’’ represent potential difference, volume charge density and
𝜕2
permittivity of the medium respectively. The aforementioned PDE can • ℒ𝑥 {𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡)} = 𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑡).
𝜕𝑡2
be extended into two dimensional Poisson equation, that is
The author’s will utilized these properties of double Laplace transform
𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦), for further correspondence in this work.

where 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is an unknown function of two independent variables

Definition 2.2 (Ref. 41). Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) be a function of two independent
𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) is a source function.
variables ‘𝑥’ and ‘𝑡’, then the DLT of 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) is denoted by 𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑠) and
The PPDEs is the generalization of a famous Laplace’s Equation,
defined as
which is linear and elliptic in nature and frequently uses in theoretical ∞ ∞
physics. The proposed class of DEs is vastly used by researchers to ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑡 {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)} = 𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑠) = 𝑒−(𝑝𝑥+𝑠𝑡) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑥, (2.1)
∫0 ∫0
investigate different problems related to physical sciences. Inspired
from various applications of considered type of PPDEs, the authors we can also express it in the form of
developed the scheme for approximate solution of PPDEs by DLT. The ∞ ∞
concerned techniques provides more efficient and reliable results to ℒ2 {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡); (𝑝, 𝑠)} = 𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑠) = 𝑒−(𝑝𝑥+𝑠𝑡) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑥. (2.2)
∫0 ∫0
handle linear PDEs. DLT does not needs too massive and complicated
calculation while solving the proposed class of linear PDEs. We also Properties of Double Laplace Transform for Derivatives
present, some specific examples and numerical discussion obtained via Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) be a continuous function, for 𝑡 ⩾ 0, then
Matlab to illustrate the main work. Although, the technique under { 𝑛 }
𝜕 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) ∑
𝑛−1
𝜕𝑖
consideration works more accurately for the linear DEs and PDEs, ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑡 = 𝑠 𝑛
𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑠) − 𝑠𝑛−𝑖−1 𝑖 𝑈 (𝑝, 0),
but for solutions of nonlinear PDEs researchers utilize the tool of 𝜕𝑡𝑛 𝑖=0
𝜕𝑡
Adomian decomposition coupled with LT is so-called Laplace Adomian Similarly, we have
Decomposition Method (LADM), (see Refs. 38–41).
{ 𝑛 }
We organized the rest of the paper as follow. In Section 1, the 𝜕 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) ∑
𝑛−1
𝜕𝑖
ℒ𝑡 ℒ𝑥 𝑛
= 𝑝𝑛 𝑈 (𝑝, 𝑠) − 𝑝𝑛−𝑖−1 𝑖 𝑈 (0, 𝑠).
author’s provided brief introduction and applications of differential 𝜕𝑥 𝑖=0
𝜕𝑥
calculus. The Section 2, is comprised of some of the basic definitions,
lemmas, results and properties of double Laplace transforms. The Sec- 3. General procedure for solution of Poisson equation
tion 3, is committed to the scheme for construction of general solution
of the PPDEs via double Laplace transform. In Section 4, we provide In this section, we developed the general procedure for the solution
some examples and numerical discussion to illustrate our main work. of Poisson partial differential equation via Double Laplace Transform
The last Section of this work, we discussed the conclusion of entire Method (DLTM). Consider the Poisson partial differential equation with
work. initial conditions (ICs) is given by

𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦), (3.1)

2. Preliminaries
subjected to the conditions
In this section, we recall some of the basic definitions, lemmas,
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓0 (𝑥), 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓1 (𝑥),
results and properties of double Laplace transforms, which will be
useful through out the computational of our main work. 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 𝑔0 (𝑦), 𝑢𝑥 (0, 𝑦) = 𝑔1 (𝑦).
Applying DLT to (3.1), we get
Definition 2.1 (Refs. 37, 40). ‘‘If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) be a function of two indepen-
dent variables ‘𝑥’ and ‘𝑡’, then the Laplace transform of the function ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑦 {𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)} = ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑦 {𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)}. (3.2)
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) w.r.t ‘𝑡’ is defined as
By linearity property of DLT Eq. (3.2), becomes
∞
−𝑠𝑡
ℒ𝑡 {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)} = 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝑒 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)𝑑𝑡, ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑦 {𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)} = ℒ𝑦 ℒ𝑥 {𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)} + ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑦 {𝑢𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)}, (3.3)
∫0

2
A. Ali, Abdullah and A. Ahmad Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100058

In-view of properties of DLT Eq. (3.3), become

ℒ𝑥 {𝐺(𝑥, 𝑝)} = ℒ𝑦 {𝑠2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑦) − 𝑠𝑢(0, 𝑦) − 𝑢𝑥 (0, 𝑦)}
(3.4)
+ ℒ𝑥 {𝑝2 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑝) − 𝑝𝑢(𝑥, 0) − 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 0)},
using the initial conditions on (3.4), we get
ℒ𝑥 {𝐺(𝑥, 𝑝)} = 𝑠2 ℒ𝑦 {𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑦)} − 𝑠ℒ𝑦 {𝑔0 (𝑦)} − ℒ𝑦 {𝑔1 (𝑦)}
+ 𝑝2 ℒ𝑥 {𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑝)} − 𝑝ℒ𝑥 {𝑓0 (𝑥)} − ℒ𝑥 {𝑓1 (𝑥)}.
Applying the LT w.r.t second concerned variable, we have

𝐺(𝑠, 𝑝) = 𝑠2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) − 𝑠𝐺0 (𝑝) − 𝐺1 (𝑝) + 𝑝2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) − 𝑝𝐹0 (𝑠) − 𝐹1 (𝑠).

Rearranging the terms, we have

𝐺(𝑠, 𝑝) = 𝑠2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) + 𝑝2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) − 𝑝𝐹0 (𝑠) − 𝑠𝐺0 (𝑝) − 𝐺1 (𝑝) − 𝐹1 (𝑠),
𝐺(𝑠, 𝑝) + 𝑠𝐺0 (𝑝) + 𝑝𝐹0 (𝑠) + 𝐺1 (𝑝) + 𝐹1 (𝑠) (3.5)
𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) = .
(𝑠2 + 𝑝2 )
Now applying inverse DLT to Eq. (3.5), we get
{ }
𝐺(𝑠, 𝑝) + 𝑠𝐺0 (𝑝) + 𝑝𝐹0 (𝑠) + 𝐺1 (𝑝) + 𝐹1 (𝑠)
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = ℒ𝑥−1 ℒ𝑦−1 . (3.6)
𝑠2 + 𝑝2 𝑥2 𝑦 2
Fig. 1. Plot of 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∀𝑥 ∈ [0, 2] and 𝑦 ∈ [0, 2].
Which is the general format for the solution of Poisson equation by 2
DLT.

4. Illustrative examples Now, applying inverse DLT on above equation, we get

{ }
2
ℒ𝑥−1 ℒ𝑦−1 {𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝)} = ℒ𝑥−1 ℒ𝑦−1 ,
The concerned section is committed to some basic examples that 𝑝3 𝑠3
illustrates the constructed general procedure for the concerned prob- 𝑥2 𝑦 2
lem. We also provide plots to explain the computational analysis of the 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = .
2
concerned examples. Which is the required solution of the considered Poisson equation.

Example 1. Consider the Poisson PDE, given by

Example 2. Consider the following class Poisson partial differential
𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , (4.1)
equation,
subjected to the conditions
𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 (4.3)
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑢𝑥 (0, 𝑦) = 0,
subjected to the ICs:
𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 0) = 0.
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑥, 𝑢𝑥 (0, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦,
Solution: Applying DLT on (4.1), we have
𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 0) = 0.
ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑦 {𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)} = ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑦 {𝑥2 + 𝑦2 }.
Solution: Applying DLT to Eq. (4.3)
By linearity property of DLT the above relation, can be express as
ℒ𝑦 ℒ𝑥 {𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)} + ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑦 {𝑢𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)}
ℒ𝑦 ℒ𝑥 {𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)} + ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑦 {𝑢𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)}
(4.2) = ℒ𝑥 [−𝑥ℒ𝑦 {𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦}].
= ℒ𝑦 ℒ𝑥 {𝑥2 } + ℒ𝑥 ℒ𝑦 {𝑦2 }.
By using properties of DLT, we get By properties of DLT for derivatives, we get

ℒ𝑦 {𝑠2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑦) − 𝑠𝑢(0, 𝑦) − 𝑢𝑥 (0, 𝑦)} ℒ𝑦 {𝑠2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑦) − 𝑠𝑢(0, 𝑦) − 𝑢𝑥 (0, 𝑦)}

+ ℒ𝑥 {𝑝2 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑝) − 𝑝𝑢(𝑥, 0) − 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 0)} + ℒ𝑥 {𝑝2 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑝) − 𝑝𝑢(𝑥, 0) − 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 0)}
[ { }]
2 2 𝑝
= ℒ𝑦 { } + ℒ𝑥 { }. = ℒ𝑥 (−𝑥) .
𝑠3 𝑝3 𝑝2 + 1
Using initial conditions, we get Using the given initial conditions

ℒ𝑦 {𝑠2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑦)} + ℒ𝑥 {𝑝2 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑝)} ℒ𝑦 {𝑠2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑦) − cos(𝑦)} + ℒ𝑥 {𝑝2 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑝) − 𝑝(𝑥)}
2 2 𝑝
= ℒ𝑦 { } + ℒ𝑥 { }. = ℒ𝑥 {−𝑥}.
𝑠3 𝑝3 𝑝2 + 1

Now applying LT w.r.t the mentioned variable, we get Now applying the LT w.r.t the variable mentioned,
{ }
2 2 𝑝 1
𝑠2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) + 𝑝2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) = + . 𝑠2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) − + 𝑝2 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) − 𝑝
𝑝𝑠3 𝑠𝑝3 𝑝2 + 1 𝑠2
{ }
This yields 𝑝 1
= − ,
𝑝2 + 1 𝑠2
2 2
{𝑠2 + 𝑝2 }𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) = + , by simple computation, we get
𝑝𝑠3 𝑠𝑝3
2 𝑝
𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) = 𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝) = .
𝑝3 𝑠3 𝑠2 (𝑝2 + 1)

3
A. Ali, Abdullah and A. Ahmad
Fig. 2. Plot of 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 cos(𝑦) ∀𝑥 ∈ [0, 3] and 𝑦 ∈ [0, 2].
Now taking the inverse DLT of both sides,
{ }
𝑝
ℒ𝑥−1 ℒ𝑦−1 {𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑝)} = ℒ𝑥−1 ℒ𝑦−1 , 19. Morton KW, Mayer DF. Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations. second
𝑠2 (𝑝2 + 1)
{ }
1 (4.4)
ℒ𝑥−1 {𝑈 (𝑠, 𝑦)} = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦)ℒ𝑥−1 , 21. Yu JP, Sun YL. Study of lump solution to the dimensionally reduced generalized
𝑠2
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦).
Eq. (4.4) is the desired solution for the considered Poisson PDE (4.3).
From Figs. 1 and 2, it is cleared that 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) has a direct relation with
𝑥 and 𝑦, where ‘‘𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)’’ represents the potential difference,‘‘𝑥’’ and ‘‘𝑦’’
are the quantities at which charge and volume respectively depend. We
observed that with the increase in the charge and volume, there occurs
an increase in potential difference.
5. Conclusion
This research work, is committed to the numerical simulations
of PPDE, which is known as the generalization Laplace’s Equation.
These are frequently used in different fields of physical sciences. We
established the scheme for numerical approximation of PPDEs via well
know numerical technique called DLT. The author’s also provided some
numerical examples for illustration of proposed scheme for general
solution. We also presented the graphical representation of obtained
results via DLT by Matlab. For further work, we suggest that researches
may modify the proposed techniques to DLADM for investigation of
nonlinear PDEs.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
We all authors sincerely thank all the reviewers and editors for their
thoughtful comments and suggestions.
Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100058
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