Load Flow Calculations

Conducted by: M.L.A.Dilrukshi

Lecturer
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Engineering Technology, Katunayake
Load flow
• Flow of electrical power in an electrical system

Load flow studies

• Study about the flow of electric power in the electrical system
• Analysis of a power system in normal steady state conditions
• Load flow studies basically involves the determination of
• Voltage
• Current
• Active and Reactive power
Objectives of load flow studies

• Evaluate the ability of the system to adequately supply the loads while remaining within
the required voltage and current ranges
• Evaluate the operating characteristics of the power system for a given load and generator
power and voltage conditions
• Design and plan of the power system and check for the expansions
• Provide guidelines for the optimum operation of power system
Q1. Find the real and reactive power supplied by the generator, power dissipated in the
feeder and voltage at the generator.
Take common base as 132kV, 100MVA Load

𝑃 = 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
0.07∗100
Per unit impedance of transformer 2 = = 0.14𝑝𝑢
50
𝑃 40
𝑆= = = 50𝑀𝑉𝐴
cos(𝜃) 0.8
Feeder
50
𝑆𝑝𝑢 = = 0.5𝑝𝑢
2
𝑉𝑏 1322 100
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 174Ω
𝑉𝐴 100 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝑝𝑢 ∗ 𝐼𝑝𝑢
8 + 𝑗30 𝐼𝑝𝑢 = 0.5𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = = 0.0459 + 𝑗0.172
174 𝑄 = 𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 50 ∗ 0.6 = 30
30
𝑄𝑝𝑢 = = 0.3𝑝𝑢
100
 j0.1 j0.12 0.0459 j0.172 j0.14

𝑋𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.1 + 0.12 + 0.172 + 0.14 = 𝑗0.532

Dissipated power (per unit)= 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 0.52 ∗ 0.0459 = 0.0115
Dissipated power (actual) = 0.0115*100= 1.15MW

Generated power (per unit) = 0.4 +0.0115=0.4115

Generated power (actual) = 0.4115 *100= 411.5 MW
Reactive power (per unit) = 𝐼 2 𝑋 + 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0.52 ∗ 0.532 + 0.3 = 0.433
Reactive power (actual)= 0.433*100=43.3 MVar

Generator voltage
𝑆 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2
𝑆 2 = 0.41152 + 0.43322
S = 0.597pu
S=V*I

0.597
𝑉𝑝𝑢 = = 1.195
0.5
Generator voltage = 1.195*20= 23.9kV
Q2. Find the real and reactive power supplied by the generator, power dissipated in the
feeder.

Load 50MW at
0.85power
factor lagging

0.1Ω/km
30km
Take common base as 220kV, 600MVA Load

𝑃 = 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
0.35∗600
Per unit impedance of generator= = 2.1𝑝𝑢
100
𝑃 50
0.05∗600 𝑆= = = 58.82𝑀𝑉𝐴
Per unit impedance of transformer 1= = 0.2𝑝𝑢 cos(𝜃) 0.85
150

Per unit impedance of transformer 2= 0.1𝑝𝑢 58.82

𝑆𝑝𝑢 = = 0.098𝑝𝑢
600

Feeder 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝑝𝑢 ∗ 𝐼𝑝𝑢

2
𝐼𝑝𝑢 = 0.098𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑏 2202
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 80.66Ω 𝑄 = 𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 58.82 ∗ 0.5267 = 30.98
𝑉𝐴 600
30.98
(0.1 ∗ 30) + 𝑗(0.25 ∗ 30) 𝑄𝑝𝑢 = = 0.0516𝑝𝑢
600
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = = 0.037 + 𝑗0.093
80.66
 j2.1 j0.2 0.037 j0.093 j0.1

𝑋𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2.1 + 0.2 + 0.093 + 0.1 = 𝑗2.493 Reactive power (per unit) = 𝐼2 𝑋 + 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

Dissipated power (per unit)= 𝐼2 𝑅 = 0.0982 ∗ 0.037 = 0.00035 = 0.0982 ∗ 2.493 + 0.0516 = 0.075

Dissipated power (actual) = 0.00035*600= 0.213MW

Reactive power (actual)= 0.075*600

Generated power (per unit) = (50/600) +0.00035 = 0.0836 =45.32 MVar

Generated power (actual) = 0.0836 *600= 50.21 MW

Power system stability

• The stability of an interconnected power system is its ability to maintain acceptable operating
conditions under normal operation and after being subjected to a disturbance
• Capability to return to the original or new equilibrium state on occurrence of disturbances
Rotor angle stability
• Ability of the interconnected synchronous machines in a power system to remain in synchronism
• Small signal stability
• The ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under small disturbances like small
variations in loads and generation
• Transient stability
• The ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under severe disturbances like loss of large
generation, load or transmission line

Voltage stability
• The ability of the power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all the busses in the system
under normal operating conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance
Classification of buses

• Bus is defined as a node where many transmission lines, generators and loads are connected
• Bus is indicated by a vertical line where these components are connected
• Mainly there are three types of buses
• Load bus
• A bus where the active and reactive power are specified
• Most common type in power systems (around 80%)
• Voltage controlled bus/Generator bus
• Always connected with the generator
• Slack bus
• The bus which doesn’t carry any load
AC generators which produce constant frequency, constant voltage output
are called as “synchronous generators”

Principle of operation of a synchronous machine

• Rotor is fitted with DC winding

• Energize the DC winding by supplying a DC current
• Then North-South pattern of magnetic poles are created
• Then the rotor is rotated by the prime mover
• A time varying magnetic flux is applied to the 3-phase winding in stator
• Stator induced a balance 3-phase voltage
By increasing the DC current for the rotor, generated voltage can be increased

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐟
𝐍=
𝐏
P = no. of poles on the rotor
f = frequency
N = rpm speed of the rotor

Method of excitation
▪ To supply DC current to the rotor(field) winding
▪ Control the magnitude of direct current
• Using external DC source
• Using self generated DC
• Using self generated AC plus rectification
 Φ=Power factor angle
δ = Load angle/ Rotor angle

• For large generators, Ra value can be ignored.

Real power (P) and Reactive power (Q)

P = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜃
Q = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 sin 𝜃

From the diagram,

𝐸𝑎 sin 𝛿 = 𝑋𝑠 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜃
𝐸𝑎 cos 𝛿 − 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑋𝑠 𝐼𝑎 sin 𝜃

𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝑎 sin 𝛿
P=
𝑋𝑠

𝑉𝑎 (𝐸𝑎 cos 𝛿 − 𝑉𝑎 )
Q=
𝑋𝑠
Synchronization
▪ When a live generator is connecting to a live bus bar there’s a process called
synchronization.
▪ There are essential conditions for connecting.
▪ The generator and bus bar should have
• Same frequency
• Same line-line voltage
• Same phase sequence
• Same phase instant
Real Power sharing/ Parallel operation of generators
Q. Two generators A and B, with rated power of 500MW and 300MW and governor
droops of 3% and 4% are operating in parallel. The combination delivers a total power of
600MW at 50Hz with generator A taking 65% share. The rated frequency is 50Hz.
Find,
i. The maximum total power that the combination can deliver without overloading any
generator
ii. The frequency of operation after the load power goes down from 600MW to
200MW.
 𝑓1 − 𝑓3
= 0.03
50

𝑓1 − 𝑓3 500
50 =
𝑓1 − 50 390

𝑓1 = 51.17Hz
𝑓3 = 49.67Hz

𝑓2 − 𝑓4
= 0.04
For generator A; 50

0.65x 600 = 390MW 𝑓2 − 𝑓4 300

=
𝑓2 − 50 210
For generator B;
600-390 =210MW
𝑓2 = 51.40Hz
𝑓4 = 49.40Hz
 𝑃𝐴 = 500𝑀𝑊

𝑓2 − 𝑓3
𝑃𝐵 = 300
𝑓2 − 𝑓4

51.4−49.67
𝑃𝐵 = 300 = 259.5MW
51.4−49.4

Total power = 500 + 259.5 =759.5MW

𝑃𝐴1 + 𝑃𝐵1 = 200

𝑓1 −𝑓5 𝑓2 −𝑓5
𝑓1 = 51.17Hz 500 + 300 =200
𝑓1 −𝑓3 𝑓2 −𝑓4
𝑓3 = 49.67Hz
51.17−𝑓5 51.4−𝑓5
500 +300 = 200
𝑓2 = 51.40Hz 51.17−49.67 51.4−49.4

𝑓4 = 49.40Hz 𝑓5 = 50.827Hz
Real power (P) and Reactive power (Q)

P = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜃
Q = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 sin 𝜃

From the diagram,

𝐸𝑎 sin 𝛿 = 𝑋𝑠 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜃
𝐸𝑎 cos 𝛿 − 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑋𝑠 𝐼𝑎 sin 𝜃

𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝑎 sin 𝛿
P=
𝑋𝑠

𝑉𝑎 (𝐸𝑎 cos 𝛿 − 𝑉𝑎 )
Q=
𝑋𝑠
Power/ rotor-angle curve for a synchronous generator

• Graphical representation of electrical output and the load

angle.
• Maximum power is taken at δ =90⁰
• At steady state stability;
• Mechanical power input = Electrical power output
• Rotor speed = Synchronous speed
• The steady stability limit is from 0 ⁰ to 90⁰
𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝑎 sin 𝛿
P=
𝑋𝑠