Transmission and Distribution of

Electrical Power
(Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis)

Conducted by: M.L.A.Dilrukshi

Lecturer
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Engineering Technology, Katunayake
Unbalanced three phase faults analysis

• Symmetrical component method

Any unbalanced system can be divided into three
balanced components
•Positive sequence
• Equal in magnitude/ Displayed 120⁰ from each other
• Same sequence as the original phases
• Usually denoted by symbol “+” or “1”
•Negative sequence
• Equal in magnitude/ Displayed 120⁰ from each other
• Opposite sequence from the original phases
• Usually denoted by symbol “-” or “2”
•Zero sequence : balanced and having same phase
• Equal in magnitude/ But zero displacement
• Usually denoted by symbol “0”
Symmetrical component method contd……..
• Any unbalanced component is the addition of these symmetrical components
• The addition of all symmetrical components present the original system phase components

a = a1 + a 2 + a 0
b = b1 + b2 + b0
c = c1 + c 2 + c0

• Normally we are using “a” are the reference and express components of b and c, with
respect to a.
Definition of the α operator

• Short method of representing a phase shift difference of 120⁰

• A complex operator having the magnitude of 1 and the angle of 120⁰.

Properties of this operator

𝛼 = 1∠120°
𝛼 2 = 1∠240° = 1∠ − 120°
𝛼 3 = 1∠360° = 1 ∠0°
𝛼3 − 1 = 0
(𝛼 − 1)(𝛼 2 + 𝛼 + 1) = 0
𝛼≠1
(𝛼 2 + 𝛼 + 1) = 0
 𝑎 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
a = a1 + a 2 + a 0
𝑏 = 𝑎0 + 𝛼 2 𝑎1 + 𝛼𝑎2
b = b1 + b2 + b0
𝑐 = 𝑎0 + 𝛼𝑎1 + 𝛼 2 𝑎2
c = c1 + c 2 + c0

𝑎 1 1 1 𝑎0
𝑏 = 1 𝛼2 𝛼 𝑎1
𝑐 1 𝛼 𝛼2 𝑎2
symmetrical
component matrix
Inverse of symmetrical component matrix
Symmetrical component matrix

1 1 1
A= 1 𝛼 2 𝛼
1 𝛼 𝛼2

Discriminent (Δ) = 3(𝛼 − 𝛼 2 ) = 3𝛼 1 − 𝛼

Therefore; the inverse of symmetrical component matrix

𝑎0
=
1 1 1 12 𝑎
𝑎1 = 1 𝛼 𝛼 𝑏
𝑎2 3
1 𝛼2 𝛼 𝑐
Example :
If a single-line-to-ground fault occurs on phase “A”, the current in “A” phase will
become very large in comparison to the other phases

𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎0
𝐼𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑎1
𝐼𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎2

𝐼𝑎0 𝐼𝑎
1 1 1 1
𝐼𝑎1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏
3
𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑐
Q1. For the phase components are shown in the below figure, Find the symmetrical
components

𝑉𝑎 = 5∠53⁰
𝑉𝑏 = 7∠ − 164⁰
𝑉𝑐 = 7∠105⁰

Zero sequence components

1
𝑉𝑎0 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎0 = 𝑉 + 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑉𝑐
1 1 1 1 3 𝑎
1
𝑉𝑎1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑎0 = (5∠53⁰ + 7∠ − 1640 + 7∠105⁰) = 3.5∠122⁰
3 3
𝑉𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑎0 = 𝑉𝑏0 = 𝑉𝑐0 = 3.5∠122⁰
Positive sequence components
1
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎 + α𝑉𝑏 + 𝛼 2 𝑉𝑐
3
1
𝑉𝑎1 = [5∠53⁰ +(1∠1200 ∗ 7∠ − 1640 ) + (1∠2400 ∗ 7∠105⁰)] = 5∠ − 10⁰
3

𝑉𝑏1 = 𝛼 2 𝑉𝑎1 =1∠2400 ∗ 5∠ − 100 = 5∠2100

𝑉𝑐1 = α𝑉𝑎1 =1∠1200 ∗ 5∠ − 100 = 5∠1100

Negative sequence components

1
𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝛼 2 𝑉𝑏 + 𝛼𝑉𝑐
3
1
𝑉𝑎2 = [5∠53⁰ +(1∠2400 ∗ 7∠ − 1640 ) + (1∠1200 ∗ 7∠105⁰)] = 1.9∠92⁰
3

𝑉𝑏2 = α𝑉𝑎2 =1∠1200 ∗ 1.9∠920 = 1.9∠2120

𝑉𝑐2 = 𝛼 2 𝑉𝑎2 =1∠2400 ∗ 5∠920 = 1.9∠3320
Q2. The symmetrical components of a set of unbalanced three phase voltages are
𝑉𝑎0 = 0.6∠900 , 𝑉𝑎1 = 1.0∠300 , 𝑉𝑎2 = 0.8∠ − 30⁰
Obtain the original unbalanced phasors

𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑎 = 0.6∠900 + 1.0∠300 +0.8∠ − 300 =1.71 ∠24.20

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝛼 2 𝑉𝑎1 + α𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑏 = [0.6∠90⁰ +(1∠2400 ∗ 1.0∠300 ) + (1∠1200 ∗ 0.8∠ − 30⁰)]=0.4 ∠900

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎0 + α𝑉𝑎1 +𝛼 2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑐 = [0.6∠90⁰ +(1∠1200 ∗ 1.0∠300 ) + (1∠2400 ∗ 0.8∠ − 30⁰)]=1.71 ∠155.810

Sequence network of a generator

𝑉𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 − 𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑛
𝑉𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐼𝑏 𝑍𝑠 − 𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑛
𝑉𝑐 = 𝐸𝑐 − 𝐼𝑐 𝑍𝑠 − 𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑛

𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝑎 𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 𝐼𝑎
𝑉𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏 − 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 𝐼𝑏
𝑉𝑐 𝐸𝑐 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍𝑛 𝐼𝑐

𝑉 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝐴𝑉𝑎012
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎
𝐴𝑉𝑎012 = 𝐴𝐸𝑎012 - 𝑍 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝐴𝐼𝑎012 ---------------(1)
𝐸𝑏 = 𝛼 2 𝐸𝑎
Multiply A by the inverse of symmetrical component matrix
𝐸𝑐 = 𝛼𝐸𝑎

𝑉𝑎012 = 𝐸𝑎012 - 𝑍 012 𝐼𝑎012

 𝑍0 0 0
𝑍 012 = 0 𝑍1 0
0 0 𝑍2

Assuming that the generated voltages are balanced before the fault,

𝐸𝑎0 0
𝐸𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎
𝐸𝑎2 0

𝑉𝑎0 0 𝑍0 0 0 𝐼𝑎0
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 - 0 𝑍1 0 𝐼𝑎1
𝑉𝑎2 0 0 0 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2

𝑉𝑎0 = 0- 𝑍0 𝐼𝑎0
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 - 𝑍1 𝐼𝑎1
𝑉𝑎2 = 0- 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2 Positive sequence Negative sequence Zero sequence
 𝐼𝑎
Single line to ground fault 𝐼𝑎0 = 𝐼𝑎1 = 𝐼𝑎2 =
3
𝐼𝑎 = 3𝐼𝑎0

𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2 = (3𝐼𝑎0 )𝑍𝑓

𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑎0 (3𝑍𝑓 )
− 𝑍0 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝐸𝑎 - 𝑍1 𝐼𝑎1 + − 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑎0 3𝑍𝑓

𝐸𝑎
If there’s a fault in line a, the currents flowing in the 𝐼𝑎0 =
𝑍0 + 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 3𝑍𝑓
other two phases can be ignored. Fault current = 𝐼𝑎 = 3𝐼𝑎0
𝐼𝑏 = 0, 𝐼𝑐 = 0 𝑉𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑓 ----------(1)
3𝐸𝑎
𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2 = (𝐼𝑎0 +𝐼𝑎1 + 𝐼𝑎2 )𝑍𝑓 Fault current =
𝑍0 +𝑍1 +𝑍2 +3𝑍𝑓

𝐼𝑎0 𝐼𝑎
1 1 1 1
𝐼𝑎1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏 = 0
3
𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑐 = 0
Q1. The sequential impedances in per unit are as follows. 𝑍0 = 0.199∠90⁰, 𝑍1 = 0.175∠90⁰,
𝑍2 = 0.175∠900 .
Find the fault current and voltage for a single line to ground fault.

𝐼𝑎1 = 𝐼𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑎0

1∠0 1∠0
𝐼𝑎0 = = = −𝑗1.82 𝑝𝑢
𝑍1 +𝑍2 +𝑍0 0.175∠90⁰+0.175∠900 +0.199∠90⁰

𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎0
𝐼𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑎1
𝐼𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎2
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝐼𝑎2 = 3𝐼𝑎0 = −j5.46 pu (fault current)
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝛼 2 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝛼𝐼𝑎2 = 0
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝛼𝐼𝑎1 + 𝛼 2 𝐼𝑎2 = 0
𝑉𝑎0 = 0- 𝑍0 𝐼𝑎0 = −(0.199∠900 ∗ −𝑗1.82) = −0.362
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 - 𝑍1 𝐼𝑎1 = 1 − 0.175∠900 ∗ −𝑗1.82 = 0.681

𝑉𝑎2 = 0- 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2 = − 0.175∠900 ∗ −𝑗1.82 = −0.319

𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑎 = −0.362 + 0.681 − 0.319 = 0

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝛼 2 𝑉𝑎1 + α𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑏 = [−0.362+(1∠2400 ∗ 0.681) + (1∠1200 ∗ −0.319)] = 1.022 ∠237.920 𝑝𝑢

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎0 + α𝑉𝑎1 +𝛼 2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑐 = [−0.362+(1∠1200 ∗ 0.681) + (1∠2400 ∗ −0.319)] = 1.022∠122.080 𝑝𝑢

 Line to line faults
𝑉𝑎0 1 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑎1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑏
3
𝑉𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑏

1
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝛼𝑉𝑏 + 𝛼 2 𝑉𝑐
3
1
If ignoring the fault impedance, and the line to 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝛼 2 𝑉𝑏 + 𝛼𝑉𝑐
3
line fault is in between line b and c As 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑐 ;
𝐼𝑎 = 0, 𝐼𝑏 +𝐼𝑐 = 0 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2

𝐼𝑎0 1 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎 = 0
𝐼𝑎1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏
3
𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑐 = −𝐼𝑏

𝐼𝑎0 = 0
𝐼𝑎1 +𝐼𝑎2 = 0
Q2. The sequential impedances in per unit are as follows. 𝑍0 = 0.199∠90⁰, 𝑍1 = 0.175∠90⁰,
𝑍2 = 0.175∠900
Find the fault current and voltage for a line-to-line fault.

𝐼𝑎1 + 𝐼𝑎2 = 0
1∠0 1∠0
𝐼𝑎1 = = = −𝑗2.86 𝑝𝑢
𝑍1 +𝑍2 0.175∠90⁰+0.175∠900

𝐼𝑎2 = − 𝐼𝑎1 = 𝑗2.86 𝑝𝑢

𝐼𝑎0 = 0
𝐼𝑎1 = −𝑗2.86 𝑝𝑢 , 𝐼𝑎2 = 𝑗2.86 𝑝𝑢, 𝐼𝑎0 = 0

𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎0
𝐼𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑎1
𝐼𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎2

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝐼𝑎2

𝐼𝑎 = 0 − j2.86 + j2.86 = 0

𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝛼 2 𝐼𝑎1 + α𝐼𝑎2

𝐼𝑏 = [0+(1∠2400 ∗ −𝑗2.86) + (1∠1200 ∗ 𝑗2.86)] = −4.9536 pu

𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎0 + α𝐼𝑎1 +𝛼 2 𝐼𝑎2

𝐼𝑐 = [0+(1∠1200 ∗ −𝑗2.86) + (1∠2400 ∗ 𝑗2.86)] = 4.9536 pu

𝑉𝑎0 = 0
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 - 𝑍1 𝐼𝑎1 = 1 − 0.175∠900 ∗ −𝑗2.86 = 0.5005 pu

𝑉𝑎2 = 0 - 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2 = 0 − 0.175∠900 ∗ 𝑗2.86 = 0.5005 pu

𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑎 = 0 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 1 pu

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝛼 2 𝑉𝑎1 + α𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑏 = [0+(1∠2400 ∗ 0.5) + (1∠1200 ∗ 0.5)] = −0.5𝑝𝑢

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎0 + α𝑉𝑎1 +𝛼 2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑐 = [0+(1∠1200 ∗ 0.5) + (1∠2400 ∗ 0.5)] = −0.5𝑝𝑢

Line to line faults with fault impedance
𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑍𝑓 𝐼𝑏
(𝛼 2 −𝛼)𝑉𝑎1 + (𝛼 − 𝛼 2 )𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑍𝑓 𝐼𝑏
𝐼
(𝛼 2 −𝛼)(𝑉𝑎1 - 𝑉𝑎2 ) = 3 (𝛼−𝛼
𝑎1
2 ) 𝑍𝑓

𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑍𝑓 𝐼𝑏 (𝛼 2 −𝛼)(𝐸𝑎 − 𝑍1 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2 ) = 3 (𝛼−𝛼

𝑎1 𝐼
2 ) 𝑍𝑓
𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 0 𝐼𝑎 = 0
𝑎1 𝐼
𝐼𝑎0 1 1 1 1 0 (𝐸𝑎 − 𝑍1 𝐼𝑎1 − 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎1 ) = 3 (𝛼2−𝛼)(𝛼−𝛼 2 ) 𝑍𝑓
𝐼𝑎1 = 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏
3 (𝛼 2 −𝛼)(𝛼 − 𝛼 2 ) = 3
𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 −𝐼𝑏
𝐸𝑎
𝐼𝑎0 = 0 𝐼𝑎1 =
(𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍3 )
1
𝐼𝑎1 = (𝛼 − 𝛼 2 )𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑎1
3 𝐼𝑏 = 3
1
𝐼𝑎2 = 𝛼 2 − 𝛼 𝐼𝑏 = − 𝐼𝑎1 (𝛼 − 𝛼 2 )
3