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Building Damage Caused by Deflection of Reinforced Concrete

Building Components
Mayer, H.; Rusch, H.

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https://doi.org/10.4224/20331587
Technical Translation (National Research Council of Canada), 1970

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 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA

T e c h n i c a l T r a n s l a t i o n 1412

Title: B u i l d i n g damage c a u s e d by d e f l e c t i o n o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
b u i l d i n g components
( B a u s c h a d e n a l s F o l f e d e r D u r c h b i e g u n g von S t a h l b e t o n -
Baut e i l e n )

Authors : H o r s t Mayer a n d H u b e r t RCsch

Reference : D e u t s c h e r Ausschuss fGr S t a h l b e t o n , H e f t 1 9 3 , B e r l i n

1 9 6 7 . 90 p .

Translator: J .H.Rainer, Building Physics Section, Division of Building

Research, National Research Council
 PREFACE

The problem of deflection damage in reinforced

concrete structures has been of interest to the Division of
Building Research in connection with its technical support
role to the Associate Committee on the National Building
Code. The widespread occurrence of loss of serviceability
and visual cases of damage in concrete structures, particularly
in connection with partition walls supported by concrete
members, emphasizes the importance of studying the causes
which contribute to this phenomenon.
The extensive survey of damage and subsequent
analysis carried out and reported by the Testing Institute
for Materials and Structures of the Technical University,
Munich, Germany, represents an important contribution to an
understanding of the cause of deflection damages in reinforced
concrete buildings. The remedial or preventive measures which
are suggested, both in the design phase as well as during con-
struction, should prove to be of interest to designers, builders,
and researchers concerned with the uses of reinforced concrete.
The translation has been prepared by J.H. Rainer,
Research Officer, Building Physics Section, Division of
Building Research, and checked and revised by D.A. Sinclair,
Chief Translator, National Science Library, National Research
Council.

Ottawa N.B. Hutcheon

May 1970 Director, DBR/NRC
 FOREWORD

Damage i n a f i n i s h e d s t r u c t u r e c a n u s u a l l y be t r a c e d t o
u n s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n s t r u c t i o n methods. The e v i d e n c e s o f damage a n d t h e i r
c a u s e s a r e numerous. The t y p e s o f damage t r e a t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t , how-
ever, constitute a special category. A s a r u l e t h e y o c c u r r e d due t o
u n e x p e c t e d l y l a r g e d e f l e c t i o n s o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e components t h a t
h a v e i n t h e l a s t few y e a r s b e e n o b s e r v e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g f r e q u e n c y .

A l r e a d y i n 1958 t h e German R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e A s s o c i a t i o n
found i t d e s i r a b l e t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c a u s e s o f e x c e s s i v e d e f l e c t i o n s
o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g components a n d t o a d o p t s u i t a b l e m e a s u r e s .
I t was shown t h a t t h e d e f l e c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s commonly u s e d u n t i l t h e n
w e r e u n s u i t a b l e s i n c e a n u n c r a c k e d s e c t i o n ( S t a t e I ) was assumed a n d
c r e e p a n d s h r i n k a g e o f t h e c o n c r e t e had b e e n n e g l e c t e d . During t h e
d e l i b e r a t i o n s i t became a l s o a p p a r e n t t h a t i t was t h e n n o t p o s s i b l e t o
recommend r e l i a b l e methods o f a n a l y s i s a n d r e l e v a n t l i m i t i n g v a l u e s f o r
a maximum p e r m i s s i b l e d e f l e c t i o n .

I n o r d e r t o remove t h i s u n c e r t a i n t y v a r i o u s r e s e a r c h
p r o g r a m s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t , o n e o f which i s t h e s u b s e q u e n t c o l l e c t i o n a n d
a n a l y s i s o f o b s e r v e d c a s e s o f b u i l d i n g damage.

The f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t f o r t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was p r o v i d e d
by t h e F e d e r a l M i n i s t r y o f H o u s i n g a n d C i t y C o n s t r u c t i o n , t o whom s p e c i a l
thanks a r e extended herewith. Warm t h a n k s a r e d u e a l s o t o t h e members
o f t h e T a s k F o r c e on D e f l e c t i o n s o f t h e German R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
A s s o c i a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y t o P r o f e s s o r s Dr.-Ing. G . F r a n z , Dr.-Ing. S .
H a s e n j g g e r , D r . - I n g . F . L e o n h a r d t , D r . - I n g . A . Mehmel, a n d D r . - I n g . K .
Pieper. We a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y g r a t e f u l t o a l l f e d e r a l a n d s t a t e o f f i c i a l s
a s w e l l a s t h e numerous p r i v a t e c o n c e r n s a n d e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n o f f i c e s
f o r t h e i r a c t i v e s u p p o r t i n t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f p l a n s and c a l c u l a t i o n s
n e e d e d f o r t h e e r a l u a t i o n o f o b s e r v e d b u i l d i n g damage. Only t h e i r co-
o p e r a t i o n p e r m i t t e d a r e l i a b l e and almost complete t r e a t m e n t o f a l l
t y p e s o f d e f l e c t i o n damage.
 RESUME

Le r a p p o r t concerne l t 6 t u d e d t u n g r a n d nombre d l i n c i -
d e n t s c o n s t a t k s s u r d e s c o n s t r u c t i o n s e n b 6 t o n arm6 e t a y a n t pour
cause e s s e n t i e l l e l a d 6 f o r m a b i l i t 6 e x c e s s i v e des 616ments f l 6 c h i s .
Parmi l e s 1 8 1 d 6 c l a r a t i o n s d l i n c i d e n t s , o b t e n u e s p a r une e n q u s t e , 115
s o n t suffisamment compl6 t e s pour p e r m e t t r e une a n a l y s e . Les cons6
quences d f u n i n c i d e n t k t a n t p a r f o i s m u l t i p l e s , e l l e s peuvent s t r e
-
c l a s s 6 e s dans l e s c a t e g o r i e s n u i v a n t e s :
106 c a s : d 6 s o r d r e s dans l e s c l o i s o n s e t murs
de r e f end ;

60 c a s : flGche t r o p i m p o r t a n t e du p l a n c h e r ;

39 c a s : f i s s u r a t i o n d e s blkments e n bkton armk;

29 c a s : f i s s u r e s h o r i z o n t a l e s ltappui dlun
plancher ;

13 c a s : e n d u i t s e t r e v s t e m e n t s endommagks;
1 2 c a s : dommages p a r t i c u l i e r s diis awr d 6 f o r m a t i o n s ;

259 dommages d i s t i n c t s , r e l e v 6 s s u r 1 8 1 c a s
dtincidents,

Les d k s o r d r e s dans l e s c l o i s o n s endommagkes l e s p l u s

f r k q u e n t s r 6 s u l t e n t de l a f l e x i b i l i t 6 d i f f b r e n t e de l a c l o i s o n e t de
s o n s u p p o r t , l a c l o i s o n formant un panneau r i g i d e vis-A-vis de l r 6 l k m e n t
d l a p p u i f l e x i b l e en b6ton arm6 dont l a d6formation augmente e n c o r e s o u s
l l e f f e t du r e t r a i t e t du f l u a g e . A f i n d l 6 v i t e r c e s d k s o r d r e s , i l con-
v i e n t de r 6 d u i r e l a f l e x i b i l i t k des p o u t r e s - s u p p o r t s s u i v a n t une formule
i n d i q u 6 e dans c e t expos6 ou de c h o i s i r un genre de c l o i s o n q u i s o i t
i n d i f f 6 r e n t aux a f f a i s s e m e n t s d i f f b r e n t i e l s de son s u p p o r t .

Les 6lBments A f a i b l e h a u t e u r e t soumis A de f o r t e s

c h a r g e s s o n t l a cause e s s e n t i e l l e de dommages p a r d 6 f o r m a t i o n ex-
c e s s i v e ~ . I1 f a l l a i t s u r t o u t r e d o u t e r d e s d k s o r d r e s pour l e s p l a n c h e r s
r e c t a n g u l a i r e s p o r t a n t dans l e s dewr s e n s , pour l e s q u e l s l e r6glement
allemand a u t o r i s a i t jusqul a l o r s une h a u t e u r p l u s r k d u i t e que pour l e s
p l a n c h e r s ne p o r t a n t que dans un s e n s . Pour l a f l 6 c h e a d m i s s i b l e d l u n
p l a n c h e r on a adopt6 l a v a l e u r de f = L/300,

Tous l e s a u t r e s g e n r e s de d 6 s o r d r e s d 6 c o u l e n t e s s e n -
t i e l l e m e n t de f a u t e s commises dans l t k t u d e du p r o j e t ou dans l l e x 6 c u t i o n
du bGtiment. Le p r k s e n t r a p p o r t c i t e e t d k c r i t p l u s i e u r s dommages
caractkristiques.
E n s u i t e v i e n t un b r e f r6sumk d e s e x p k r i e n c e s f a i t e s 6
1 1 6 t r a n g e r e t une s p B c i f i c a t i o n des p r i n c i p e s de base 6 r e s p e c t e r a f i n
d l k v i t e r d e s i n c i d e n t s p a r dkformations e x c e s s i v e s .
 CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction (Synopsis) 1

2. Statement of the Problem

3. Region Covered by the Survey of Structural Damage
4. Types of Structural Damage Which Have Occurred
5. The Types of Flexural Component Which Produced the Most
Frequent Cases of Damage
5.1 Number of Participating Types of Building Components
5.2 Comparison of the Behaviour of One-Way Slabs With
Two-Way Slabs
6. The Effective Slenderness Ratio of Reinforced Concrete
Flexural Members That Have Contributed to Damage
7. Theoretical Determination of the Probable Deflection of the
Reinforced Concrete Support Members Involved in a Case of
Damage
7.1 Characteristic Values, Loads, Internal Forces and
Deformation Constants
7.2 Calculation of Terminal Deflection Values
7.3 Magnitude of Deflections Which Initiated Damage
7.4 Coefficients of Deformation Which Were Calculated
Simultaneously With the Deflection
8. Factors Responsible for the Occurrence of Deflection Damage
8.1 'Theoretically Possible Sources of Damage
8.2 Actual Causes of Damage
8.3 Connection Between Origin and Type of Damage
9. Evlauation of Partition Wall Damage
9.1 Types of Partition Wall Damage Observed
9.2 Limiting Values for the Initiation of Partition
Wall Cracks
9.3 Means of Preventing Partition Wall Cracks in the
Future
10. Evaluation of Excessive Slab Deflections
10.1 Magnitude of Permissible Slab Deflection
10.2 Measures by Which Excessive Deflections Can Be
Prevented
11. Evaluation of Observed Cracks in Reinforced Concrete
Building Components
12. Evaluation of Horizontal Cracks in the Vicinity of Slab
Supports
Evaluation of Damage to Plaster and Finishes
Evaluation of Deflection Damage in Isolated Cases
Results of Questionnaire on Deflection Damage in Other
Countries
15.1 Reports of Cases of Damage
15.2 Studies of Deflection Damage in Other Countries
15.3 Deflection Limitations of Reinforced Concrete
Components in Various Countries
Summary
Figures and Table 1
References
List of Symbols
Appendix - List of Tables of the Most Important Data on
Each Individual Case of Damage
Sketches and Drawings for the Various Cases of Damage
Photographs
 BUILDING DAMAGE CAUSED BY DEFLECTION OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDING COMPONENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ( S y n o p s i s )

I n t h i s r e p o r t v a r i o u s t y p e s o f damage t o b u i l d i n g s h a v e
been c o l l e c t e d and e v a l u a t e d . The damage was c a u s e d p r i m a r i l y by
excessive deflection of reinforced concrete structural parts. I n res-
p o n s e t o a q u e s t i o n n a i r e , 1 8 1 c a s e s o f damage w e r e r e p o r t e d : 115 o f
t h e s e could be evaluated s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . I n most c a s e s a number o f
c a u s e s c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e damage. A l t o g e t h e r t h e f o l l o w i n g c a s e s were
reported:

1 0 6 r e p o r t s o f damage t o t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l s
60 r e p o r t s o f e x c e s s i v e s a g g i n g i n t h e c e i l i n g
39 r e p o r t s o f c r a c k s i n t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
structural parts
29 r e p o r t s o f h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s i n t h e r e g i o n o f
t h e ceiling supports
1 3 r e p o r t s o f damage t o p l a s t e r a n d w a l l c o v e r i n g
12 r e p o r t s o f d e f l e c t i o n o f i s o l a t e d cases

t o t a l o f 259 r e p o r t s i n 1 8 1 c a s e s .

The damage t o t h e p a r t i t i o n walls r e s u l t s f r o m t h e f l e x -

i b i l i t y of t h e reinforced concrete p a r t s supporting t h e r i g i d walls.
The d e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e s u p p o r t s i n c r e a s e s i n t i m e o w i n g t o c r e e p a n d
shrinkage. The damage c a n b e a v o i d e d e i t h e r by i n c r e a s i n g t h e t h i c k n e s s
of t h e supports - t h e function o f span-length i s presented i n t h e formula
- o r by c o n s t r u c t i n g a s u i t a b l e p a r t i t i o n w a l l .
The s a g g i n g a p p e a r s m a i n l y i n s l e n d e r , h i g h l y - s t r e s s e d
structural parts. The p a r t s o f t h e c e i l i n g w i t h c r o s s e d r e i n f o r c e m e n t s
a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y s u s c e p t i b l e t o damage. Until recently, the specific-
a t i o n s f o r r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e i n Germany a l l o w e d a g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f
s l e n d e r n e s s f o r t h e s e p a r t s t h a n f o r c e i l i n g s r e i n f o r c e d i n o n l y one
direction. The d e g r e e o f s a g g i n g p e r m i t t e d i s f = L/300.

I n a l l o t h e r c a s e s damage was c a u s e d m a i n l y by e r r o r s i n
design o r construction. A number o f c a s e s o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c damage a r e
p r e s e n t e d and d e s c r i b e d . F i n a l l y , a survey w i l l be given o f f i n d i n g s
f r o m a b r o a d a n d a l i s t o f i m p o r t a n t r e q u i r e m e n t s t o p r e v e n t f u r t h e r dam-
age through sagging.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

I n r e c e n t d e c a d e s c a s e s o f s t r u c t u r a l damage i n newly
c o n s t r u c t e d b u i l d i n g s have been observed w i t h i n c r e a s i n g frequency and
a r e t h o u g h t t o h a v e a r i s e n f r o m e x c e s s i v e d e f l e c t i o n o f r e i n f o r c e d con-
c r e t e b u i l d i n g components. S u c h damage became a p p a r e n t o n l y a f t e r a
c e r t a i n p e r i o d o f u s e , o r became more p r o n o u n c e d w i t h t i m e . Thus,
p a r t i t i o n walls p l a c e d on f l e x i b l e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b s c r a c k e d ;
the slabs themselves frequently exhibited large deflections which were
considered unsightly or led to depressions in which water accumulated and
caused damage to the roof membrane. In addition, other types o f damage
were reported as is shown in greater detail in Section 4.
These types of damage had previously not been observed to
such an extent. Their causes must therefore lie in the technical applic-
ation of progressively higher concrete and steel stresses, and the use of
large spans and slenderer members. Consequently, under working load the
reinforced concrete flexural members no longer remain chiefly in State I*
but in a majority of cases have already passed into State 11* with a
cracked tension zone. Simultaneously, the creep deformation of the
concrete has increased.
These developments mean, therefore, that the previously
satisfactory rules, which were based on decades of experience, must now
be expanded and the deformation behaviour of the building components must
henceforth be carefully considered so that damaging consequence to other
build in^ components can be avoided by suitable design measures.

These considerations led the German Reinforced

Concrete Association (DAfStb) in 1958, even before the new revision of
the German Reinforced Concrete Code DIN 1045 had been concluded, to
propose a temporary change in the hitherto applicable provisions. How-
ever, during the deliberations it became apparent that it was neither
possible to give a characteristic value for the permissible deflection
magnitude that would be valid for all uses, nor did sufficiently reliable
documents exist for the prediction of the expected deflections.
In order to avoid further instances o f damage, or at
least to diminish their extent, the Association decided despite these
uncertainties, to propose new rules for the deflection limits of re-
inforced concrete building components in an addendum to DIN 1045. This
supplementary specification has been in use since 1959. It is based
mainly on a limitation of the deflection slenderness ratio R/h of the
building component, depending on the concrete and steel stresses. Un-
fortunately, this sometimes resulted in uneconomical slab thicknesses and
did not always prevent the undesirable cracking of partition walls.
Thus further studies were needed in order to provide a
reliable basis for eventual control. Various research programs were
initiated, beginning in 1959, by the Materials Testing Laboratory for
Structures of the Technical University, Munichn*. First of all, measure-
ments were made of the time-dependent deflections of completed reinforced
concrete flexural members (see Ref. 1). This work was intended to yield
numerical values which would describe the actual behaviour of structures,
and thus make it possible to determine the constants needed for the
structural analysis.

Translator's Notes:
* State I represents the uncracked concrete section
State I1 represents the cracked concrete section
** German title: MaterialprUfunpamt fiir das Bauwesen der Technischen
Hochschule ~ G n c h e n(MPA)
 The s e c o n d p r o j e c t , d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n , i s t o i n v e s t i g a t e
t h e e x t e n t a n d t y p e s o f b u i l d i n g damage w h i c h a c t u a l l y o c c u r as a con-
s e q u e n c e o f d e f l e c t i o n s of r e i r l f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s .
The i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s o f damage h a v e b e e n a s s e s s e d u n d e r u n i f o r m
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a n d a n a t t e n i p t h a s b e e n made t o e s t a b l i s h t h e t y u e
c a u s e s o f t h e damage. The f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t came f r o m t h e F e d e r a l
M i n i s t r y :'ora B u i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n , t o w h i c h w e e x t e n d o u r p a r t L c u l a r
thanks .
F i n a l l y , a t h i r d s t u d y dete17mined methods o f how d e r l e c -
t i o r s u n d e r a c t u a l c o n d i t i o r l s may be c a l c u l a t e d ( 3 ) . T h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s
h a v e beell a p p l i e d t,o t h e c a s e s o f damage c o l l e c t , e d h e r e .

3. REGIO1.J COVLRED BY THE SURVEY OF STRUCfI'URAL DAMAGE

The s u r v e y o f t h e d e f l e c t i o n damage el-~compassed m a i n l y

t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f Germmy. The s e n i o r b u i l d i n g a u t l i o r i t i e s o f
t h e 11 F e d e r i i l s t a t e s d i s t r i b u t e d a c i r . c u l a r from t h e M a t e r i a l s T e s t i n g
1 n s t i l ; u t e f o r S t r u c t u r e s o f t h e T e c h n i c a l U r l i v e ~ s i t yMunich t o a l l
a p p r o p r i a t e b u i l d i n g i n s p e c t i o n o f f : i c e s , s t a t e b u l . l d i n g o f f i c e s and
i n s p e c t i o n e n g i n e e r s . A t t h e same t i m e , a l l b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l . t e s t i n g
s t a t i o n s , stai:e b u i l d i n g s c h o o l s , i n : 3 t i t u t e s o f t e c h n i c a l u n i v e r s i t i e s
a n d a l l c o n s u l t i i n g o f f i c e s who m i g h t p o s s i b l y h a v e b e e n c o n s u l t e d I n
t h e evaluation o f d e f l e c t i o n damage were c o n t a c t e d . A t o t a l of
a g p r o x i m a % e l y i ,000 q u e s t i o r l n a i r * e s were d i s t r ' l b u t e d .

Independent of t h e s u r v e y of t h e M a t e r i a l T e s t i n g
J n s t L t u t e f o r S t r u c t u r e s o f t h e T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i 1 ; y Munich, t h e
E a u s t a h l g e w e b e GMBH* D u s s e l d o r f , i n t h e s r , r i n g o f 1 9 6 1 , h a d a l s o
c a r r i e d o u t a s t a t i s t i c a l i r ~ v t l s t i g a t i o no f d e f ' l e c t i o n damage. T h e s e
r e s u l t s have k i n d l y b e e n made a v a i l e b l e 50 u s 'or f u r t h e r e v e l u a t i o n .
T h i ~ e, f f o r t c o n c e r n e d l t s e l f w i t h t h e b u i l d i n g c o o p e r a t i v e s , p a r t i c u l a r -
l y i n t h e s t a t e s o f Iiordrhein-Westfalen and N i e d e r s a c h s e n . Of t h e 1 0 5
b u i l d i n g c o o p e r a t i v e s z u r v e y e d , o n l y two d e f l e c t i o n damage w e r e
reported. They weye i n c l u d c d i n t h e damagc a n a l - y s i s c a r r i e d o u t h e r e i n .
F'our o t h e r o:?ganizat?-ons knew o f "some c a s e s " . However, f u r t h e r . d e t a i l s
could n o t be obyained. Three c o o p e r a t i v e s had m i s t a k e n l y r e p o r t e d
o t h e r b u l - l d i n g danrage t o b e due ?.o excessrj v e d e f l e c t i o n s .

P. view o f t l i e r e g i o n s c o v e r e d by t h e s u r v e y i s g i v e n i n
P i g . 1. The c i r c l e s s i g n i f y t h a t t h e o T g a n i z a t j o n s who w e r e q u e s t i o n e d
knew of' no d e f ' e c t f o n damage. The c r o s s e s s y m b o l i z e t h a t o n e o r more
c a s e s o f d a ~ a g eliave b e e n r e p o r t e d . From t h e d i s t r i c t s w h i c h do riot
c c n t a i n any s y m b o l , n e i t l ~ e ra p o s i 1 . i v e : l o r a n e g a t i v e rinswer t o t h e
s u r v e y was r e c e i v e d . I t mey w e l l b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t i n t i ~ i sc a s e n o
d e f l e c t : on damagc had b e e n known.

I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a p i c t u r e of t h e e x t e n t o f d e f l e c t i o n
damage i n o t h e r c c u n t r i e s , a n a d d i t i o n a l 200 q u e s t , i o n n a i r e s wer.e
d i r e c t e d t o t,he main i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n s t f - t u t e s and t o well-known
a u t l ~ o r i t , i e sa b r o a d . I n t h i s s u r v e y , a l l European c o u n t r i e s i n c l u d i n g
t h o s e o f t h e e a s t e r n b l o c k , w e r e j n c l u d e d , as w e l l as t h e niain c o u n t r i e s
o f N o r t h a n d S o u t h Amer'ca, A u s t r a l i a , I n d i a and J a p a n . Sectfon 15
r e p o r t s b r i e f l y a b o u t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s :i.nl'or.mational s u r v e y .

T r a n s l a t o l a ' s Note:
* L i t e r a l t r a n s l a t i o n o f company name: B u i l d i n g S t e e l Wire-Mesh Ltd.
4. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE WflICH HAVE OCCURRED

A t o t a l o f 1 8 1 c a s e s o f damage w e r e r e p o r t e d . For 115

o f t h e s e s u f f i c i e n t s u p p o r t i n g m a t e r i a l was made a v a i l a b l e f o r a r e -
c a l c u l a t i o n s o t h a t t h e y could be e v a l u a t e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . I n 25 c a s e s
o n l y few d e t a i l s a r e known. About t h e r e m a i n i n g o n e s o n l y t h e f a c t t h a t
a d e f l e c t i o n damage h a d o c c u r r e d c o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d .
F i g u r e 2 c o n t a i n s a n e n u m e r a t i o n o f v a r i o u s damage
p o s s i b i l i t i e s and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e . As
c a n b e s e e n , two t y p e s o f damage p r e d o m i n a t e among t h e many c a s e s r e p o r t e d .
One c a n , h o w e v e r , g r o u p t h e v a r i o u s p o s s i b i l i t i e s l o g i c a l l y i n t o s i x
l a r g e r c a t e g o r i e s as h2.s a l r e a d y b e e n i n d i c a t e d i n t h i s f i g u r e . I n tile
e v a l u a t i o n t h e s e w i l l b e d e s c r i b e d h e r e a f t e r i n more d e t a i l u n d e r t h e
individual sections.
P a r t i t i o n w a l l damage c o n s t i t u t e s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t
group. This includes not only cracks i n the walls ( I ) , b u t a l s o l a r g e
gaps i n t h e v i c i n i t y of baseboards, and h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s a t t h e j o i n t
between w a l l and c e i l i n g ( 2 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , c o m p l a i n t s a b o u t jammed
d o o r s ( 3 ) must a l s o b e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s g r o u p ( s e e S e c t i o n 9 ) .

The s e c o n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t damage g r o u p s t e m s f r o m e x c e s -
s i v e s l a b d e f l e c t i o n s ( 6 ) , and i n c l u d e s t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t r o u g h s i n r o o f s
( 7 ) and complaints about s l a n t i n g f u r n i t u r e ( 1 0 ) ( s e e S e c t i o n 1 0 ) .

A f u r t h e r damage g r o u p c o n s i s t s o f p l a s t e r ( 8 ) a n d
f i n i s h i n g damage ( 9 ) due t o e x c e s s i v e s l a b d e f l e c t i o n s ( s e e S e c t i o n 1 3 ) .

A s a s e p a r a t e damage g r o u p may b e l i s t e d a l l c a s e s o f
damage due t o e x c e s s i v e r o t a t i o n o f t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e e d g e beams.
T h i s i n c l u d e s h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s above o r below c e i l i n g s u p p o r t s ( 1 6 ) , a s
w e l l as e x c e s s i v e l a t e r a l b e n d i n g d e f l e c t i o n s o f s t e e l o r c o n c r e t e columns
(17) (see Section 12).

I n c l u d e d i n a f u r t h e r damage g r o u p w e r e t h e c r a c k s i n
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e components, f o r i n s t a n c e , c r a c k s which o c c u r on t h e
top s u r f a c e of s l a b s along t h e l i n e s of support, t h e cracks a t t h e end
of t h e s o l i d edge s t r i p ( 1 8 ) , o r t h e c r a c k s observed normal t o t h e diag-
o n a l i n t h e c o r n e r s o f two-way r e i n f o r c e d p l a t e s ( 1 9 ) ( s e e S e c t i o n 1 1 ) .

F i n a l l y , a l l r e m a i n i n g d e f l e c t i o n damage which h a v e
o c c u r r e d o n l y i n i s o l a t e d i n s t a n c e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d i n a s e p a r a t e damage
group: c o l l a p s e of p a r t i t i o n s ( 4 ) ; moisture seepage ( 5 ) ; s h a t t e r i n g of
s h o p windows ( 1 1 ) ; f a c a d e c o n s t r i c t i o n ( 1 2 ) ; s e p a r a t i o n o f j o i n t s ( 1 3 ) ;
leaks i n t i l e stoves (14); v i b r a t i o n phenomena ( 1 5 ) ; a n d u n a c c e p t a b l e
deformations (20) ( s e e Section 1 4 ) .

The damage c a t e g o r i e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e o c c u r r e d w i t h t h e
following frequency:
P a r t i t i o n w a l l damage 106 times
Excessive s l a b d e f l e c t i o n 60 f f

Cracks i n r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
components 39 "
Horizontal cracks i n the v i c i n i t y
of slab supports 29 "
 Damage t o p l a s t e r aild f i n i s h e s 1 3 times
1 s o l . a t e d d e f l e c t z o n damage 12 t i m e s
The t o t a l number o f p o s s i b l e t y p e s of damage i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e r e p o r t e d
1 8 1 c a s e s o f damage, s i n c e o f t e n niore t h a n one p o s s i b i l i t y c o u l d b e
observed i n a s i n g l e instance.
5. THE TYPES OF FLEXURAL COMPONENT W H I C H PRODUCED THE MOST FREQUENT
CASES OF DAMAGE
5.1 ----------------------------------------------------
Number o f P a r t i c i p a t i n g Types o f B u i l d i n g Components
The m a j o r i t y o f i n s t a n c e s o f damage o c c u r r e d i n two-way
r e i n y o r c e d s l a b s a n d r i b b e d s l a b s , a s shown i n F i g . 3. T h i s i s n o d o u b t
b e c a u s e f o r m e r l y two-way r e i n f o r c e d components were allowecl. t o b e
c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h a g r e a t e r s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o % h a n one-way r e i n f o r c e d
components. U n t i l t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h e addendum t o D I N 1 0 4 5 two-way
r e i n f o r c e d p l a t e s witlt f o u r s i d e s simply supportecl c o u l d have s l e n d e r n e s s
r a t l o s up t o 5 0 , w h e r e a s one-way r e i n f o r c e d s l a b s c o u l d b e b u l l t o n l y up
t o R/h = 35.
The a b o v e c o n j e c t u r e i s s u b s t a n t i a t e d by t h e s p e c i a . 1
a n a l y s i s shown i n F i g . 4 , i n which o n l y t h o s e b u i l d i n g c o m p o i ~ e n t s a r e
i n c l u d e d whose t h e o r e t i c a l s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o i s Ri/h ( 35, o r t h o s e f o r
which t h e s l e l ~ d e r r l e s sr a t i o i s n o t a p p a r e n t f r o m t h e aamage r e p o r t . H e r e
R i i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h which i s f u r t h e r d e s c r i h e d i n S e c t i o n 6 ,
and which p e r m i t s a compar'.son o f e f f e c t i v e s l . e n d e r n e s s r a t i o u n d e r
n r b i 1 , r a r y s u p p o r t conditions ( c o n t i n u o u s , c a n t i l e v e r , e t c . ) . Of t h e
1 5 6 damage c a s e s i n P i g . 3 , 8 8 a r e a l r e a d y e l i m i n a t e d by t h e a b o v e
mentioned l i m i t a t i o n of s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o . It i s noteworthy t h a t 63
clamage c a s e s o c c u r I n two-way r e i n f o r c e d components a n d c n l y 1 5 i n t h o s e
w i t h one-way r e i n ~ r o r c i n g . I t c a n n o t y e t be s t a t e d w i t h c e r t a i . n t y f r o m
t h i s r ~ u r e l y s t a t i s t i c a l c o n s i d e - a t i o n w h e t h e r a l l 88 c a s e s c o u l d a c t u a l l y
h a v e b e e n a v o i d e d by a s t r i c t e r l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e s l e n d e r n e s s r > a t i o . A s
w i l l b e shown i n S e c t i o n 3 , t h e s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d
a s a f u n c t i o n of t h e s p a n l e n g t h R i .
I n F i g . 4 i t I s shown t h a t a l l t y p e s of b u i l d i n g
components e x h i b j - t e d c a s e s o f damage. The empty columns i n t h e
p r e s e n t a t i o n should not lead t o a f a i s e concl~:siori,f o r they r e s u l t
m e r e l y from a s y s t e m z t i c a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e c h o s e n a l p h a b e t i c a l scheme
a n d r e p r e s e n t b u i l d i n g components which a r e o n l y r a r e l y o r n e v e r
produced. Moreover, i n t h e c o n t e x t o f p r o b a b i l i t y t h e o r y t h i s
c o n s t i t u t e s a c o m p a r a t i . v e l y s m a l l sarr.ple w h i c h c a n d e s c r i b e t h e
b e h a v i o u r o f t h e whole p o p u l a t i o n o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e l y .
5.2 Comearison o f t h e B e h a v i o u r of One-Way Sla.bs w i t h Two-Way S l a b s
------------------.--------------------------.---------------
-..-

Comparison o f F i g . 3 a n d 4 showed t h a t t h e r e i s n o
j u s t i f j c a t i o n f o r g i v i n g two-way s l a b s g r e a t e r s l e n d e r n e s s t h a n one-way
s l a b s . F i g u r e 7 o f t h e n e x t s e c t i o n p r o v i d e s a more t h e o r e t i c a l c o n f i r m -
a t i o n o f t h i s . A s a. c a l c u l a t i o n shows, t h e d e f e c t i o n o f a s l a b w i t h
four-sided support i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of a s l z b w i t h two-sided support
i f t h e c u r v a t u r e M/EI a t t h e c e n t r e i s t h e same f o r b o t h t y p e s o f s l a b s .
The d i f f e r e n c e s are g r e a t e s t f o r a s q u a r e p l a t e . In order t o get equal
d e f l e c t i o n b e h a v i o u r , i t s s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o woul6. h a v e t o b e r e d u c e d by
6 p e r c e n t i n t h e c a s e o f s i m p l e s u p p o r t s on a l l s i d e s a n d 1 5 p e r c e n t
i n t h e c a s e o f c o m p l e t e l y f i x e d s u p p o r t s , compared w i t h t h e s l a b s u p p o r t e d
on two s i d e s . F o r t h e s a k e o f s i m p l i c i t y , however, i t i s recommended t h a t
t h e two t y p e s b e t r e a t e d i d e n t i c a l l y a s f a r as t h e s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o i s
concerned.

6 . THE EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIO OF REENFORCED CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS

THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO DAMAGE

The s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o o f a b u i l d i n g component i s u s u a l l y
understood t o be t h e r a t i o o f span l e n g t h t o h e i g h t . The h e i g h t i s t a k e n
e i t h e r a s t h e e f f e c t i v e d e p t h h o r t h e t o t a l c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l t h i c k n e s s do.
I n t h e f o l l o w i n g , h w i l l be u s e d .

The s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o i s a r o u g h m e a s u r e o f d e f l e c t i o n
behavior. The g r e a t e r t h e s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o t h e g r e a t e r i s t h e d e f l e c -
t i o n under otherwise i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s . These o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s a r e :
i d e n t i c a l l o a d i n g , c o n s t a n t moment o f i n e r t i a a l o n g t h e s p a n , i d e n t i c a l
c r e e p and s h r i n k a g e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e c o n c r e t e , and t h e same s t r u c t u r a l con-
figuration. The l a t t e r c o n d i t i o n c a n be a c c o u n t e d f o r by t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n
o f a n e q u i v a l e n t member. The o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s w i l l b e n e g l e c t e d f o r t h e
sake of simplicity.

The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s p a n l e n g t h s R i o f t h e s u b s t i t -
u t e beam c a n o c c u r i n v a r i o u s ways. Only o n e Q f t h e f o l l o w i n g two g r o u p s
o f c o n d i t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g e q u a l i t y o f deformation and s t r e s s i n t h e a c t u a l
a n d t h e s u b s t i t u t e beams h a s t o b e s a t i s f i e d a t any one t i m e .

(1) D eformation Conditions

......................
Same absolute deflection f
Same r e l a t i v e d e f l e c t i o n f/R
Same maximum s l o p e o f t h e d e f l e c t i o n c u r v e , max. t a n a
Same maximum e n d r o t a t i o n , max.
@A
(2) -----------------
S t r e s s Conditions

Same loading q
Same s t r e s s a t t h e c e n t r e s e c t i o n am
Same c u r v a t u r e a t t h e c e n t r e s e c t i o n (M/EI),, or
Same maximum s t r e s s , max, a
An e x t e n s i v e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e a r g u m e n t s which e n t e r
i n t o t h e c h o i c e o f t h e most s u i t a b l e m e a s u r e s o f c o m p a r i s o n c a n b e f o u n d
i n t h e p u b l i c a t i o n by A . Mehmel ( R e f . 2 ) . I n the analysis carried out
h e r e t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h s was a d o p t e d ,
i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h Mehmel a n d t h e p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e new e d i t i o n o f t h e
German R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e Code:
F o r t h e e q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h t i , t h e s p a n o f a s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d beam
w i t h c o n s t a n t moment o f i n e r t i a s h o u l d b e c h o s e n i n s u c h a manner t h a t
u n d e r u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d l o a d i n g t h e same r a t i o o f c e n t r e - l i n e d e f l e c -
t i o n t o s p a n l e n g t h a n d t h e same c u r v a t u r e a t t h e c e n t r e - l i n e s e c t i o n
e x i s t a s i n t h e a r b i t r a r i l y s u p p o r t e d beam u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . For a
c a n t i l e v e r , t h e d e f l e c t i o n a t t h e f r e e e n d and t h e c u r v a t u r e a t t h e
r e s t r a i n e d s e c t i o n a r e t o b e compared.
E x p r e s s e d i n f o r m u l a e , t h e s e d e f i n i t i o n s a r e as f o l l o w s
(Fig. 5):
 lli = k-ll

Condition ( 1 ) (same r e l a t i v e d e f l e c t i o n )

Condition ( 2 ) (same c u r v a t u r e )

When c o n c e n t r a t e d a n d l i n e l o a d s were p r e s e n t i n a d d i t -
i o n t o t h e u n i f o r m l o a d , t h e d e f l e c t i o n o f t h e a r b i t r a r i l y s u p p o r t e d beam
was c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e well-known d e f o r m a t i o n l a w s o f s t a t i c s
a n d compared w i t h t h e v a l u e s o f a s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d beam u n d e r u n i f o r m
loading. F o r v a r i a b l e moments o f i n e r t i a o f t h e a r b i t r a r i l y s u p p o r t e d
beam t h e same p r o c e d u r e was f o l l o w e d .
With t h e a i d o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p f =
c.(M/EI)m-l12 a n d t h e two c o n d i t i o n s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , t h e d e s i r e d f a c t o r
k f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s u b s t i t u t e s p a n l e n g t h c a n be f o r m u l a t e d
a s follows:
From C o n d i t i o n ( 1 ) : C. ( M / E I ) ~ '=~ ( 5 / 4 8 ) ( M / E 1 ) m ' e ' k
By i n t r o d u c i n g C o n d i t i o n (2) we o b t a i n c = (5/48)k

F o r t h e s p e c i a l c a s e o f a u n i f o r m l o a d and c o n s t a n t moment o f i n e r t i a , t h e
f a c t o r k f o r a beam e l a s t i c a l l y r e s t r a i n e d a t b o t h e n d s i s o b t a i n e d
a c c o r d i n g t o F i g . 6 from t h e formula

for the elastically restrained cantilever

F o r two-way r e i n f o r c e d s l a b s t h e f a c t o r k was d e t e r -
mined i n a s i m i l a r manner a n d i s shown i n F i g . 7 . T h i s f i g u r e was u s e d
f r e q u e n t l y d u r i n g t h e damage a n a l y s i s . But, a s h a s a l r e a d y been mention-
e d i n S e c t i o n 5 , one s h o u l d n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n p r a c t i c e b e t w e e n two-way
a n d one-way s l a b s i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h .
I t s h o u l d be n o t e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
d e f l e c t i o n s l e n d e r n e s s o f a two-way s l a b , t h e e q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h a n d
n o t t h e l a r g e s t g e o m e t r i c a l s p a n l e n g t h s h o u l d always be u s e d . A s can
b e s e e n from t h e example shown i n F i g . 8 , t h e g r e a t e s t s p a n l e n g t h c a n
y i e l d t h e s m a l l e s t d e f l e c t i o n slenderness r a t i o under c e r t a i n support
c o n d i t i o n s and span l e n g t h r a t i o s . This i s t h e case f o r a l l t h e types of
s l a b s i n d i c a t e d by d o t t e d l i n e s i n F i g . 7 .
 F o r s l a b s s u p p o r t e d on t h r e e s i d e s , t h e e q u i v a l e n t s p a n
l e n g t h c a n no l o n g e r b e d e t e r m i n e d l o g i c a l l y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e above-
mentioned d e f i n i t i o n , s i n c e t h e s l a b normal t o t h e f r e e edge cannot be
c o n s i - d e r e d a s a c a n t i l e v e r p l a t e n o r a s a s l a b s u p p o r t e d o n two s i d e s .
It supports i t s e l f e l a s t i c a l l y i n t h e o t h e r d i r e c t i o n . I t i s recommended
t h a t i n t h i s c a s e t h e s p a n l e n g t h p a r a l l e l t o t h e f r e e e d g e be c o n s i d e r e d
a s t h e governing one.

7. THEORETICAL DETERMINATION OF THE PROBABLE DEFLECTION OF THE REINFORCED

CONCRETE SUPPORT MEMBERS INVOLVED I N A CASE OF DAMAGE
Only i n a few c a s e s h a s t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e d e f l e c t i o n
t h a t c a u s e s t h e damage b e e n m e a s u r e d . U s u a l l y , a s p e c i a l i s t was con-
s u l t e d only a f t e r a considerable l a p s e of time following t h e occurrence
o f d i s t u r b i n g phenomena, a n d d u r i n g t h e e x a m i n a t i o n a n i n i t i a l d e f l e c t i o n
v a l u e was e s t a b l i s h e d . T h i s v a l u e , h o w e v e r , i n c l u d e s t h e form-work
camber and i s c o n s e q u e n t l y u n r e l i a b l e . I n connection with t h e d e f l e c t i o n
damage a n a l y s i s c a r r i e d o u t h e r e i t was t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y t o c a l c u l a t e
t h e d e f l e c t i o n s t o b e e x p e c t e d f o r e v e r y s i n g l e c a s e o f damage on t h e
b a s i s o f t h e most r e a l i s t i c a s s u m p t i o n s .

However, t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s were a l s o n e c e s s a r y f o r a
second reason. They p e r m i t t e d a s y s t e m a t i c r e v i e w o f t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s
o f a l l c a u s e s o f damage. Thus, t h e r e l a t i v e importance o f i n d i v i d u a l
c a u s e s c o u l d b e weighed a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r a n d a d d i t i o n a l c a u s e s c o u l d b e
d i s c o v e r e d which m i g h t n o t y e t h a v e b e e n r e c o g n i z e d by t h e l o c a l e x p e r t .

The b a s i s f o r t h e s e d e f l e c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s w i l l s u b -
s e q u e n t l y be d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y . F u r t h e r d e t a i l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e co-
e f f i c i e n t s u s e d , c a n b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n by t h e f i r s t a u t h o r
(Ref. 3 ) .
7 . 1 .............................................................
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c V a l u e s , L o a d s , I n t e r n a l F o r c e s and D e f o r m a t i o n
---------
Constants

The s t r u c t u r a l s y s t e m o f t h e l o a d - b e a r i n g r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e members i n v o l v e d , a s w e l l a s t h e i r d i m e n s i o n s a n d m a t e r i a l p r o p -
e r t i e s , h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e formwork a n d r e i n f o r c i n g p l a n s . The
most s i g n i f i c a n t d a t a a r e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e t a b l e s o f t h e Appendix.

The i n d i v i d u a l damage c a s e s h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d t h e r e
i n a systematic sequence, F i r s t come t h e t y p e s o f p a r t i t i o n w a l l damage
a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h , min.
Ri. Then, s t a r t i n g f r o m c a s e 9 2 , we h a v e t h e c o m p l a i n t s o f e x c e s s i v e
s l a b d e f l e c t i o n , p r o v i d e d t h a t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y p a r t i t i o n w a l l damage h a s
not occurred. These have a l s o been a r r a n p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e q u i v a l e n t
span l e n g t h . S i m i l a r l y , s t a r t i n g from c a s e 133, h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s i n
t h e v i c i n i t y of s l a b supports; from c a s e 144, c r a c k s i n t h e r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e component; and f r o m damage c a s e 1 5 4 , i s o l a t e d c a s e s o f d e f l e c -
t i o n damage w h e r e t h e r e i s a d e f i n i t e c a u s e f o r c o m p l a i n t . Concerning
t h e i n s t a n c e s o f damage s t a r t i n g a t 1 6 3 , i t i s known o n l y t h a t a d e f l e c -
t i o n damage had o c c u r r e d .
The l o a d i n g o f t h e b u i l d i n g components was d e t e r m i n e d
anew by o u r own r e - c a l c u l a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e dead w e i g h t , only t h e
p r o b a b l e p e r m a n e n t l y - a c t i n g l i v e l o a d was a p p l i e d . For l i v i n g a r e a s ,
t h i s l i v e l o a d was assumed a t 50 k I ? h 2 , and f o r commercial p r e m i s e s ,
d e p e n d i n g on t h e t y p e oT u s a g e , a t approximately 1 0 0 t o 200 kp/m2.
S j m i l ; . r l y , t h e i n t e r ' n a l f o r > c e s wei7e newly d e t e r r ~ i n e dartd,
a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e , compared w i t h t h e T ~ a l u t ?os f t h e o r i g i n a l s t a t i c s
c a l c u l a t i o n s . I n d o i n g s o , 2.n att;ernpt was rrlade t o c o n s i d e r , a s f a r as
p o s s i b l e , a l l e f f e c t s : f o r exarrple c h a n g e s i r ~s t r e s s e s due t o r e i n f o r c e -
ment b e i n g p l a c e d t o o l o w , o r p a r t i a l r e s t r a i n t s i n t h e e d g e s u p p o r t s
which a r e nor.mally n e g l e c t e d i n s t a t i c s c a l c u l a t i o n s . The d e g r e e s o f
r e s t r a i n t t h u s o b t a i n e d were r e c o r d e d i n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i r ~ gs k e t c h e s o f
t h e s t r u c t u r a l . s y s t e m i r ~t h e Appendix.
I n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e modulus o f e l ~ . s t i c i t yof t h e c o n c r e t e
t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e stlless l e v e l was a l s o c o n s i d e r e d . The f l e x u r a l
t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of t h e c o n c r e + , e was o b t a i n e d fr20rn t h e b a s i c v a l u e o f a
permanently w e t t e d c o n c r e t e as w e l l a.s a number o f i n f l u e n c e c o e f f i c i e n t s
(differential. dryjng of t h e cross section, influence of t h e s i z e e f f e c t s ,
d e t e r l o r a t i o n o f s t l - e n g t h due t o p e r n ~ a r ~ e nand
t cyclic loads, e t c . ) .
The c r e e p c o e f f i c i e n t 4 . a n d t h e s h r i n k a g e c o e f f i c i e n t E~
were t a k e n from t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d a t t h e MPA* MunLch o f t h e Comit6
Europgen du E6ton ( C E B ) ( R e f . 4 ) . Both t h e s e v a l u e s depend n o t o n l y on
t h e t e m p e r a t u r e and h u m i d i t y o f t h e a i r s u r r o u n d i n g t h e b u i l d i n g
component, b u t a l s o on t h e comy,osition o f t h e c o n c r e t e (cement c o n t e n t
and w a t e r / c e m e n t r a t i o ) a n d on t h e t i m e o f i n i t i a l . l o a d i n g . A l s o
i m p o r t a n t a r e t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f dilying of' t h e b u i l d i n g component,
d u r i n g l o a . d i n g a n d tile time a t which t h e damage h a d o c c u r r e d .
F'or c a s e s where d u r i n g i n s p e c t i o n 01. i n t h e d e s c r i p t i o n
o f t h e damage no f u r t h e r d i r e c t i v e s cou1.d b e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e d e t e r -
minat,icn o f t h e r e q u i r e d c o e f f i c i e n t s , e x p e r i e n c e from o t h e r s m a l l e r
b u i l d i n g corctponents was c a l l e d upon. F o r e x a m p l e , t h e d u r a t i o n o f
s h o r i n g o f a n apartnierlt s l a b vras assumed t o be two weeks as a n a v e r a g e .
U s u a l l y , t h e water/'cement r a t i o o f t h e c o n c r e t e was r e c o n s t i t u t e d from
t h e a t t a i n e d c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h by a s s u m i n g 300 kp/m3 cement c o n t e n t .
7.2 ---------------------------------------------
C a l c u l a t i o n of t h e T e r m i n a l D e f l e c t i o n V a l u e s
The d e f l e c t i o n c o m p r i s e s an e l a s t l c a n d a p l a s t i c
component. P a r t o f t h e s e d e f o r m a t i o n s o c c u r i m m e d i a t e l y upon a p p l i c a t i o n
o f t h e load; t h e remainder i s time-dependent. The c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e
t h e o r e t i c a l d e i ' l e c t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t f o r b o t h t h e u r ~ c r a c k e d ( S t a t e I )
a n d t h e c r a c k e d ( S t a t e 1 1 ) s e c t i o n . The d e p l e c t i o n which would p r ~ o b a b l y
o c c u r i n an a r b i t r a r y s t a t e o f c r a c k f o r r n a t i c n was t h e n d e t e r m i n e d by
interpol ation.
E l a s t i c Deflection:
S t a t e I: = e n - !I. a2
r:
Ep
II - II
En
S t a t e 11: l1
0
= c ,
h
a2

* T r a n s l a t o r ' s Note: Material Testing Laboratory

** kp = k i l o pond = k i l o gram f o r c e
 The c o e f f i c i e n t c d e p e n d s o n t h e s t r u c t u r a l s y s t e m , t h e
l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e moments o f i n e r t i a . The v a l u e
f o r c was d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t a b l e s o f well-known b o o k s on s t a t i c s . The
moment o f i n e r t i a ( I ) was d e t e r m i n e d t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e f a c t o r n f o r
steel inserts. I n S t a t e I1 t h e d e f o r m a t i o n of t h e s t e e l was d e t e r m i n e d
by c o n s i d e r i n g t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e c o n c r e t e b e t w e e n t h e c r a c k s ( s e e
Ref . l 7 ) .

I n c r e a s e i n D e f l e c t i o n d u e t o C r e e p f k a n d S h r i n k a g e f s of t h e c o n c r e t e :

State I : 1 - I
fk - n~ ' @ ' fo

II
S t a t e 11: fil - @ ' f o
- ~ I I

The v a l u e s n a n d s r e p r e s e n t c u r v a t u r e c o e f f i c i e n t s
w h i c h encompass t h e r e s i s t a n c e t o d e f l e c t i o n due t o t h e s t e e l i n s e r t s a n d
the resulting stress redistribution. They w e r e d e r i v e d i n R e f . 3 .

--a g..........................................
7.3 M n i t u d e o f D e f l e c t i o n s Which I n i t i a t e d Damage-

P a r t i c u l a r c a r e was t a k e n i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e m a g n i t u d e s
o f t h e d e f l e c t i o n s a t which damage o c c u r r e d . I n addition t o the general
c o e f f i c i e n t s l i s t e d i n S e c t i o n 7.1, f u r t h e r d a t a concerning t h e chronology
o f t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e t y p e o f damage, a n d t h e t i m e o f f i r s t
o b s e r v a t i o n o f damage had t o b e c o l l e c t e d . The c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e
w i l l b e shown b r i e f l y i n t h e f o l l o w i n g two e x a m p l e s .

(a) The c r a c k s o f a s u p p o r t e d p a r t i t i o n w a l l a r i s e
o n l y f r o m t h o s e d e f l e c t i o n components which o c c u r r e d a f t e r
t h e e r e c t i o n o f t h e w a l l and a f t e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e
interior plaster finish. T h e s e d e f l e c t i o n components d e p e n d
on t h e i n c r e a s e o f c r e e p a n d s h r i n k a g e d e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
c o n c r e t e , on t h e a d d i t i o n a l l o a d i n g w h i c h became e f f e c t i v e
subsequently ( e . g . a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e f l o o r covering, t h e
c e i l i n g f i n i s h , o r t h e l i v e l o a d ) , a n d on t h e e x t e n t o f
e x i s t e n c e o f S t a t e 11. F o r c a s e s where no more a c c u r a t e
i n f o r m a t i o n c o u l d be g a t h e r e d f r o m d o c u m e n t s , i t was assumed
t h a t t h e p e r m a n e n t l y a c t i n g l i v e - l o a d component became e f f e c t -
i v e o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i v e months a f t e r t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l
p l a s t e r i n g had b e e n c o m p l e t e d .
I n S e c t i o n 9 a sample c a l c u l a t i o n i s performed
f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e d e f l e c t i o n which i n i t i a t e d t h e
damage.

(b) I n t h e case of a sagging s l a b , t h e a c t u a l l y

measured d e f l e c t i o n i s i t s e l f t h e s o u g h t - a f t e r d e f l e c t i o n
which i n i t i a t e s t h e damage, s i n c e o n l y t h i s v a l u e seemed
disturbing t o the observer. Nevertheless, even i n t h e s e
 c a s e s t h e t h e o r e t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n was c a l c u l a t e d i n o r d e r t o
c h e c k w h e t h e r t h e d e f l e c t i o n of t h e s l a b was r e a l l y
t h e s o l e cause.

7.4 -----------------------------------------------------------------
C o e f f i c i e n t s o f D e f o r m a t i o n Which Were C a l c u l a t e d S i m u l t ~ a n e o u s l ~
-------------------
With the 2eflection

I n o ~ d e rt o f i n d t h e r e 1 e t i o : l s h i p s which g o v e r n t h e
o c c u r r e n c e o f a p a r t i c u l - a r i n s t a r c e o f damage, t h e r e l a t i v e d e f l e c t i o n
f / E , t h e maximum c u r v a t u r e max. l / ' p , t h e l a r g e s t e n d r o t a t i o n o f t h e
s u p p o r t s , max . t h e l a r g e s t a n g l e of t h e t a n g e n t s t o t h e n e u t r a l
ax:;s, max. tan!tii9alrd t h e f i n a l c r a c k o p e n i n g d were c a l c u l ~ t e d , i n
a d d i t i o n t o t h e d e f l e c t i o n f S c h ( s e e T a b l e s j n t h e Appendix, columns
21 - 25).

8. FACTORS RESPONSlBLE FOR TdE OCCURRENCE OF DEFLECTION DAMAGE

8.1 -
T h e o r e t i c a l l y P o s z i b l e S o u r c e s o f Dan,age
--------------------..---.----...---------
A s h a s b e e n r e p e a t e d l y i n d i c a t e d , t h e German R e l n f o y c e d
C o n c r e t e Code C I N 1 0 4 5 c o n t a i n e d v a r i o u s deficiencies which e x p l z i n
some o f t h e nlentloned t y p e s of d e f l e c t i o n damage. Such d e f i c i e n c i e s
(Nos. I - V i n column 1 7 o f t h e t a b l e s i n t h e A p p e n d i x ) i n c l u d e
e s p e c i a l l y t h e f a c t t h a t e x c e s s i v e d e f l e c t i o n s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s were
p e r m i t t e d f o r two-way r e i n f o r c e d p l a t e s . A n o t h e r l a y i n t h e f a u l t y
b a s j s u s e d f o r c a l c u i a t i o n of d e f l e c t i o n s . ? ' h i s y i e l d e d e x c e s s i v e l y
small. v a l u e s aild t h e r e b y g a v e t h e d e s i g n e r t h e i . l l u s i o n o f t o o f a v o u r a b l e
a d e f o r n a t i o n b e h a v i o u r o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b u l l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s . The
d e f l e c t i o n was c a l c u l a t e d f o r a n u n c r a c k e d s e c t i o n w i t h t h e same modulus
of e l a s t i c i t y c f c o n c r e t e fo? a l l c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h s . l'he t h i r d
deficiency l a y i r i t h e f a i l u r e t o r e q u i r e adequate c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e
c r e e p a n d s h r i n k a g e d e f o r n a t i o n s o r t h e c o n c r e t e . T h i s may c e l l b e
b e c a u s e s u f f i c i e n t i r ) f o r r o a t i o n on t h e e f f e c t s o f c r e e p a n d s h r i n k a g e
of' c v n c r e t e h a s o n l y b e e n a c c u m u l a t e d g r a d u a l l y d u r i n g t h e l e s t few
decades.

A l s o , a s e r i e s o f e r r o r s weye c o m m i t t e d i n t h e s t a t i c a l
calculations. T h e s e e r r o r s (Plos. lrI t o X i n column 17 o f t h e t a b l e s i n
t h e A p p e n d i x ) r e s u l t e d p a r t : c u l e r l y from ' I n c o r r e c t . assumpt!.ons c o n c e r n i n g
t h e s t a + , i c s y s t e m , a n d o n l y s e c o n d a r i l y rrom l i u m e r i c a l e r r o r s . F o r
e x a m p l e , i t i s u s u a l l y i n a p p r o p r i a t e t o assume f u l l e n d r e s t r a i n t s f o r a
s l a b c o n n e c t i r ~ gt o a 38 crn b r i c k w a l l o f a o n e - s t o r e y r e s i d e n t i a l
bulilding. S j m i l a r l y , t h e fav0urabJ.e e f f e c t u f t o - s i o n a l s t i f f n e s s of
s i m p l y upp ported two-way r e i n 3 o r c e d p l a t e s :;hould b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t
o n l y \:hen a r a i s i n g o f t h e c o r r l e r s i s p r e v e n t e d e i t h e r by d e s i g n o r by
s t a f 2 i c c o n d i t . i o n s . A l s o , i n s u f l n i c i e : n t c o n s i ~ l e r a t i o no f f ' o u n d a t i o n
s e t t l e m e n t c a n l e a d t o b1lild:ng damage, s i r ~ c es t r e s s r e d i s t r i b u t i o n w i l l
r e s u l t i n a d i f f e r e n t loading e f f e c t of t h e reinforced concrete buil-ding
components t h a n had b e e n assumed i n t11e s t a t i c c a l c u l a t ' o n s . Finally,
t h e d a n g e r o f o v e r l y f a v o u r a b l e 1oad:ng a s s u m p t i o n s must a l w a y s b e b o r n e
i n mind.
A wide v a r i e ' ; y o f c a u s t l s o f damage a p p e a r s p o s s i . b l e d u r i n g
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g (Nos. X I - XV i n column 1 7 o f t h e t a b l e s i n
t h e A p p e n d i x ) . A s one o f t,he p r i n c i p a l . :;ourc:es, l n s u f f i c l e n t
compressive s t r e n g t h o f c o n c r e t e may b e m e i ~ t i o n e d . T h e r e a r e v a r i o u s
p o s s i b l e rclasorls f'o? t h i s : unsatisfactory grain-size distribution,
i n : j ~ f f f . c I e n t cerrient , t o o l a r g e a wat,er/cement r a t i o , f r o s t e f f e c t s , e t c .
O c c a s i o n a l l y , t o o few r e i n f o r c e m e n t s were i n s t a l l e d , c o n t r a r y t o t h e
r e i n f o r c i n g s c h e d u l e s , o r t h e wrong s t e e l q u a l i t y was u s e d . Quite
f r e q u e n t l y t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t was n o t l o c a t e d a t t h e s p e c i f i e d d e p t h .
D e f i c i e n t form-work o r e x c e s s i v e s p a n l e n g t h s b e t w e e n b a r s u p p o r t s c a n
a l s o cause detrimental d e f l e c t i o n s . W e may a l s o m e n t i o n i n s u f f i c i e n t
s l a b t h i c k n e s s , o r a t o o narrowly formed s o l i d c o n c r e t e edge s t r i p o f
a ribbed slab.
F i n a l l y , e r r o r s had been committed a l s o i n t h e d e s i g n
phase o f t h e b u i l d i n g components. Such a n e r r o r ( N o s . X V I - X X i n column
1 7 o f t h e t a b l e s i n t h e A p p e n d i x ) o c c u r s , f o r i n s t a n c e , when n o r e i n f o r c e -
ment h a s b e e n p r o v i d e d f o r t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f p o s s i b l e r e s t r a i n t moments.
T h i s r e s u l t s i n l a r g e c r a c k s i n t h e c o n c r e t e t e n s i o n zone. Very f r e -
q u e n t l y t h e d e f o r m a t i o n s f o r t h e assumed s t r u c t u r a l a c t i o n o f t h e re-
i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g components c o u l d n o t t a k e p l a c e w i t h o u t
s t r e s s i n g a d j o i n i n g b u i l d i n g components f a r beyond t h e i r l o a d c a p a c i t y .
I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n we may m e n t i o n t h e h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s i n t h e e x t e r i o r
p l a s t e r which h a v e come a b o u t f r o m t h e r o t a t i o n o f t h e e d g e s u p p o r t s o f
reinforced concrete slabs. The s u p p o r t i n g o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
components o n p l a t e g l a s s windows must a l s o b e viewed a s a d e s i g n e r r o r
and s i m i l a r l y , t h e u n i n t e n t i o n a l s u p p o r t i n g o f s l a b s on p a r t i t i o n w a l l s
o r aluminum c u r t a i n w a l l s .

A s p e c i a l damage c a u s e i s t h a t o f a p a r t i t i o n w a l l r e s t i n g
o n t h e f l e x i b l e s u p p o r t p r o v i d e d by a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b . P a r t -
i t i o n w a l l s were a l s o s u p p o r t e d on t h e s l a b s i n f o r m e r d a y s when t h e
s l a b s were m a i n l y s u p p o r t e d by wood a n d s t e e l g i r d e r s . However, t h e
w a l l s d i d n o t c r a c k t o t h e same e x t e n t a s t h e y do t o d a y . . The w a l l s
m e r e l y had t o r e s i s t c h a n g e s i n t h e e l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n s c a u s e d by t h e
variable l i v e load. But t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b s commonly u s e d t o d a y a r e
s u b j e c t t o s u b s t a n t i a l time-dependent c r e e p and s h r i n k a g e d e f o r m a t i o n s .
Furthermore, g r e a t e r span l e n g t h s a r e chosen. The p a r t i t i o n w a l l c a n n o t
accommodate s u c h l a r g e d e f o r m a t i o n s a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y i t c r a c k s . This
s p e c i a l c a u s e o f damage was i n c l u d e d among t h e d e s i g n e r r o r s , a l t h o u g h
s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , g i v e n t h e s t a t e o f knowledge a t t h e t i m e i t c a n n o t
p r o p e r l y be c a l l e d a n e r r o r .
8.2 ACTUAL CAUZES OF DAMAGE
F i ~ u r e9 g i v e s a s u r v e y o f t h e a c t u a l c a u s e s o f damage,
a r r i v e d a t t h r o u i h t h e u n i f o r m a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e p o r t s r e c e i v e d . The
a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d t h e o r e t i c a l l y p l a u s i b l e c a u s e s a r e p l o t t e d on t h e a b s c i s s a ,
w i t h a r e f i n e d g r i d i n t h e o r d e r o f t h e n u m b e r i n g scheme, w h i l e t h e
frequency o f t h e i r occurrence is p l o t t e d along t h e o r d i n a t e .

I t became a p p a r e n t t h a t most c a s e s o f d e f l e c t i o n damage

c o u l d be t r a c e d t o e x c e s s i v e l y f l e x i b l e p a r t i t i o n w a l l s u p p o r t (XIX).
Very f r e q u e n t l y t h e damage o c c u r r e d a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f e x c e e d i n g t h e
permissible deflection slenderness r a t i o of the reinforced concrete
s u p p o r t member ( I ) . The s o l i d p a r t o f column I i n t h e h i s t o g r a m
r e p r e s e n t s a l l t h e c a s e s which were d u e t o a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e p r o v i s i o n s
i n e f f e c t a t t h a t time; t h e d a s h e d p o r t i o n r e f e r s o n l y t o c a s e s where
t h e d e f l e c t i o n s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o was g r e a t e r t h a n 35. Thus t h e d a s h e d
p a r t a g a i n p o i n t s t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o damage o f two-way
reinforced slab patterns.
The o t h e r c a u s e s o f damage a r e much l e s s p r o m i n e n t i n
c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e s e two s o u r c e s o f e r r o r s . The n e x t i m p o r t a n t
category i s t h a t of inadequate concrete q u a l i t y (XI). A similar, i f
n o t g r e a t e r , i m p o r t a n c e must b e a s c r i b e d t c r e i n f c l r c e r ~ e n t sl o c a t e d a t
t o o g r e a t a d e p t h ( X l I I ) . The f r e q u e n c y shown i n F i g . 9 p r o b a b l y
i p d i c a t e d t o o fs.vcurable a rhe!.ationship, s i n c e t h e a c t u a l d e p t h o f
r e i n f o r c e m e n t was r 1 3 t d e t e r m i n e d i n a j l c a s e s . F r e q u e n t l y i t was n o t
d e s i r a b l e t o c a r r y o u t t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i ~ nt h a t w o u l d b e
neecled f o r t h l s , w h i c h n o r e o v e r ~ o u l do n l y l e a d t o f ~ r t h e ru a n a g e .
However, e x p e r i e n c e f r o m o n - s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i . o r i s clurling c o n s t r u c t i o n
i n d i c a t e s t k i a t t h e t o p r e i r ~ f o r c e r n e n t f r e q u e n t l y g e t s p u s h e d down d u r i n g
t h e p l a c i n g of c o n c r e t e . This experience is repeatedly confirmed,
d e s p i t e f r ~ q u e n t g r o t , e s t e t i o n s on t h e p a r t o f s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s , foremen,
a n d o t h e r s i n v o l v e c i i n t t ~ ec o n s t r u c t i c : n , r e g a r d i n g t t : e r e l i a b i l i t y o f
t f l e i r c a r e f u l wcrkmanshj-p .

Srince t.he o t h e r c . a u s e s o f damage car1 a l s o b e j u d g e d

fr3or.r t h i s p r ~ i n to f v i e w , t h e s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s i n f r e q u e n c y o f t h e
r e m i i i n i r i ~causes nay be d i s 1 , e g a r d e d f o r t h e m o s t p a r t .

I t i s i r i s t r ~ ~ c t i v eh,o w e v e r , t o c o n s i d e r a g r o u p i n g o f
frequencies s j n c e j t i n d i c a t e s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e v a r l o u s
personnel catt:gories p a r t i c i p a t i n g j n bul-lding c o n s t r u c t i c n . The f o u r
m a j n g r o u p s o f c a u s e s w h i c h we e e t z b l i s h e d showed t h e f o l l o v r i n g
frequencies :

d e s ip;n e r r o r s 137 times

size deficiencies 76 times
e r r o r s i n viorkn;anship 56 t i m e s
calculat,ion e r r o r s 33 t i m e s
F r e ~ ~ u e n t l yF,o r e t h a n o n e c a u s e c o n t r i b u t . e d t o t h e same damage. Here
a g a i n , t h e l i m i t . a t i o n of s t a t i s t i c a l evidence should n o t be overlooked.

8.3 - - - ----
Conncctic:ri Bet,weer~ O r i g---.--------
i n a n d Type -.----------
o f Damage

A more r e l i a b l e i r ~ d i c a t i o n i s g j - v e n i n T a b l e 1 w h i c h
shorrs t h e f r e q u e n c y d i s t r l i b u t i o n o f t h o s e damage c a s e s i n w h i c h o n l y
o n e s i n g l e c a u s e was r e s p o n s i t ~ l e . T h i s s p e c i a l p r e s e n t a t i c n shows
t h a t i r l 2 1 c a s e s p a r t i t i o n w a l l c r a c k s w e r e c a u s e d m e r e l y by t h e
f l e x i b l e s u p p o r t o f t h e \:all e v e n w h e r e t h e s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s w e r e
s m a l l e r t h a n 1 5 . A cii:;turkJir.g s a g r e s u l t e d m a i n l y frorn a n e x c e s s i v e
s l e n t i e r n e s s r ~ ~ t Ci J or f r o m p o o r l y rllade c o n c r e t e . Cracks i r a r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e g i r d e r w e r e n o t . i c e d m a i n l y when r e i n f o r c e n e n t b-as a b s e n t o r
too sparse. Damagc- r e s u l t i n g frorn s u p p o r t r c l t a t i o n s c a n e v i d e n t l y b e
a s c r i b e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o dcsign errcnrs. The c a u s e s o f p l a s t e r o r
f i n i s h i n g damage i r v e s t . i g a t , e d i n . t h i s a n a l y s i s , as might. b e e x p e c t e d ,
r e s u l t s o l e l y f r o m e x c e s s i v e d e f 1 e c t i . o n s l e n d e r n e s s , ora more p r e c i s e l y ,
from e x c e s s i v e c l e f l e c t i c n . Fj-nally, i n t h e last l i n e design e r r o r s
a l o n e a c c o u n t f o r the damage i n t w o m c r e i n s t a n c e s . In both cases
v e r t i c a l deformation:? appeared a t an expansion j oirit because t h e
d i f f e r e n t i a l d e f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e two n e i g h b o u r i n g c o n c r e t e components
had n o t t ' e e n a d e q u a t e l y c o r i s i d e r e d .

9. EVALTJATTON O F F'ARTITION VIALL DAMAGE

9.1 Typee o f -P- a- r- -t- -i- -t- .- .i- -o- - n \:all
.---.-.----
Lamage --------
Observed

According t o S e c t i o n 5 t h e following types are

d e s i g n a t e d as p a r s t i t i . o n w p - 1 1 damage : " P a r t i t i o n w a l l cracks, gaps
b e t w e e n w a l l a n d f l o o r , ar:d janmed door^ o r w ~ . n d o w s " . The 1 a . t t e r
t y p e o f damage o c c u r r e d o n l y f i v e t i m e s , a n d w i l l n o t be c o n s i d e r e d
h e r e i n a f t e r . The majn e m p h a s l s w i l l f ' a l l r a t h e r on p a r t i t i o n w a l l
cracks, which c a t e g o r y we h a v e e x t e n d e d t o i n c l u d e t h e g a p s b e t w e e n
w a l l and f l o o r .
Normally, t h e c r a c k s o c c u r r e d w i t h i n t h e w a l l a r e a a s
s h e a r cracks a t 45O, o r h o r i z o n t a l l y a s t e n s i o n cracks along a mortar
j o i n t of t h e b r i c k w o r k . Sometir~ies, however, t h e y a l s o a p p e a r e d
v e r t i c a l l y i n t h e f o r m OF' f l e x u r a l c r a c k s . H o r i z , o n t a l and v e r t i c a l
c r a c k s a l s o o c c u r r e d a s a consequence of r o t a t i o n s o f whole w a l l p l a t e s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t h e j o i n t b e t w e e n w a l l and c e i l i n g , a s w e l l as a t t h e
j o i n t b e t w e e n two w a l l s m e e t i n g a t r i g h t a n g l e s .

The v a r i o u s t y p e s o f c r a c k s a r i s e f r o m v a r j o u s s t r e s s
conditions. It i s t h e r e f o r e a p p r o p r i a t e t o g r o u p them f r o m t h i s p o i n t
o f v2ew.

With small s p a n s a n a r c h i n g a c t i o n a p p a r e n t l y d e v e l o p s
w i t h i n t h e brickwork. The s t r e s s e s i n t h e b r i c k w o r k are s t i l l small
enough s o t h a t no c r a c k s o c c u r . The w a l l c a r r i e s i t s own w e i g h t ,
w h e r e a s t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a . b , which o r i g i n a l l y was t o h a v e
suppo1.t e d t h e w a l l , i s d e f l e c t e d downwards. Between t h e wall a n 3
t h e f l o o r a g a p l n g ci2ack r e s u l t s ( s e e F i g . 1 0 a ) whose w i d t h d e p e n d s on
t h e b e n d i n g f l e x i b i l i t y o f t l l e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s u p p o r t membel*.

'The a r c h w z t h i n t h e l o a d - - b e a r i n g wall f i n d s i t s
r e a c t i o n s n o t o n l y a t t h e s l a b s u p p o r t s b u t a l s o a t an immovable s i d e
wall ( F i g . l o b ) o r i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f i n f l e c t i o n p o i n t s o f a r e s t r a i n e d
s l a b ( P i g . 1 0 c ) . Thiz c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of t h e paidtit3.0n w a l l h a s been
o b s e r v e d up t o an e q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h of a p p r o x i m a t e l y t i = 7 . 0 m .

I n c a n t j l e v e r c o n s t r u c t i o n which s u p p o l a t s b r i c k w o r k ,
l a r g e g a p s b e t w e e n t h e b r i c k w o r k arld t h e s u p p o r - t i n g r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
s l a b h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d r e p e a t e d l y [ F i g . 1 0 ( d ) ] . The g a p i s n o t due t o
a r c h i n g , b u t r a t h e r due t o t h e b e n d i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e w a l l . The r a t i o
o f c a r ~ t i l e v e r l e n g t h t o t h e w a l l h e i g h t i s s t i l l s m a l l enough s o t h a t
t h e bending t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f t h e brickicork at t h e r e s t r a i n e d s e c t i o n
llas n o t y e t b e e n e x c e e d e d .

F r e q u e n t l y , t h e a r c h i r ~ ga c t i o n I n t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l i s
d i s t u r b e d by a d o o r o p e n i n g s j - t u a t e d a t a n u n f a v o u r a b l e l o c a t i o n . The
s p a n o f t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l shown i n F i g . I l ( e ) i s t o o la17ge f o r t h e
r e m a i n i n g c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l h e i g h t a b o v e t,he d o o r . U n d e ~ > s t a n d a b l y ,t h e two
w a l l s e c t i o n s sheam a t t h e corr1el.s o f t h e d o o r o p e n i n g . The c r a c k s s t a r t
h o r j - z o n t a l l y d u e t o weokenlng b y t h e s u p p o r t j o i n t and t h e n c o n t i r ~ u et o
p r o p a g a t e u p w a r d s . The o r i g i n a l w a l l p l a t e , f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l p u l - p o s e s ,
i s d i v l d e d i n t o two p l a t e c o m p o n e n l ; ~ which w i l l f o l l o w t h e s l a b d e f l e c t i o n
almost without r e s i s t a n c e . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h i s s u p p o r t c o n d i t i o n are
h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s b e t w e e n w a l l and c e i l i n g , a n d v e r l i i c a l c r a c k s b e t w e e n
p a r t i t f on w a l l arid e x t e r i o r wai 1.

Such w a l l r o t a t i o n s t e n d t o o c c u r p a r t : c u l s r l y whenever
a h a l l w a y i n t h e c e n t r e o f a b u i l d i n g e x c l u d e s a r c h i n g a c t j . o n [ P i g . 11( f ) I .

The h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s b e t w e e n t h e w a l l a n d c e i l i n g were
a l s o n o t i c e d i n p a r t i t i o n w a l l s which were l o c a t e d normal t o t h e
reinforcing d i r e c t i o n o r t h e reinforced concrete s l a b [Fig. l l ( g ) ] .
I n 1,his c a s e , t h e w a l l s i m p l y c r a c k s b e c a u s e i t , d e f l e c t s downwards w i t h
t h e s a g g i n g r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s1a.b. A p r e r e q u i s i t e i s a s m a l l e r
d e f l e c t i o n m a g n i t u d e of t h e c e i l i n g a b o v e tlre w a l l .

With i n c r e a s i r - g s p a n s t h e s t ~ * e s s e sw i t h i n t h e p a r t i t i o n
w a l l grow. Cracks i n c l i n e d a t approximately 4 5 O o c c u r i n t h e v 2 c i n i t y
of t h e supports. So f a r t h e m i d d l e p o r t i o n o f t h e w a l l b e t w e e n t h e
i r ~ c l i n e dc r a c k s r e m a i n s uncraclced. He1.e a l s o a r c h i n g e x i s t s b y means
o f which t h e m i d d l e p o r . t i o n o f t h e w a l l car! s u p p o r t l t s e l f [Fj.g. 1 2 ( n ) 1.
If e v e n f o r t h i s i r - n e r a r c h t h e s F a n l e n g t h becomes t o o g r e a t , a
h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k a l o n g t h e m o r t a r j o i n t s can o c c u r [ F i g . 1 2 ( i )1.
U s u a l l y , h o w e v e r , t h e w a l l i s weakened i n v a r i o u s ways by does o p e n i n g s ,
receszes f o r heating elements, e t c . Consequently crack formations of
q u i t e vary2ng forms o c c u r , which o f t e n p e r m i t one t o r e c o g n i z e unmistak-
a b l e s h e a r deformatioris of t h e w a l l . But s o m e t i m e s a l s o a r o t a t i o n of
l i m i t e d w a l l s e c t i o n s o r a r e s t , r a i r . t i n n e i g h b o u r i n g s i d e w a l l s can be
identif'ied [Fig. 12Ck)l.

F i n a l l y , i n p a r t i t i o n w a l l s numerous c o m p a r a t i v e l y
c l o s e l y s p a c e d c r a c k s c a n o c c u r [ P i g . 1 3 ( 1 ) 1 . The p a t h o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l
c r a c k s i s s i m l l a r t o t h a t i n a r e i r ~ f o r c e dc o n c r e t e g i r d e r . I t may t h e r e -
f o r e b e assumed t h a t a p a r t i t i o n w a l l t h a t h a s c r a c k e d i n t h i s m a n n e r ,
b e s i d e s s u p p o r t i n g i t s own w e i g h t , i s m a i n l y s u b j e c t e d t o e x t e r n a l
l o a d i n g , e . g . by u n 5 . n t e n t i o n a l l y s u p p o r t i n g t h e o v e r l y i n g r e i n f o r c e d
concrete slab.

The e x c e e d i n g o f t h e bt2nding t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f t h e
b r j c k w o r k i r i a c a r ~ t i l e v e r e dw a l l p l a t e c a n a l s o l e a d t o v e r t i c a l c r a c k s
i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e r e s t r a i n e d s u p p o r t [ F i g . 1 3 ( m ) ] . ?.he w a l l r o t a t e s
hy a n amount e q u a l t o t h e e n d : l o t a t i o n o f t h e c a n 1 ; i l e v e r e d r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e p l a t e and i n t h i s way accommodates i t s e l f t o t h e d e f l e c t i o n o f
t h e s u p p o r t i n g member.

9.2 L i m i t ir,g Vaj u e s f o r t h e I n i t i a t , i o---.

n o --.-.---
f P a r t i t l . o ----- l l C r a c --
n W a------- ks

It secms r e a s o n a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e t,he i n i t i a . t i o r 1 o f
p a r t i t i o n w a l l c r a c k s f r ~ mt h e b e n d i n g f l e x i b i l i t y o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g
reir.forc:ed c o n c r e t e s u p p o r t members. S i r ~ c et h e c a r r y i r ~ gc a p a c i t y o f
t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l C-epends m h i n l y on t h e s p a n l e n g t h , t h e
r e p o r t e d p a r t i t i o n w a l l damage h a s b e e n p l o t t e d i n F i g . 1 4 as a f u n c t i o n
o f t h e bending s l e n d e r n e s s and t h e equ.ivaient span l e n g t h . In order t o
f a c i l i t a t e t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t i n g mass o f p o i n t s , t h e v a r i o u s
t y p e s o f p a r t i t i o n w a l l c r a c k s h a v e b e e n d e s i g n a t e d by d i f f e r e n t s y m b o l s .

An i m p o r t a n t c o n c l u s i o r ~t h a t may b e drawn fraom t h i s

p r e s e n t a t 3 o n i e that: no damage o c c u r ~ . e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f s h o r t s p a n
l e n g t h s a s well a s I n t h e v i c l n i t y of small bending slendernesses. This
l e a d s t o t h e e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t i t may be p o s s i b l e t o s t a t e a l i m i t i n g
v a l u e f o r t h e p r e v e n t i c . n o f clamage.

The s c a t t e r o f t h e damage p o i n t s , h o w e v e r , i s s o g r e a t
t h a t e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a l o w e r l i m i t i n g c u r v e f o r t h e s e r i e s o f p o i n t s
w i l l a t f i r s t glance appear q u i t e ai?bitrary. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , none
of t h e f o u r d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f p a r t i t i o n wal.1 c r a c k s r e v e a l any
intrinsic r e g u l a r i t i e s .

A s a c o n s e q u e n c e we a r e f a c e d w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n o f how
t h e wide s c a t t e r o f p c i n t s h a d a r i s e n . S u r e l y o n e r e a s o r t may b e Sound
i n t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f tihe p a r t i t i i o n w a l l i t s e l f . A s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d ,
g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e s o c c u r r e d b e c a u s e o f i r r e g u l a r l y s p a c e d open:Lngs a n d
because of u n i n t e n t i o n a l r e s t r a i n t s of s i d e walls. Also, shrinkage
s t r e s s c : ~w i t h i n 1;he b r i c k w o r k r i n c r e a s e t h e u n c e r t a i n f y o f i n i t i a t i o n
o f t h e f i r s t c r a c l r s . The brickwork i t s e l f i s nfit i s o t r ' o p i c .
S u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n t h e m a t e l a i a l r i g i d i t i e s between t h e
j o i n t s and t h e b r i c k s . Furthermore, t h e w a l l s invest.>igat,ed c o n s i s t o f
qui1,e d i f ' f e r e n t m z t e r i a l s w i t h v a r y i n g r i g i d i t i e s .
A s e c o n d c a u s e may l i e i n t h e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e
support:,ing r + e i n fo r c e d c o n c r e t e member. A s a l r e a d y merltioned, t h e
b e n d i n g s l e n d e r n e s s p i o t t e d on t h e o r d i n a t e i s o n l y a v e r y rough
i n d i c a t i o n of t h e d e f l e c t i o n behaviour. Neither t h e q u a l i t y of concrete,
t h e amount o f r e i n f o r c i n g , n o r t h e c r e e p and s h r i n k a g e b e h a v l o u r o f t h e
c o n c r e t e a r e i n c l ~ . d e d . Nor a r e t h e v a r y i n g manufactur3.ng c o n d i l , i o n s o f
t h e b u i l d i n g componr?nt n o r t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f a rcisplaceci r e i n f o r c e m e n t
taken i n t o account.
A l l . o f t h e s e n e g l e c t e d i n f ' u e n c e s must n e c e s s a r i l y l e a d
t o a wide s c a t t e r o f t h e p l o t t e d damage p o i n t s . I n F i g . 1 5 , t h e r e f o r e ,
t h e b e n d i n g s l e n d e r n e s s o r d i n a t e h a s b e e n r e p l a c e d by t h e c a l c u l a t e d
d e f l e c t i o n r a t i o f g c h f o r t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f damage. Even s o t h e
s c a t t e r c o u l d n o t be substantially r e d u c e d . P l o t s o b t a i n e d w i t h o t h e r
d e f o r m a t i o n a l q u a n t i t i e s , e . g . t h e m~ximum i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e b e n d i n g
l i n e o r t h e maximum c u r v a t u r e o f a g i r d e r , which a r e n o t p r e s e n t e d
h e r e i n , b r o u g h t no i m p ~ ~ o v e m e n t . E v i d e n t l y , t h e above-narrled d i f f e r l e n c e s
i n t h e behaviour o f t h e p a r t i t i o n wall i t s e l f a r e o r p a r t i c u l a r l y g r e a t
influence.

From t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e r e l a t i v e c l e f ' l e c t i o n on t h e
e q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h t i , shown i n F i g . 1 5 , i t m i g h t be c o n c l u d e d t h a t
r i s k o f p a r t i t i o n w a l l c r a c k i n g a o e s n o t d e p e n d on t h e s p a n l e n g t h
b u t i s d e t e r m i n e d o n l y by t h e c o n s t a n t m a g r ~ i t u d eo f 1,he r e l a t j - v e
d e f l e c t i o n . The a b s o l u t e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e p e r m i s s i b l e d e f l e c t i o n f o r
c r a c k - - f r e e c o n d i t i o n s would t h u s be o b t a i n e d from t h e o b s e r v e d l o w e r
l i m i t i n g v a l u e o f f S c h = 1/1000 = 0 . 0 0 1 .
F o r t h e p r o p e r e v a l u a t i o r ~o f t h e damage p o i n t s i t i s
n e c e s s a r y , t h e r e f o r e , t o i.eso:.t t o f u r t h e r t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t l o n s .
It msy b e assumed t h a t t h e p a ? - - t i t i o n w a l l removes i t s e l f o n l y g r a d u a l l y
f r o m t h e s u p p o r t i n g I - e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e nrember. Since i n i t l a l l y only
t h e m i d d l e r e g i o n o f t h e w a l l i s s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d , t h e beam a c t i o n which
t e n d s toward c r a c k f o r m a t i o n o c c u r s l a t e r . T h i s g r a d u a l formation of
s t r e s s i n t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l i s a c c e n t u a t e d by t h e c r e e p d e f o r n i a t i o n s
i n t h e rnort a r j o i n t s o f t h e brickwollk. Theoretically, therefoide, a
c e r t a i n damage-free r e g i o n a l r e a d y e x i s t s b e f o r e a p a r t i t i o n w a l l
c r a c k s . S i m i l a r l y , i t nay be assumed t h a t a c e r t a i n g a p b e t w e e n w a l l
and f l o o r i s masked by t h e b a s e b o a r d . The amount o f d e f l e c t i o n , t h e r e -
f o r e , i s riot y e t r e g i s t e r e d a s a damage.
A c o n s t a n t v a l u e o f t h e d e f l e c t i o n which i n i t i a t e s
damage can t h e r e f o r e n o t be c o n s j d e r e d s a t , i s f a c t o r y , p a r t i c u l a r l y s l n c e
t h e t o t a l i t y o f p o i n t s c l e a r l y shows a d e p e n d e n c e on t h e e q u i v a l e n t ,
s p a n l e n g t h . More p l a u s i b l e i s t h e c u r v e d-awn i n F i g . 1 5 which o b e y s
The f o u r damage p o i n t s which l i e below t h i s l i m i t i n g c u r v e ;n F i g . 1 5
a p p l y r e s p e c t i v e l y t o a s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g w a l l , a w a l l r o t a t i o n , a n d two
c a s e s o f c r a c k f o r m z t i o n which c o u l d n o t be e x p l a i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f
t h e damage d e s c r i p t i o n . The w i c e s c a t t e r o f t h e r e m a i n i n g p o i n t s may
b e a s c : r i b e d t o a n i n a b i l i t y t o make t h e T ~ a l u e of s the deforn~ational
cons1,ants f i t t h e a c t u a i c o n d i t i o n s . The c a l c u l a t i o n i s i n p a r t
extremely sensit.ive ( s e e Sectlon 9 . 3 ) .

The a b o v e c o n d i t i o n shows t h a t t h e d e f l e c t i o n which

i n i t i a t e s damkge d e p e n d s on t h e s t r u c t u r a l . c o n f i g u r a t i o n . If' t h e
e q u a t i o n i s s o l v e d f o r f S c h , we g e t t h e d e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t l / k (cm)
which i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n f a c t o r k . I n t h e c a s e of a
s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d g i r d e r , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e r e i s no n e e d t o f e a r c r a c k i n g
o f t h e s u p p o - t e d w a l l at d e f l e c t i o n s u n d e r 1 . 0 cm; i n t h e c a s e o f a
g i r d e r r e s t r a i n e d a t one e n d , u n d e r 1 / @ . 6 = 1 . 2 5 cm; a n d a g i r d e r
r e s t r a i n e d at b o t h e n d s , u n d e r 1 / 0 . 6 = 1 . 6 7 cm.

The d e t e r n ~ i n aito n o f t h e d e f l e c t i o n t h r e s h o l d f o r
da.mage, however, u s u a l l y i r ~ v o l v e sa s u b s t a r ~ t i a le f f o r t , a.nd y e t t h e
r e s u l t s a r e m o d e s t , s i n c e a wide s c a t t e r s t i l l r e m a i n s . I t t h u s seems
j u s t i f i e d t o t r e a t t h e d e f l e c t i o n b e h a v i o u r oi' r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
s u p p o r t i n g membe1.s c o l l e c t i v e l y by n e a n s o f t11e d e f l e c t i o n s l e n d e r n e s s
ratio. T h i s r a t i o i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i m p l e r t o determine t h a n t h e
magnitude o f t h e a c t u a l d e f l e c t i o n and y i e l c s a s u f f i c i e n t l y c e r t a i n
r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a l i m i t i n g v a l u e of' d e f l e c t i o n .

A l i m i 1 , i n g .Jalue b a s e d on t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i s d e r i v e d i n
F i g . 1 6 . T h e r e , a s i n F i g . 1 4 , a l l damage p o j n t s a r e p l o t t e d a s a
f u n c t i o n of tlle d e f l e c t i o n s l e n d e r n e s s and t h e e q u i v a l e n t span l e n g t h .
I n t h i s c a s e , however, t h e s y m b o l s c h a r a c t e r l z e t h e most i m p o r t a n t
c a u s e which was m a i n l y r w e s p o n c i b l e f o r t h e l a r g e d e f l e c t i o n o f tyhe
p a r t i c i p a t i n g r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e member. I n order t o determine t h e
l i m i t i n g v a l u e s , o n l y b u i l d i n g components which were p r o p e r l y c a l c u l a t e d ,
d e s i g n e d and m a n u f ' a c t u r e d weye i n c l u d e d . T h e s e a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n
F i g . 1 6 by t h e b l a c k p o i n t s . A l l o t h e r p o i n t s involved real e r r o r s .
I t i s assumed t i ~ a tt i l e d e s i r e d damage t i ~ r e s i l o l d i s d e t e r m i n e d o n l y by
t h e b l a c k p o i n t s , a n d t h a t below t h i s l i m i t no damage s h o u l d h a v e a r i s e n
u n d e r p r o p e r c o n s t r u c t i o n . The d a m a g e - f r e e s t a t e d e c r e a s e s more s t e e p l y
w i t 1 1 i n c r e a s i n g span l e n g t h than i s i n d i c a t e d i n Figure 1 4 . The c u r v e
i s g i v e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y by

T h i s e a s i l y remembered f o r m u l a i s w e l l s u i t e d t o p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n .

------------------
Means o f P r e v e n t i n g P a r t i t i o n Wall C-------------------
-----.------------
racks i n t h e F u t u r e

One p o s s i b i l i t y , which h a s a l - r e a d y b e e n m e n t i o n e d , I s
t o decrease t h e bending s l e n d e r n e s s o f t h e r e i n f o r c e d concrete load-
c a r r y i n g member s u f f i c i e n t l y s o t h a t t h e above t h r e s h o l d o f damage
i s not exceeded. I n many c a s e s , h o w e v e r , t h i s would l e a d t o a n
uneconomical i n c r e a s e I n p l e t e t i ~ i c k f i e s s . For example, a c c o r d i n g t o
t h a t f o r m u l a , a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b s p a n n i n g 1 0 m would h a v e t o
have a thickness of approximately 65 cm. This is approximately twice the
normal thickness for plates. Consequently, hollow slabs or T-beams and
ribbed slabs have to be used.

A second possibility consists in constructing partition

walls as self-supporting elements. Here, the use of reinforced brick-
work is indicated (see the literature survey, Ref. 5). Self-supporting
brick-filled steel frames have been tried, as well as partition walls
suspended by tension rods from an upper wall support. In the latter
case, the tension rods can be arranged so as to provide for openings.
However, with all self-supporting construction the joints between the wall
and the slab must be hidden by suitably designed baseboards.
A third possibility is to construct the wall so that it
can follow the slab deformations without damage. In this connection it
has been proposed that joints be initially cut into the wall and then
finished architecturally with the aid of suitable plastic mouldings or
joint covers. Results from actual applications, however, are not yet
available.
It would also seem feasible to introduce an elastic
support for the partition wall so that with increasing deflection there
would still remain sufficient connecting force with the wall. Again, no
experience is available for this type of construction.
As a final possibility, we may list measures which result
in a decrease of the time-dependent deflection of the reinforced concrete
load-carrying member. It would already be of great benefit if the cracks
would just not get any wider, so that they could be completely closed
after one, or at most two, renderings. That such possibilities exist is
proven already by the fact that many of the points in Fig. 16 lie well
above the proposed threshold. Above all, it is necessary to use concrete
with as stiff a consistency as possible. Furthermore, the building
components should have aged before the partition walls are erected. Also,
prolonged moisture curing decreases the creep and shrinkage deformations
of the concrete. It is therefore recommended that partition wall
plastering should be left as late as possible. The most important
factor, however, is to manufacture the partition walls with good mortar and
and to include some reinforcement, in a few horizontal joints at least,
particularly where the wall is weakened by openings.
Example: Ribbed slab in an apartment building with the
following constants: tx = 10.0 m; k = 1.00; d/do = 8/35 cm; 8, = 300
kp/cm2. Rib steel St IIIb; should support non-load-carrying partition
walls which are erected two months after removal of form work and are
plastered one month after that. The ribbed slab will be manufactured
with 300 kg/m3 cement content. It remains in the forms for 14 days,
and after six months it receives a permanent live load portion of
50 kp/m2.
First Question: What is the increase in deflection from the time of
plastering the partition wall until two years after the manufacture of
the reinforced concrete members?
The calculation shows:
Elastic deflection due to permanently acting live load
qd,in State 11: 0.29 cm
Elastlc deflection due to progressive transfer from
State I to State 11: 0.00 cm
Creep due to dead load of the slab: 0.52 cm
Creep due t o dead l o a d o f t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l : G.42 cm
Creep d e f l e c t i o n d u e t o p l a s t e r on p a r t i t i o n w a l l : 0 . 3 0 cnl
Creep d e f l e c t i o n due t o permanent2.y a c t i n g l i v e l o a d : 0 . 3 0 cm
I n c r e a s e i r ~t h e c r e e p d e f l e c t i o n due t o p r o g r e s s i v e t r a n s f e r
from S t a t e I t o S t a t e 11: 0 . 0 0 cm
Increase i n shrinkage deflection: 0.4; c m
I n c r e a s e i n s h r l n k a y e d e f l e c t i o n due t o p r o g r e s s i v e t r a n s f e r
f r o m S t a t e I t o S t a t e 11: EAuL!!!
f = i 0 . 2 4 cm

I n t h i s f o r m t h e s l a b would j n a l l . p r o b a b i l i t y cause! c r a c k s i r ~t h e
p a r t l t i o n wall.

Second Q u e s t i o n : What i s t h e i n c r e a s e i n d e f l e c t i o n when t h e v a r i o u s

m a n u f a c t u r i n g c o n d i t i o r ~ so f t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e member a r e changed

(a) t h e b e n d i n g s l e n d e l . n c s s R j h Is r e d u c e d f r o m 32 t o 2 5 = 1 . 3 5 cm
i
(b) t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e c o n c r e t e niix i s c h a n g e d s o t h a t
t h e cement c o n t e n t i s r e d u c e d frorrr 300 kg/m3 t o
280 kG/m3 a n d t h e w a t e r / c e m e n t r a t i o d e c r e a s e d f r o m
0.56 t o 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 9 1 cm

(c) t h e r i b b e d s l a b i s s t r i p p e d a f t e r 28 d a y s i n s t e a d
of 1 4 days and t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l i s e r e c t e d and
f i n i s h e d o n e morith l a . t e r -- 1 . 8 2 cm

(d) t h e d e s l g n s p e c i f i e s compress1 on r e i n f o r c e n l e n t
Fe' = 1 d a t 24 mm O . C . e a c h way - 1 . 8 0 cnl

T h i r d Q u e s t i o n : How s u c c e s s f u l would t h e s e m e a s u r e s be i n p r e v e n t i n g
p a r t i t . i o n wall cracks i f c a r r i e d out sinrult~i.neously?

The p e r ~ n i s s l b l ed e f l e c t i o n would. be fSch/P.51/1000

- according t o t h e
prevl ously given relatj-onship.
r i b b e d s l s b w i t h t h e p r e - ~ i o u s l ye r ~ u m e r a t e ddimensions
arid m a n u f a c t u r i n g c o n d i t i o n s ( Q u e s t i o n 1 ) : f / a = 11446

i f t h e d e f l e c t i o n s l e n d e r n e s s o f t h i s s l a b h a s been
reduced according t o 2 a ) : f/k = 1/740

i f addii.ionally a s t i f f e r consjstency of t h e concrete

i s assured according t o 2b): f / a = 1/935

i f i n a d d i t i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o 2 c ) f o r m work i s s t r i p p e d
l a t e r a n d t h e partition w a l l i s e r e c t e d l a t e r : f / k = 1/1062

i f a d d i t i o n a l c o r n p r e s s i o n r e i r ~ of r c e m e n t i s i n t r o d u c e d
a c c o r d i n g t o 2d): f / a = 111220

I t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t b e n e f i t i s o b t a i n e d by c h a n g i n g t h e
deflection slenderness. I n t h i s example,compression reinforcemenl;, t h e
c o n s i s t e n c y , a n d t h e p a l - t i t i o n w a l l e r e c t i o n t h e n f o l l o w . ?'he e x a m p l e
a l s o shows c l e a r l y how t h e wide s c a t t e : ? al-ises i t 1 F i g s . 1 4 t o 1 6 . I t
a l s o i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f a c t t h a t a number of factors which a p p e a r n e i t h e r
i n t h e s t a t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s nor i n t h e b u i l d i n g p l a n s a r e of g r e a t
i n i p o r t a n c e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t i ~p a r t i t i o n w a l l damage.

l o - EVALUATION OF EXCESSIVE SLAB DEFLECTIONS

E v e r y owner e x p e c t s , upon o c c u p y i n g a new b u i l d i n g , t . h a t
Ile s h o u l d f i n d h o r i z o n t a l f l o o r s and l e v e l room c e i l i n g s . The m a g n i t u d e
o f d e f o r m a t i o n s which a r e f o u n d d i s p l e a s i n g a n d o b j e c t i o n a b l e t.o
p a r t i c u l a r o b s e r v e r s v a r T e s w i t h i n wide l i m l t s . F r e q u e n t i y , a layman
a s s o c i a t e s e x c e s s i v e d e f l e c t i o ~ i sw i t h t h e f e e l i r ~ gof d a n g e r , s i n c e h e i s
not acquainted with t h e causes of s l a b deformations. Should t h i s
d e f l e c t i o n i n c r e a s e s t i l l f u r t h e r wit;h t i ~ n e , owing t o c r e e p and s h r i n k a g e
o f t h e c o n c r e t e o r p r o g r e s s i v e t r a r i s f o r m a t l o n t o S t a t e 11, t h i s f e e l i n g
i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a f e a r t h a t t h e s l a b might c o l l a p s e .

I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h S e c t i o n 5 , t h i s c a t e g o r y o f damage
a l s o i n c l u d e s c o m p l a i n t s o f tarnmed c l o s e t d o o r s o r w o b b l i n g t a b l e s . A l l
o t h e r corisequences o f e x c e s s i v e s l a b d e f o r m a t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r e d
separately .
10.1 Magnitude o f P e r m i s s i b i e S l a b D e f l e c t i o n
---,-----------.-------------------------

I n most o f t h e c a s e s o f damage c o n s i d e r e d h e r e i n t h e
o b j e c t i o n a b l e c e i l i n g deflection c o u l d be m e a s u r e d o n l o c a t i o n . These
v a l u e s were p l o t t e d i n F i g . 1 7 a s a f ' u n c t i o n o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t s p a n
l e n g t h Ri. F o r f;he s a k e o f c o m p l e t e n e s s , e v e r y c a s e o f damage was
e n t e r e d w i t h a s y ~ s b o li n d i c a t i n g i t s p r e d o m i n a n t c a u s e , a l t h o u g h i n t h e
p r e s e n t s t u d y t h i s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n d o e s n o t y i e l d any p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l
i n f o r m a t i o n . From t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f e x c e s s i v e s l a b d e f l e c t i o n a l l
d.amage p o i n t s c a n b e c o n s i d e ~ ~ ecdo m p l e t e l y e q u a l .

I t i s f'ound t h a t s l a b d e f l e c t i o n i n s n ~ a l ls p a n s l e d t o
complaints e a r l i e r t h a n i n l a r g e s p a n s . O b v i o u s l y , t h e o b s e r v e r was
d i s t u r b e d l e s s by t h e a b s o l u t e m a g n i t u d e o f d e f l e c t i o n t h a n by i t s
magnltude r e l a t i v e t o t h e span l e n g t h , f / R . T h i s i s a l s o e v i d e n t from
Fig. 18,.where the value f / R instead of the absolute deflection i s plotted
on t h e o r d i n a t e .

I n b o t h p r e s e n t a t i o n s t h e s c a t t e r . o f damage p o i n t s i s
v e r y l a r g e . T h i s mEy be e x p l ~ i n e dby t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p l o t t e d
q u a n t i t i e s do n o t i n a l l c a s e s r e p r e s e n t t h e mi.nimum d i s t u r b i n g s l a b
d e f l e c t i o n . F i r s t l y , t h e d e f ' l e c t i o n was n o t m e a s u r e d i m m e d i a - t e l y a t t h e
time o f t h e i n i t i a l c o m p i a i n t . Then, a s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m e n t i o n e d , t h e
sensitivity t o damage of' different o w n e r s i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t a n d c a n be
o p t i c a l l y f a l s i f i e d by b u i l t - i n c o m p o n e n t s .
F o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a p e r m i s s i b l e d e y l e c t i o n , the2.e-
f o r e , t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t must b e a l o w e r l i n - ~ i t i n gv a l u e t h a t w i l l
p r o b a b l y meet: a l l r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h i s was e n t e r 2 e d i n b o t h f i g u r e s a s
f / ( -~ ~ 3 0 0 .

It is encouraging t o f i n d t h a t t h i s value has o f t e n

p r e v i o u s l y been g l v e n . The d e r i v e d v a l u e , t h e r e f o r e , p o s s e s s e s a g r e a t e r
b a s i s o f c o n f i d e n c e t l ~ a nwould r e s u l t o n l y f r o m t h e p i o t t e d damage
points. I n t h e s t r e s s a n a l y s i s f o r r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e components i t
s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e s e d e f l e c t i o n s must a l s o i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t s o f
c r e e p and s h r i n k a g e , u n l i k e t h e c a s e o f wood arid s t e e l - g i r d e r s l a b s .
The e l - a s t i c d e f l e c t i o n o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g components must
t h e r e f o r e be o n l y a f r z c t i o n o f t h e c i t e d l i m i t .
 10.2 M e a s u r---..----------------------------------
e s by \ihicll E x c e s s i v e D e f l e c t i o n ----P-r ----.---
Can Be evented

F r e q u e n t l y , t h e d e f l e c t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d n o t o n l y by t h e
d e f o r a a t i o n o f tihe s l a b b u t a l s o by t h e d e f o r m a b i l i t y o f t h e s u p p o r t
g i r d e r o r t h e f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e support r e s t r a i n t s . F o r t h e two-way
r e i n f o r c e d m u l t i p l e - b a y s l a b o f Case No. 1 0 6 , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e r e p o r t e d
d e f l e c t i o r r was a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 C err,. The s l a b i t s e l f d e f l e c t e d a b o u t 6 cm
and t h e s u p p o r t s , on t i l e a v e r a g e , a b c u t 4 cm. For t h e s e r v i c e - s t a t i o n
1-0of o f Case No. 1 2 8 , t h e d e f l e c t i o n o f 34 cm e t t h e f r e e e n d o f t h e
c a n t i l e v e r comprised defo-mations o f t h e c a n t i l e v e r p l a t e , t h e bending o f
t h e f l e x i b l e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e columns, t h e f l e x u r 2 l l o a d i n g o f t h e
U-shaped f o u n d a t i o n beams and t h e f l e x i L i l i t y o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o i l .
Such e f f e c t s must obviously be c o n s i d e r e d d u r i n g t h e p l a n n i n g s t a g e .

E x c e s s i v e s l a b d e f l e c t i o n c a n a l w a y s b e c o u n t e r e d by all
a p p ~ o p r i a t e l yc h o s e n camber i n t h e f o r m work. I n normal s i t u a . t i o n s , a
camber o f L/300 i s s ~ i f f ' i c i e n t . F o r l t i r g e s p a n l e n g t h s o r some s p e c i a l
c a s e s d e s c r : i b e d , t h e r e q u i r e d an:oun': must be c a l c u l . a t e d .

O f ' c o u r s e , t h e d a n g e r o f e x c e s s i v e s l a b i l e f l e c t i o n call be
d l m i n l s h e d by r e d u c l n g c r e e p and s h r i n k a g e d e f o r m a t l o n o f t h e c o n c r e t e
(sec Section 3.3).

The f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s a r e i n t e n d e d t o show t h a t i n
s 1 , r u c t u r e s which c o n t a i r ! a form-work camber o f L/300, e x c e s s i v e s l a b
d e f l e c t l o r 1 mzy be a v o i d e d s-imply by o b s e r v i n g t h e p e r n l i s s i b 1 . e d e f l e c t i o n
s l e n d e r n e s s o f max. L / h : 35. Acco-ding t o F i g . 1 9 , u n d e r f u l l u t i l i z -
a t i o n of t h e permissible c o n c r e t e and s t e e l s t r e s s e s and u n d e r a v e r a g e
c r e e p a n d s h r i n k a g e d e f o r r i a t i o n s o r a c o n c r e t e B 225, a d a n g e r o u s s l a b
d e f l e c t : - o n i s t o bti e x p e c t e d o n l y a t s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s g r e a k e r t h a n 26.
When i t I s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e p e r m a n e n t l y a c t i n g l o a d i s o r d i n a r i l y
o n l y a b o u t 75 p e r c e n t o f 1.he c a l c u l a t e d maxlmum l.oad, t h e n a c c o r d i n g t o
F i g . 50 a e f l e c t i o r ~ s l e r ~ d e r i l e s s e sup t,o 35 riiay be u s e d w i t h o u t damage. I f ' ,
u n d e r e x c e p t i o n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s , f o r i n s t a n c e u n d e r 1;oo e a r l y r e m o v a l o f
forr-I wor!:, l a ~ g e rc r e e p and s h r i n k a g e d e f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e c o n c r e t e t h a n
I$ = 3 and E~ = 0 . 3 0 % o c c u r , t h e n acco:-ding t o F i g . 2 1 t h e d a n g e r o f
excessive deflection i ncreases .
11. EVALUATION OF OBSERVED CRACKS I N REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING
COMPONENTS

A s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n i n d i c a t e d : t h e t y p e s of' damage
enccjmpassed i n t h i s g r o u p dfi n o t c o n s t i t u t e t r u e d e f l e c t i o n damage. They
w e r e , h o w e - ~ e r , repo.;.ted a s s u c h i n tihe c c n t e x t o f t h e c o n d u c t e d s u r v e y ,
s i n c e e x c e s s i v e d e f l e c t L o n o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g ccmponents
h z s o c c u r r e d a s a 1-esult o f t h e e y r o r s committed i n t h e manufacture G r
design.

F r e q u e n t l y , very wiae c r a c k s o c c u r r e d i n t h e t o p s u r f a c e
o f a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b o v e r a p a r t i t i o n w a l l t h a t was o r i e n t e d i n
t h e same d i r e r ; t i o r ~ a s t l ~ es1z.b s p a n ( F t g . 2 4 , ~ o s i t i o n1 ) . The s l a b
h a d d e f l e c t e d a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y came t o r e s t on t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l . Thus
b e n d i n g moments r e s u l t e d normal t o t h e main reinforcement d i r e c t i o n which
l e d 'GO c r n c k s a f t e r t h e b e n d j n g t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f t h e c c n c r e t e h a d b e e n
e x c e e d e d . T h i s damage c o u l d h a v e b e e n a v c i d e d e n t i r e l y by means o f a n
e l a s t , i c l a y e r b e t w e e n t h e wa1.l a n d t h e s l a b . The i n c l ~ r s i o no f t o p
rBeinfo:.cemcnt i n t h e d e s i g n would h a v e r e d u c e d t h e w i d t h o f t h e c r a c k s .
 Similar cracks i n the top surface of reinforced concrete
s l a b s o c c u r r e d w h e r e t h e t o p r e i r , f o r c e n l e n t was p l a c e d t o o low o r was o f
j n s u f f i c l e n t amount. The c r a c k s u s u a l l y o c c u r r e d a t t h e e d g e o f t h e
s u p p o r t i n g j ~ i s to r a t t h e e n d o f t,he s o l i d e d g e s t r i p ( F i g . 2 3 ) .
Whereas t h e c r a c k s d e s c r i b e d u n d e r ( a ) were t h e r e : ; u l t o f i n c o n ~ p n t i b : l i t y
o f d e f o r m a t i o n s , t h e c r a c k s w h i c h r u n n o r m a l t o t h e s p a n u s u a l l y indicate
serious danger with regard t o tho load carrying capaclty of t h e p l a t e .
Usually, t h e perrnisslble s t e e l stress i s g r e a t l y exceeded w i t h i n t h e
c r a c k s e c t i o n ; a l s o t h e c o n c r e t e s t r e s s e s a r e Loo h l g h . Fur>thermore, i n
t h i s manner t h e p e r m i s s i b l e s t r e s s e s a t t h e p l a t e c e n t r e may be e x c e e d e d
owing t o a r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f i n t e r n a l f o r c e s t h r o u g h r e l a x a t i o n o f t,he
restraints.

I n s l a b s s u p y ~ o r t e don a l l f o u r s j d e s w i d e c r a c k s h a v e
f r e q u e n t l y been observed i n t h e corners, o r i e n t e d normzl t o t h e d j a g o n a l s .
A c c o r d i n g t o p l a t e t h e o r y i t i s kcown t h a t a t th!-s l o c a t i o n s u b s t a n t i a l
t w i s t i n g moments c a n e x i s t , d e p e n d i n g on t h e s u p p o r t c o n d i t i o n s .
F r e q u e n t l y t h e r e was n o s u i t a b l e r e i r f o r c e m e n t which c o u l d r e s i s t thc:
f o r c e s a c r o s s t h e c o r n e r s , b e c a u s e a one-way s l a b h a d b e e n assumed f o r
s i m p l i f i c a t i c j n o f t h e c a l c u _ l a t i o n s . I n d e t a i l i n g , no t e n s i l e r e i n f o r c e -
ment h a d b e e n s p e c i f i e d . A s a n e x a m p l e , F i g . 24 shows t h e p1a.n v i e w o f
an apartment house w i t h such diagonal c r a c k s .

I n two-way r e i n f o r a c e d c e i l i n g s l a b s s u c h c r a c k s a l s o
o c c u r r e d whenever t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t bras i r ~ s u f f i c i e n to r t h e : i t e e l was
d e p r e s s e d d u r i n g p l acenient o f c o n c r e t e . Both e 1 2 r o r s n o t o n l y i n c r c t a s e
t h e deflection of t h e slab but also influence the carrying capacity.
A t h i r d r e a s o n f o r t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f e x c e s s i v e l y wide
d i a g o n a l c r a c k s i s t o be f o u n d i n t h e d e s l g n d i r e c t i v e s o f t11e
reinforced c o n c r e t e code D I I i 1 0 4 5 a p p 1 i c : a b l e a t t h a t t i - m e . The t o r s i o n
r e l n f o r c e m e n t i n t h e f r e e c o r n e r s was r e q u i r e d t o e x t e n d o n l y o v e r a
l e n g t h o f m2.x. L i 5 . Tlie t o r s i o n a l moments, h o w e v e r , e x t e n d eve:- a
g r e a t e r r e g j o n . T h i s J . s pal-titularly n o t i c e a b l e i n l a r g e s p a n s a n d , a.s
shown i n t h e e x a m p l e i n F i g . 24 on t h e l e f t s i d e , i s f u r t h e r a c c e n t u a t e d
by t h e d i f f e r e n t i 2 . l s t f f f n e s s o f e d g e s u p p o r - t s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , d i a g o n a l
c r a c k s o c c u r r e d e v e n a t t h e e d g e o f t h e t o r s i o n r e i n f o r c e m e n t w h i c h was
placed i n accordance wit11 D I N 1045. Since t h e r e w s s an almost complete
a b s e n c e o f s t e e l i n t h a t r e g i o n , t h e craclcs a r e u n a c c e p t a b l y wide.

The l a t t e r d e f e c t i s t o be removed i n t h e r e - ~ i s i o n so f
t h e ldeinforced c o n c r e t e code. It i s i r ~ t e n d e dt h a t d i a g o n a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t
w i l l be p r o v i d e d f o r a wic!th o r 0 . 2 R, a n d a l e n g t h o f 0 . 4 R x a t t h e t o p
s u r f a c e o f t h e s l a b . On t h e l o w e r s u r f a c e t h e sarne r e l n f o r c e m e n t ; i s
r e q u i r e d i n t h e n o r m a l C i r e c t i o n . The r e g i o n c o v e r e d w i t h t h i s p r o p o s a l
i s ; n d i c a t e d by a d a s h e d l i n e i n a c o r n e p o f F i g . 25.

EVALUATION OF HORIZONTAL CRACKS I N THE VICINITY OF SLAB SUPPORTS

These c r a c k s a p p e a r e d e i t h e r below o r above t h e s l a b
s u p p o r t . I n t h i s connect:-on i t was f r e q u e n t l y o b s e r v e d t h a t o n e o r two
l a y e r s o f b r i c k w e r e e n c o m p a s s e d by t h e s u p p o r t movement. U s u a l l y t h e
c r a c k s o c c u r r e d i n t h e - ~ i c i r ~ i toyf t h e r o o f s l a b i m m e d i a t e l y below t h e
eaves. Three d i f f e r e n t causes a r e responsible f o r t h e formation of
these cracks.
 I n a d d i t i o n t o tlie s t r m u c t u r a li.nf l u e n c e s w h l c h a f f e c t t h e
1 - o t a t i o n o f t h e edge s u p p o r t , a h o r . i z o r i t a 1 nloverr~ent o f t h e r e i n f o r -
c e d c o n c r e t e components o c c u r r e d owing t o s h r l n k a g e o f t h e c o n c r e t e o-
changes i n t e m p e r a t u r e . The e x t e r i o r p l a s t e r f i n i s h c o u l d n o t f o l l o w
t h i s defo:-mation a n d c r t i c k e d . A t y p i c a l example i s shown i n F i g . 2 6 .
The r.equj.red t h e r ~ i i a li n s u l a t i o n was m i s s i n g f r o m t h e r a e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
n l a b . The c e i l i n g t h e r e f o r e e x p e r 2 i e n c e d l a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s . If
t h e t h e r n a l measures a l o n e a r e n c t s u f f i c i e n t t o t a k e c a r e of
e l o n g a t i o n s , d a m a g e c a n be a v c i d e d by p l a c i n g a 1 2 cm d e t a c h e d c o v e r w a l l
i n front of the slab concrete.

A s i m i l a r exarr:ple i s shown i n F i g . 2 7 . F o r 16.rge e x p a n -

s i o n s i t wou1.d a l ~ o be p o s s l b l e t o channel t h e unavoidable cracks i r l t h e
b r i c k w o r k a n d p l a s t e r i n t o a p r e d e t e r m i n e d l o c a t l o n by i n c l u d i n g a
planned j o i n t i n t h e bricliwork and p l a s t e r . The c r a c k c o u l d t h u s b e made
invisjble.

Where t h e e x p a n s i o n w a s n o t t o o g r e a t a n d a. s u f f i c i e n t
i r ~ s u l e t i o no f t h e r e i n f o ~ c e dc o n c r e t e p l a t e h a s b e e n p r o v i d e d , t h e
r e a s o n f o r t h e h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s may be f o u n d i n t h e r o t a t i o n o f t h e
edge s u p p o r t . I t s magnitude

grows l i n e a r l y w i t h t h e l o a d a n d t.he b e n d i n g s l e n d e r n e s s o f t h e b u i l d i n g
component. The da.nger o f c r a c k f o r m a t i o n d u e t o a si.lpport r o ' c a t i o n i s
therfefort? always prBesei?ta t h i g h s t r e s s l e v e l s and i n s l e n d e r a f l e x u r a l
members, n o t o n l y !.n l a r g e - s p a n f l e x u r a l members.

The e d g e r o t a t ' o n i s p a r t i c u l a r l y d a n g e r o u s when d e e p

g i r d e r s a r e u s e d a t t h e s u p p o r t s , a s shown i n F i g s . 28 t o 3 0 . In the
f i r s t c a s e t h e l i g h t - v : e i g h t c o n c r e t e p a l ! e l s Iiave a p p a r e n t l y p u s h e d f a r
beyond t h e o u t e n e d g e o f t h e e x t e r i o r w a l l . I n t h e o t h e r two c a s e s some
possible crack formatlons nre i n d i c a t e d schematically.

I n s o f a r a s tlie few r e p o r t s o f s u c h h o ; ? i z o n t a l c r a c k s
p e r m i t a c o n c l u s i o n , i t may be assumed t h a t u n d e r p r o p e r e x e c u t i o n a n d
ob:;ervance fif t h e p e r i n i s s l b l e s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s t h e c r a c k s shown
i n F i g s . 29 a n d 30 may be a v o i d e d . The h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s w h i c h a r e
p o s s i b l e i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e e a v e s may i n v a r i a b l y be e l i m T n a t e d by a
s u i t a b l y desig1;ed suppo:-t .

T h e o r e t i c a l l y , h o r i z o n t a l c:-acks a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e
betweer1 t h e w a l l a n d t h e s1a.b a t t h e i r i t e r m e d i a t e s u p p o r t s o f a
c o n t i n ~ l o u ss l a b ( F i g . 3 1 ) . However, t h e r e must b e g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e s i n
s p a n l e n g t h ; ; o r l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s . No r e p o r t s o f s u c h damage a r e
a v a i 1 a b J . e . T h i s t1ieort.t i c n l p o s s i b i l i t y h a s b e e n t a k e n f r o m t h e
literature.

I n two-way r e i n f o r c e d s l a b s h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s f r e q u e n t l y
developed i n t h e brickwork n e a r t h e c o r n e r s , s l n c e t h e r e t h e s l a b i s
a b l e t o l i f t o f f t h e brj-ckwork ( F i g s . 32 a n d 3 3 ) . Robenhagen ( R e f . 6 )
p o i n t s out t h a t i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l cracks i n t h e brickwork,
c r a c k s i n c l i n e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 45' may a l s o a p p e a r . Such c r a c k s were
r ~ o to b s e r v e d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e p r e s e n t s u r v e y .
A l l h o r i z o n t a l cracks i n t h e v i c i n i t y of s l a b s u p p o r t s
d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n can be t r a c e d mainly t o d e s i g n d e f i c i e n c i e s and could
e a s i l y h a v e been a v o i d e d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f examples,
t h e r e f o r e , i t seemed s u f f i c i e n t t o p o i n t o u t t h e c a u s e s o f t h e damage
t h a t had o c c u r r e d and simply t o i n d i c a t e s u g g e s t i o n s f o r improvements.

13. EVALUATION OF DAMAGE TO PLASTER AND FINISHES

Damage t o p l a s t e r a n d f i n i s h e s was c o n s i d e r e d o n l y i f i t
was a d l r e c t c o n s e q u e n c e o f e x c e s s i v e d e f l e c t i o n o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
s l a b s . Damage due t o t h e i n c o r r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n o f p l a s t e r o r tihe
finishing surface i s not investigated here. F'urther information regard-
i n g t h i s a r e a can be o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( R e f . 7 ) .
A l s o e x c l u d e d a r e p l a s t e r c r a c k s which h a v e o c c u r r e d as
a n e c e s s a r y c o n s e q u e n c e o f o t h e r d e f l e c t i o n damage, e . g . t h e c ? a c k s i n
t h e w a l l p l a s t e r of a cracked p a r t i t i o n w a l l o r t h e h o r i z o n t a l cracks i n
t h e e x t e r i o r s t u c c o due t o s u p p o r t r o t a t i o n .

A s w i l l b e shown s u b s e q u e n t l y , a l l p l a s t e r a n d f i n i s h i n g
damage t h u s d e f i n e d c a n be a s c r i b e d t o d e s i g n o r c o n s t r ~ ~ c t i oenr r o r s .
A t l e a s t t h e y h a v e a r i s e n as a c o n s e q u e n c e o f s u c h e r r o r s . T h e r e f o r e , a s
i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , o n l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c a s e s o f damage w i l l b e
e n u m e r a t e d a n d s u g g e s t i o n s f o r impraovements w i l l m e r e l y b e i n d l - c a t e d .

I n a c e r t a i n b u i l d i n g t h e expansion j o i n t between t h e
wall a n d t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c e i l i n g was c o v e r e d w i t h p l a s t e r
( F i g . 3 4 ) . During t h e s l a b d e f o r m a t i o n , t h e p l a s t e r b u c k l e d and s p a l l e d
from t h e \gall.

A reinforced concrete ribbed slab with three cross r i b s

was j o i n e d t o a n erld w a l l p a r a ! l e l t o t h e s p a n . There, i t supported
i t s e l f o v e r t h e c r o s s r i b s l i k e a s l a b s u p p o r t , e d o n f o u r s i d e s . The
c r o s s r i b s became g r e a t l y o v e r l o a d e d a n d d e v e l o p e d a l a r g e s h e a r c r a c k
w i t h i n t h e l a s t r i b s p a c i n g ( F i g . 3 5 ) . The l a r g e d e f o r m a t i o n o v e r a
s h o r t d i s t a n c e l e d t o s p a l l i n g and c r a c k i n g of t h e c e i l i n g p l a s t e r .

I n o r d e r t o a v o i u t h i s u r ~ i n t e n t i o n a ls u p p o r t c o n d i t i o n
o f t h e c e i l i n g , a c o m p r e s s l . b l e l a y e r was p l a c e d b e l o w t h e c e l . l i n g
c l o s u r e , and t h e r i b s i n t h e v i c i r l i t y o f t h e f a c a d e were s t r e n g t h e n e d .
Even a l a y e r o f s a n d u n d e r t h e c e i l i r i g s u p p o r t w h i c h i s removed s h o r t l y
b e f o r e t h e s t r i p p i n g o f t h e forms,would o b v i a t e t h e d a n g e r of over-
stressing the cross ribs.

I n e n o t k e r b u i l d i n g a v a l u a b l e p l a s t e r c e i l i n g h a d t o be
r e p a i r e d many t i m e s s i n c e u n s i g h t l y c r a c k s a p p e a r e d r e p e a t e d l y . I t was
a s c e r t a i n e d t h a t t h e s e c r a c k s were n o t d u e t o i m p r o p e r m a n u f a c t u r e o f
t h e c e i l i n g p l a s t e r . Even r e l a t i v e l y small d e f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e r e i n -
forced concrete s l a b caused cracking of t h e p a r t i c u l a r l y s e n s i t i v e
s t u c c o gypsum. D u r i n g t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n i t was e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e t o p
r e i n f o r c e m e n t l a y e r was d e p r e s s e d a n d t h e r e q u i r e d t h e r m a l insulation
a[;ain::t t h e o p e n a t t i c was a b s e n t .
F i g u r e 36 shows t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t i l e t h e r m a l i ~ s u l a t i o n
o n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e f l u c t u a t . i o n s of' a r a e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e p l a t e a s
c a l c u l a t , e r l a c c o r r l i n g t o D I N 4 1 0 8 . by means o f a s u i 1 . a b l e e x t e r i o r
c e l l inp, J n s u l a t i o n t h e s e a s o n a l t e m p e r a t u r e v a r 3 a t i c ~ n sc a n b e lseduced
f r o m 33O t o l l ° C . Such rnear,ursec a l s o d i m i n i s h t h e d a n g e r o f h o r i z o n t a l
c r a c k i r ~ p ,I n t h e e x t e r j o r s t u c c o b e l c w t h f ? c e i l lnp; s u p p o r t s , a s d e s c r l b e d
I n S e c t i o r ~1 2 .

A d i f f e r e n t ; c a u s e was f o u n d f o r . t h e c r a c k s ir, t h e c e i l l n g
p 3 a : ; t f . r shown i n F j g . 3 7 . T h e s o c r a c k s a r o s e b e c a u s e t h e c e i l i n g s l a b
was u n l n f . e n t l o n a 3 l y s u p p o r t e d by a p a r t i 1 , i o n w a l l .

D a m a ~ e , which a t f j r s t s i g h t a p p e a r e d danp;erous, o c c u r r e d
d u r j n ~a d e d i c a t i o n ceremony o f a s c h o o l b u i l d i n g . A fslse ceiling
s ~ r s p e r ~ d efdr o m o c a n l , l l e v e r e d b a l c o n y o f t h e a s s e m b l y h a l l t o r e o f ' f w i t h
a lour1 bank:. P a n i c s t , r i c k e n , t h e guest:; l e f t t h e b a l c o n y . k!owever, o n l y
t h e c r a c k a t t i l e f r e e c a n t i l e v e r find h a d f o r m e d , a s shown :'.n F i g . 38.
The c r a c k d e v e l o p e d a l o n g t h e f r o n t edge a c r o s s t h e whole w i d t h o f t h e
b:ilcony .
F ~ o mt t ~ ed e s i g n p o i n t of' v i e w i l . was wrong f o r t h e s u s -
p e n d e d c e i l i n y , 1,o be i n t e y ; r a l I y c o r ~ n e c t e d t o t h e r . e i n f o r . c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b
a t t h e c a n t i l e v e r end. Before t h e c r a c k formed, t h e c e i l i n g a c t e d w i t 1 1
t h e 1 . e 1 n f o r c e d c o r ~ c r e t ep l a . t e as a c a n t i l e v e r ~ : i r d e ro f t . r i a n g u 1 a . r h e i g h t
variation. The s u s p e n d e d c e i l i n p : , a c t i n g a s thtt c o m n r e s s i o n z o n e o f t h i s
g i r d e r , was s u b j e c t e d t o c o n s i d e r a b l e cornpre!ssive f o l . c e s w h i c h e v e n t u a l l y
l e d t o a s h e a r f a i l u r e ! a t t h e jo!nt w3.th t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r . e t e p l a t e .

R e p e a t e d l y i t was r e p o r t e d t h a t v a r i o u s p o r t l o n s o f
p l a s t e r , including p l a s t t ! r s u p p o r t s , f e l l o f f . I n orle b u i l d i n g w i t h
c : r o s s - w a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n , tihe wnll. p l a t , e s w h i c h w e r e s i t u a t e d o n b o t h s i d e s
o f a c o r r i d o r , h a d r o t a t e d i n w a r d s , b u c k l i r ~ gt h e a c o u s t i c a l t i l e s .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , i n d i v i d u a l t i l e s f e l l o f f ( F i g . 3 9 ) . Whether t h f ? wall
r o t a t i o n was t h e :;ole r e a s o n t'or t h e f a i l w e o f t h e a c o u s t i c a . 1 t i 1 . e ~
c o u l d n o t b e d e t e r m i ~ e dw l ~ t h c e r t a i n t y f r o m t h e a v a i l a . b l e i n f o r m a t i o n .

I n a c e r t a l n a p a r t m e n t b l ~ o c kw i t h p r e c a s b s l a b s t h e c a . s t -
i n - p l a c e c o n c r e t e i n many s t o r e y s was m a n u f a c t u r e d s o p o o r l y t h a t t h e
l o a d s h a d t o b e c a r r i e d s o l e l y by t h e p r e c a s t g i r d e r s . The c e i l i n g
d e f l e c t i o n was t h e r e f o r e v e r y l a r g e . S i n c e some o f t h e l i g h t - w e i g h t
p l a t e s w h i c h w e r e t o c a r r y t h e p l a s t e r were u n f o r t u n a t e l y s e c u r e d w i t h
n a i l s o f i n s u f f i c i e n t l e n ~ t h ,t h e l a r g e c e i l i n g c u r v a t u r e l e d t o t h e
spalling of individual plates.

14. I ? V A L U A T I O N O F D E F L E C T I O N DAMAGE I N I S O L A T E D C A S E S
F i g u r e 4 0 , whic:h h a s b e e n t a k e n f r o m t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f
G. F'ranz ( R e f . a), sttows t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f a d i s ~ l l a ywindow w h e r e
i n s u f f i c i e n t a l l o w a n c e h a s b e e n made f o r d e f l e c t i o n o f t h e o v e r l y i n g
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e g i r d e r . The window h a d t o b e r e p l a c e d s e v e r a l t i m e s
b e c a u s e no a t t e n t ; i o n had b e e n p a i d t o t h e f u r t h e r i r l c r 1 e a s e o f d e f l e c t i o n
d u e t o c r e e p arid s h r i n k a g e o f t h e c o n c r e t e . F r a n z p o i r - t s o u t t h a t
sirriilar2 f a i l u r e s h a v e a l s o o c c u r r e d j n w a l l s made o f g l a s s b r i c k s .

I n a s i n g l e - s t o r e y o f f i c e b u i l d i n g t h e s t e e l columns o f
a l o n g - s p a n r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c e i l i n g h a d b e n t ( F i g . 4:). The f l e x u r a l
d e f o r m a t i o n due t o c r e e p and s h r i n k a g e of t h e c o n c r e t e i n c r e a s e d t o s u c h
a n e x t e n t t h a t t11e c o l . l a p s e o f t h e c e i l i n g was e x p e c t e d d u e t o b u c k l i n g
o f t h e b e n t s t e e l c o l u m n s . By means o f c o s t l y r e m e d l a l m e a s u r e s t h e
damage was e l i m i r i a t e d . T h i s example shows t h a t a t t h e e d g e s o f l o n g - s p a n
c e i l i r ~ g ,s t h e a c l d i t i o n a i b e n d i n g moments d u e t o t h e d e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
c e i 1 i r . g must be d e t e r m i n e d a n d t h e i r s a f e r e s i s t a n c e e s t a b l i s h e d .
With l ' l a t r o o f s , e x c e s s i v e d e f l e c t i o n s may p r o d u c e a
d e p r e s s i o n i n vihich w a t e r a c c u m u ' a t e s . I n t h e case i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig.42
i t was s u r m i s e d t h a t owing t o a l e a k i n g r o o f membrane t h e t h e r m a l i n s u l -
a t i n g l a y e r on t h e r e j n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b a n d t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
c e i l i n g b e n e a t h became s a t u x - a t e d . A s a r e s u l t , some o f t h e a c o u s t i c a l
t i l e s which w e r e g l u e d t o t h e c e i l i r - g c a n e l o o s e a n d f e l l o f f .

F i g u r e 4 3 , which was a l s o t a k e n from t h e p u b l i c a t i o n

of G . F r a n z , s h o t ~ sa c a n t i l e v e r r o o f which was i n t e n d e d t o d l - a i n t o w a r d s
t h e i n f ; e r i o r . Due t o e x c e s s i v e d e f l e c t i o n arl o p p o s i t e g r a d i e n t r e s u l t e d .
The w a t e r dra.inec1 o v e r t h e c d g e o n t o a b u s y t h o r o u g h f a r e i n s t e a d o f t o
t h e i n t e r i - o r o f t h e r o o f . The d i a g o n a l g i r d e r s k e t c h e d i n t h e d r a w i r ~ g
had t o be e r e c t e d .

F o r t h e e x p a n s i o n j o i n t shown i n F i g . 4 4 i t rras n o t con-

s i d e r e d t h a t t h e t r o u g h s u p p o r t s w e r e more f l e x i b l e t h a n t h e r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e s h e l l . A g a p r e s u l t e d which was up t o 4 cm w i d e . The g a p was
n o t o n l y u n s i g h t L y b u t a l s o d i s r u p t e d t h e n o r m a l f u n c t i o n i r ~ go f tihe
trough. Here a l s o , c o s t l y r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s were n e c e s s a r y .
I n a m u l t i - s t o r e y b u f - l d i n g (FLg. 4 5 ) t h e main s t r u c t u r a l
configurat;ion c o n s i s t e d o f a frame w i t h l a r g e p r o j e c t i n g c a n t j l e v e r
f l c o r s l a b s a n d t h e e x t ; e r i o r w a l l o f e1.n a t t a c h e d alu.minum c u r t a i n w a l l .
Since f o r various reasons the d e f l e c t i o n s i n t h e separate storeys
c o u l d n o t be o f e q u a l m a g n i t u d e , t h e alumlnum c u r t a i n w a l l was s u b j e c t e d
t o e x c e s s i v e a x i a l l o a d s . A s a l ' e s u l t , 11, warped t o s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t
d e s p i t e a n t i c i p a t e d t o l e r a n c e s a 1 - a r g e number o f windows jammed.
The s t e e l s t r a p s shown i n F i g . 46 were i n s t a l l e d ir.
o ~ l d e rt o s t i f f e n b a t h r o o m p a r t i t i o n w a l l s which weye e r e c t e d i n t h e b a s e -
ment a n d which d j d n o t r e a c h t h e c e i l i n g . The s t r a p s b e n t a p p r o x j - m a t e l y
3 cm d u e t o t h e d e f l e c t i o n o f t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c e i l i n g b e c a u s e
no g a p h a d b e e n p r o v i d e c ! i n t h e v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n .
P e f ' l e c t i c l n damage I s a l s o p o s s i b l e i n p r e - s t r e s s e d
concrete slabs. I n o n e c a s e i t was 1 ; e p o r t e d t h a t a p r e - s t r e s s e d p r e -
f a b r i c a t e d s l a b had g r a . d u a l l y d e f l e c t e d upwards a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y l i f t e d
o f f t h e s u p p o r t s . The s l a b h a d b e e n c a l c u l a t e d f o r a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h
l i v e l o a d which f o r economic r e a s o n s , h o w e v e r , had n o t b e e n a p p l i e d f o r
a long time. Because o f c r e e p a c t i o n i n t h e c o n c r e t e , t h e d e f o r m a t i o n
L n c r e a s e d a s a r a e s u l t o f t h e p 1 . e - - s t r e s s i n g t h a t was t o h a v e o p p o s e d t h e
l i v e l o a d . S e v e r a l c a s e s o f t h l s n a t u r e have been o b s e r v e d i n England,
and w i l l be descz.ibed f u r t h e r i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n .
15. RESULTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE ON DEFLECTION DAMAGE I N OTHER COUNTRIES
15.1. R e p o r t s o f C a s e s o f Damage
The t y p e s o f damage o b s e r v e d i n West Germany a l s o o c c u r r e d
i n o t h e l ' c o u n t r i e s w h e r e v e r s i m i l a P l y h i g h c o n c r e t e and s t e e l s t r e s s e s
and s i n ~ i l a r l yl a . r g e s l e n c l e r n e s s r a t i o s w e r e i n u s e . I n g e n e r a l t h e same
damage p o s s i b i l i t i e s were m e n t i o n e d . One a d d i t i o n a l r e a s o n was g i v e n f o r
t h e l a r g e d e f l e c t i o n o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e components b e s i d e s t h o s e
a l r e a d y mentioned i n S e c t i o n 8 . I n England, l a r g e d e f o r m a t i o n s o c c u r r e d
f r e q u e n t l y i n s l a b s w i t h f l o o r h e a t i n g , e s p e c i z l l y when t h e c o n c r e t e h a d
b e e n m a n u f a c t u r e d w i t h s h r i n k a g e - s e n s i t i v e a g g r e g a t e s f ~ * o mS c o t l a n d
(Hefe-ence 9 ) .
I n c o u n t r i e s i r ~w h i c h l o w - s t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e and s t e e l a r e
s t i l l i n u s e p r e d o m i n a n t l y , f o r i n s t a n c e i n T u r k e y , G r e e c e , Yugoslav:a,
e t c . , d e f l e c t i o n damage I s p r a c t i c a l l y unknown. I t a l s o became q u i t e
a p p a r e n t t h a t l e s s damage was i n c u r r e d i n c o u n t r i e s i n which s m a l l e r
s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s were p r e s c r i b e d t h a n h e r e . I n Sweden, f o r e x a m p l e ,
t h e damage w a s g r e a t l y r e d u c e d a f t e r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e new c o d e
r e g u l a t i o n s s h o r t l y a f t e r World War 11. P a r t i t i o n w a l l c r a c k s were
p r e v e n t e d m a i n l y by t h e s t i p ~ l a t ~ i ot hn a t t h e s u p p o r t i n g r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e f l e x u r a l members w e r e t o r e m a i n i n S t a t e I . T h i s i s a c h i e v e d
i n d i r e c t l y by a r u l e o f thumb f o r determin:Lng t h e minimum t h i c k n e s s o f
b u i l d i n g components ( s e e S e c t i o n 1 5 . 1 ) . I n E n g l a n d , a l s o , t h e new
r e i n f o r c e d c 0 n c r e t . e p r o v i s i o n s i n t r o d u c e d i n 1957 r e s u l t e d i n some
r e d u c t i o n o f t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y c f s t r u c t u r e s t o damage.

The 1 . e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e r e g u l a t i o n s i n t r o d u c e d i n
S w i t z e r l a n d i n 1956 h a d t h e o p p o s i t e e f f e c t . Whereas u n t i l t h e n
s u b s t a n t i e l l y s m a l l e r s l e r ~ d e r n e s sr a t i o s a n d l o w e r c o n c r e t e a n d s t e e l
s t r e s s e s w e r e p e r m i t t e d t h a n w i t h u s , t h e new p r o v i s i o n s p e r m i t t e d t h e
u s e o f any a r b i t r a r y s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o . Not e v e n a d e f l e c t i o n
c a l c u l a t i o n i s pl-esently r e q u i r e d i n Switzerlz.nd. A s a consequence, an
a s t o n i s h i n g amount o f damage h a s o c c u r r e d . The f r e q u e n c y o f damage
i n c r e a s e d s t i l l f u r t h e : - when t h e s t e e l s t r e s s e s w e r e b r o u g h t up t o t h e
h j - g h e r v a l u e s p e r m i s s i t : l e i n Germany, w i t h o u t r e g a r d f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
duformat-,ion c r i t e r i a . Consequently, t h e r e v i s i o n o f t h e code p r o v i s i o n s
a t p r e s e n t u n d e r s t u d y i n S w i t z e r l a n d w i l l e g a i n i n t r o d u c e a s e c t i o n on
def l e c t i c n c o n t r o l .
15.2 S t u d i e s o f D e f l e c t i o n Damage i n O t h e r C o u n t r i e s

I n a d d i l . i o n t o t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d -- o n
t h e d e f l e c t i o n b e h a v i o u r o f r e l n f o l - c e d c o n c r 8 e t e componen1;s wiLh s h y i n k -
a g e - s e n s i t i v e a g g r e g a t e s i n E n g l a n d -- t h e c r a c k i n g b e h a v i o u r o f b r i c k
w a l l s s u p p o r t e d on r e i n f o l a c e d c o n c r e t e components was s t u d i e d by
R . H . Wood ( R e f e r e n c e 1 0 ) . A u t h o r s Skempton a n d MacDonald ( H e f e r e n c e l l ) ,
a f t e r s t u d y i n g 96 f i n i s h e d b u i l d i n g s , r e a c h e d t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t
p a . r t i t . i o n w a l l damage c o u l d b e a v o j - d e d i f t h e d e f l e c t f o n o r t h e s u p p o r t i n g
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e componerlts i s n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 1/300 o f t h e s p a n .
The work p u b l i s h e d by t h e A n e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f C i v 2 l E n g i n e e r s (E.SCE) i n
1 9 6 1 ( R e f e r e n c e 1 2 ) p u t s t h i s l i m i t i n g v a l u e a t L/500. I n Australia,
F . A . B l a k e y ( R e f e r e n c e 1 3 ) g a v e t h e p e r m i s s i b l e maximum d e f l e c t i o n f o r
a v e r a g e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s as L/750. A l l a u t h o r s a g r e e , however, t h a t
t h e i r l i m i t i n g v a l u e c a n o n l y b e a n e s t i m a t e w h i c h s t i l l h a s t o be
v e r i f i e d by e x t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . A s already indicated i n
Section 9.2, i t does not appear reasonable t o p r e s c r i b e a constant value
f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f p a r t i t i o n w a l l c r a c k s . The r e l e v a n t l i m i t i n g v a l u e
must d e c r e a s e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g s p a n l e n g t h s .
 F o r t h i s r e a s o n a s u r v e y was a l s o i n s t i t u t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y
two y e a r s a g o (1965 - T r a n s l a t o r ) i n t h e U.S.A. by Committee No. 435 o f
t h e American C o n c r e t e I n s t i t u t e (ACI) w i t h a view t o c o l l e c t i n g a n d
a s s e s s i n g c a s e s o f d e f l e c t i o n damage. The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s u r v e y a r e
unfortunately not yet available." I n a d d i t i o n , t h e Comitc? Europgen du
B6ton (CEB) and t h e C o n s e i l I n t e r n a t i o n a l du B s t i m e n t (Ci B) i n t r o d u c e d
t h e d e f l e c t i o n p r o b l e m q u i t e e a r l y i n t o t h e i r d e l i b e r a t i o n s . A summary
o f t h e e x p e r j e n c e s i n E u r o p e c a n be f o u n d i n CEB B u l l e t i n No. 1 6
( R e f e r e n c e 1 4 ) and i n C I B (F?efellence 1 8 ) .

15.3 D e f l e c t i o n L i m i t a t i o n s o f R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e Components I n
Various Countries
Comparisons o f d e f l e c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s o f r a e i n fo r c e d
c o r l c r e t e b u i l d i r - g components i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s were c a r r i e d o u t i n
1960 by CEB ( R e f e r e n c e 1 5 ) a n d i n 1 9 6 3 by t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s
( R e f e r e n c e 1 6 ) . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e r e i s no n e e d t o make a s i m i l a r
evaluation here. I n what f o l l o w s o n l y a s h o r t s u r v e y w i l l be g i v e n of
noteworthy pr30posals f o r l i m i t i n g t h e d e f l e c t i o n o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
b u i l d i n g components. According t o t h e requirement of v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s
t h l s l i m i t a t i o n i s a t t e m p t e d by t h r e e d i f f e r e n t means.

F i r s t l y , t h e p e r m i s s i b l e maximum v a l u e s o f d e f l e c t i o n
a r e given. I n general, detailed data f o r the determination of the
actual deflections are a l s o presented. The m a g n i t u d e of t h e p e r m i s s i b l e
d e f l e c t i o n v a r i e s between f = L/?OO and L/1000, d e p e n d i n g on t h e t y p e o f
l o a d i n g . The c o u n t r i e s o f COMECON** recommended a c l e f l ' e c t i o n l i n i i t a t i o n
which d e p e n d s on t h e l i v e l o a d ( R e f e r e n c e 1 8 , p a g e 2 ) . F o r a p a r t m e n t
s l a b s t h e d e f l e c t i o n due t o dead l o a d s h o u l d be l e s s t h a n R/200 a n d t h e
i n c r e a s e due t o 100 kp/m2 o f l i v e l o a d i s

F o r d a n c e h a l l s , gymcasia., e t c . t h e p e r r n i s s i b i e v a l u e s a r e t o b e h a l v e d .

A second p o s s i b i l i t y f o r t h e l i m i t a t i o n o f d e f l e c t i o n
l i e s i n s e t t i n g p e r m i s s i b l e maxima f o r t h e s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s o f t h e
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e components. F o r n ~ e r l y f i x e d v a l u e s were c h o s e n ;
t o d a y t h e y a r e f r a e q u e n t l y s t a t e d as a f ' u n c t i o n o f c o n c r e t e a n d s t e e l
s t r e s s e s . The p e r m i s s i b l e v a l u e s a r e g e n e r a l l y g i v e n i n t a b u l a r form.
The v a l u e s g i v e n i n t h e addendum t o D I N 1 0 4 5 c o r r e s p o n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y
t o t h e formula:

T r a n s l a t o r ' s Note - T h i s r e p o r t h a s s i n c e b e e n p u b l i s h e d . See

" A l l o w a b l e D e f l e c t i o n s " by R . S. F l i n g e t a l . , A C I J o u r n a l , J u n e 1 9 6 8 ,
p p . 433-444.
** T r a n s l e i t o r ' s Note - " C o u n c i l o f Mutual Economic A s s i s t a n c e " c o n s i s t i n g
o f t h e S o v i e t Union, B u l g a r i a , C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , E a s t Germany, Hungary
and P o l a n d .
 F i n a l l y , a t h i r d p o s s i t ~ i l i t yf o r l i m l t i n g d e f l - e c t i o n i s
t o p r e s c r i b e t h e minim~im t h l c k n e s s o f t h e r l e i n f o r c e d c o r ~ c r e t ec o m p o n e n t s .
The Comm<ttee A 7 o r t h e M e t h e r l a n d s C o n c r e t e Association (CUR) h a s
p r o p o s e d t h e f o l l o w i r ~ gS o r m u l ~ .( R e f e r e n c e 1 5 , p a g e 8 1 ) :

t i o w e - ~ e r , t h i s a g a i n l e a d s t o a l i m i t a t i o n on t h e s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s i n c e
t h e above f o r m u l a may be t r a a n s f o r m e d i n t o

k c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e o f a l l new r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c o d e s i s t h a t two-
way r e i n f o r c e d concreA;.e s 1 l e . b ~mn.y riot be s l e n d e r e r t h a n one-way s ] a b s .
An i n t e r e s t i n g p r o p o s a l f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t,he minimum t h l c k n e s s o f s u c h
s l a b s h a s been a d v a n c e d i n t h e U.S.A.:

. circumference
do 2 180 L
- 9 cm

Swederl i s t l ~ eo n l y c o u n t r y which s o f a r h a s i n t ; r o d u c e d a s p e c i a l
requLremtznt r e j nf o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b s s u p p o r t i n g p a r t i t i o n w a l l s .
The t h i c k n e s s o f s u c h s l a b s s h o u l d b e :

do
>
=
/7M--
p e r m i s s i b l e ubz [kp, cm!

As was a l r e a d y r z e n t l o n e d , t h i s formula. s h o u l d g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g c o m ~ o n e n t sr e m a i n i n S t a t e I .

16. SUMMARY
( 2. ) A s t a t i r t i c a l c o l l e c t , i o n o f c a s e s o f b u i l d i n g damage d u e
t o e x c e s s i v e d e f ' l e c t l o n s o f r e i n f o r a c e d c o n c r e t e b u i l t l i n g components h a s
been d e s c r i b e d . The sui-vey was c a r r i e d o u t f r o m 1960 t o 1 9 6 5 by t h e
M a t e r i a l T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r y I'or S t r l l c t u r e s o f t h e T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y ,
Munich, i t 1 t h e t, e r r i - t o r j o f t h e F e d e ~ a a l R e p u b l i c o f Germany. Altogether
1 8 1 c a s e s o f b u i l o i n g damage were r e p o r t e d . They w e r e p r o c e s s e d a n d
e v a l u a t e d accord i n g t o uniform c r i t e r i a .

(b I t was shown t h a t t h e d a n g e ? o f damage grows

s u b s t a r l t i a l l y with i n c r e a s i n g e x p l o i t a t i o n of b u i l d l i n g m a t e r i a l
p r o p e r t i e s and w i t h t h e e x e c u t i o n o f e v e r more s l e n d e r b u i l d i n g
components .

(c) The f o l l o w i n g t y p e s o f damage o c c u r r e d i n o r d e r o f t h e i r

:importance :

P a r t i t i o n w a l l craclcs
Exc:essl v e s l a b d e f l e c t i o n
C r a c k s i r ~r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e components
 H o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s i r ~bi'ick wol-k i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f s l a b
supports
P l a s t e r a n d finishing damages
Others

(a) Gamage was most f r e q u e n t l y o b s e r v e d i n two-way

r e i n f o r c e d p l a t e s and r i b b e d s l a b s .

(e) The p a r t i t i o n w a l l c r a c k s a r e m a i n l y a c o n s e q u e n c e o f
y i e l d l n g s u p p o r t s d u e t o h i g h l y f l e x i b l e r e i n f o ~ c e dc o n c r e t e s u p p o r t
members, s i n c e t h e i r d e f ~ r m a t ~ i oincreases
n w i t h t i m e due t o c r e e p a n d
s h r i n k a g e of' t h e c o n c r e t e . The damage c o u l d b e p r e v e n t e d by a r e d u c t i o n
o f t h e s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o o f t h e s u p p o r t i r ~ greinf'o:>ced c o n c r e t e member
t o t h e value

o r tjy means of a n a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n o f t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l i t s e l f .
P o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r s u c h d e s l g n s were i n d i c a t e d i n S e c t i o n 9 .

(r) Excessive s l a b d e f l e c t i o n s we1.e c a u s e d by many e r r o r s .

The e v a l u a t i o n showed t h a t a d e f l e c t i o n o f up t o

i s lrot f o u n d t o be d i s t u r b i n g t o t h e n a k e d e y e . With a form-work camber

o f L/300, a v e r a g e c r e e p a n d s h r i r , k a g e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e c o n c r e t e
( 4 = 3, E = 0 . 3 0 % ) , norm21 p e ~ m a n e n t l o a d r a t i o ( q /q = 0 . 7 5 ) a n d
dimensionTng a c c o r d i n g t o D I N 1045, e x c e s s i v e s l a b g e f l e c t i o n need n o t be
e x p e c t e d a t s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s up t o 35.

(el A l l o t h e r damage c o u l d b e t r a c e d e s s e n t i a l l y t o e r r o r s o f
d e s i g n a n d workmanship. T h e s e were t a k e n up i n d i v i d u a l l y i n S e c t i o n s 11
t o 1 4 a n d s u g g e s t i o n s f o r improvement w e r e made.

(h) F o r c a s e s where i d e n t i c a l . s t r e s s and s l e n d e r n e s s v a l u e s

were i n use, % h e same d e f l e c t i o n damages o c c u r r e d i n f ' o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s as
here. S y s t e r n a t i c i r ~ v e s t i g a t i o n sr e g a r d i n g ' ~ a r i o u s s p e c i f i c p o s s i b i l i t i e s
o f damage were c a r r i e d o u t i n E n g l a n d a n d A u s t r a l i a . Damage a n a l y s e s
o f t h e k i n d i n d i c a t e d h e r e h a v e b e e n i n i t i a t e d i n t h e U.S.A., B e l g i u m ,
Poland and B u l g a r i a .
 FIGURES 1 TO 4 6

and

TABLE I

( T r a n s l a t o r ' s Note: No F i g u r e 2 2 a p p e a r e d

i n the original text)

F i g u r e 1: Region covered by the damage survey.

Questionnaire of Technical University Munich

pr Questionnaire of BStG-Gmb H Diisseldorf
) No damage
+ One o r m o r e c a s e s of deflection d a m a g e
F i g u r e 2: F r e q e n c y of r e p o r t e d build-
ing damage (the m e a n i n g s of de s i g n a -
tions along the a b s c i s s a can be found
i n the t e x t o r i n the L i s t of Symbols,
Section i).

LalblclcllrIfl LdEHEDJ mtrd7im

Bczrichnung : kc du. du kr: KC
Designation

F i g u r e 3: F r e q u e n c y of types of building
components which exhibited building
damage (the m e a n i n g s of designations
along the a b s c i s s a can be found i n the
L i s t of Symbols, Section h).
F i g u r e 4: F r e q u e n c y of types of
building components with
s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o s l e s s than
35 which exhibited building
damage.

Arbitrary b e a p : I

F i g u r e 5: G e o m e t r i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
the definition of equivalent span
length Li of a beam subjected t o
Substitute o r a r b i t r a r y loading.
Equivalent beam
!
F i g u r e 6: Elaboration of the
approximation f o r m u l a e f o r t h e
coefficient k in the equivalent
span length (the m o m e n t s a r e t o
be substituted in the f o r m u l a e
with due r e g a r d t o sign).

F i g u r e 7: Coefficient k f o r the
equivalent span length of p l a t e s
supported on four s i d e s o r
c o m p a r i s o n of the deflection
behaviour of p l a t e s supported on
two s i d e s with t h o s e supported
on f o u r s i d e s .
 Geometrical
GEOM. S ~ U ~ Z W E I ~ E N ERSATZ-sriirzw~~~
Span Lengths Equivalent
Span Lengths

F i g u r e 8: Example f o r the d e t e r - - I
[,i= 0.80I.
mination of the governing
( &yeYks )
deflection slende rne s s r a t i o of
a plate supported on four sides. 1
- I,,,- ,,---L

F i g u r e 9: F r e q u e n c y of observed
c a u s e s of damage (the meaning
of designations along the a b s c i s s a
c a n be found i n the text o r i n the
L i s t of Symbols, Section k).

sioning tion ship

 F i g u r e 10: F i r s t c a t e g o r y of p a r t i t i o n
wall damage: gaping c r a c k s between
wall and f l o o r due to a self-supporting
wall.

F i g u r e 11: Second c a t e g o r y of p a r t i t i o n I

wall d a m a g e : c r a c k s a t the joint

between wall and ceiling and t o w a r d s
the e x t e r i o r wall due t o rotation o r
m o v e m e n t of individual wall p l a t e s . - -- - - -- - --- -- - - -- --- ----
 F i g u r e 12: T h i r d category of partition
wall damage: Step-like inclined
c r a c k s in the wall due to excessive
shear s t r e s s e s .

F i g u r e 13: F o u r t h category of partition

wall damage: Vertical c r a c k s in the
wall due t o excessive flexural
stresses.
 .. ~ ~ ~~~ . .- - ..
1 Gap between-..
Cracks
~- ~-

0
:
0
' t,...-..
x
oB,
alsm. inn.rh&lb

RLer.rl.ur -
i.r
,chubrl... ,. ....
..nli~i.ach.

,-I.t unb.r.nnr.- -
-

s
x C r a c k s within thb wall a r e a
0, Beqding, and, s h e r cqackg i n the yrall
10 1s rnin li
~t

( m)
n C r a c k p a t t e r n i s unknown
F i g u r e 14: The v a r i o u s c a t e g o r i e s of partition wall d a m a g e a s a
function of the span.

- - m Gap between wall and floox

1
A C r a c k s between wall and ceiling
_ x Cracks within
0 Bending and s
C r a c k p a t t e r n j i s unknown

o k I I 1 I -
o 5 10 is min 1, (ml

F i g u r e 15: The t h e o r e t i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d deflection, which

p r e s u m a b l y c a u s e d the initiation of p a r t i t i o n w a l l damage.
 M e m b e r s which w e r e analysed c o r r e c t l y and built a s planned
o Calculation e r r o r s
+ E r r o r s i n workmanship
x Design e r r o r s

F i g u r e 16: Limiting s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o of r e i n f o r c e d building components

f o r t h e prevention of partition wall damage. T h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n gives
the r e l a t i o n s h i p between the s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o and the span of r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e c a r r y i n g m e m b e r s with p a r t i t i o n wall damage. I t i s p r e s e n t e d
a s a function of t h e c a u s e s which w e r e m a i n l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the l a r g e
deflection.
M e m b e r s which w e r e analysed c o r r e c t l y and built a s ~ l a n n e d
o Calculation e r r o r s
+ E r r o r s i n workrnanship
x Design e r r o r s
C a u s e of d a m a g e unknown

F i g u r e 17: M e a s u r e d v a l u e s of s l a b deflections which w e r e found objectionable.

 M e m b e r s which w e r e analysed c o r r e c t l y and built a s planned
o Calculation e r r o r s
+ E r r o r s in workmanship
x Design e r r o r s
Cause of damage unknown
. . . - - - --
0-am
~~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ - .~ - --

x+

+ 0
+
qo,o- .
.- m- -- --

X
+ x 0
+ + 0
+
L,L
-. - . -
I
.- .-.-. -- . -
300

I I 1 I
0
o 5 10 15 ii

F i g u r e 18: Limiting values of deflections of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e building

components f o r the prevention of a n objectionable ceiling - deflection.
The i l l u s t r a t i o n shows the r e l a t i o n between the deflections m e a s u r e d
on s i t e and the span of t h e loaded m e m b e r .

F i g u r e 19: Effect of s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o
on the s i z e of the deflection of a
normal reinforced concrete slab in a
building, with a f o r m w o r k c a m b e r of
f;; = ~ / 3 0 0 . In the shaded a r e a ,
objections t o the deflection c a n be
expected.
 Figure 20: Effect of the continuously acting
load component qd of the total load q
on the deflection magnitude of the slab
of Fig. 19.
-.
Formwork camber ffi

variable,

Figure 21: Effect of creep and shrinkage

deformation of the concrete on the
deflection magnitude of the slab of
F i g . 19.
 Dimensions and Statical System
---.A
Abmessungen und'slat System
a~n-nmou~r t E x t e r i o r Wall

Slab

, e t e t i e beam

I
C r o s s Section Y -Y
wfR%NITr Y- Y

\ /
l # f C j ldlp in jeder zweiten R ~ p p e 1st
C 50 4 dos Elsen oufgebogen.
ZI
S t e e l i s bent up in
e v e r y second r i b .
F i g u r e 23: C r a c k in the top s u r f a c e of
a ribbed s l a b a t the end of the solid
edge s t r i p o r a t the edge of the
support edge beam ( C a s e No. 19).

Suite A Suite B
I Wohnung A
t wa*nung 6
I

F i g u r e 24: C r a c k s in the top s u r f a c e of

a reinforced c o n c r e t e s l a b along a
supporting wall that i s u n n e c e s s a r y
f r o m the standpoint of s t a t i c s .
 Dimensions and Statical S y s t e m
A b m r s s u n g e n und stat. System

Aufgelretener Schaden Observed Damage

r l e Drlllbewehrung

Because of
absence of

F i g u r e 25: Diagonal c r a c k s i n the top s u r f a c e of

a reinforced c o n c r e t e s l a b supported on four s i d e s
( C a s e No. 1 2 3 ) .
 II 0s t w a n d E a s t wall

w e 4 mm x 'X ,F
T o p F a c e of S l a b
/
- <.-
\

Stahlsteindecke d =32 cm
\

C -.--
~ - .. ~
W e s t w a n d West w a l l
16 4 1
* .- .. --4
U
Section:

Observed Damage
A ufgetretener Schaden
---

Osf w a n d E a s t Wall k- +- A4 6-5- - - - - - - - -------

South Wall

S l a b Support

F i g u r e 26: H o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s in t h e e x t e r i o r s t u c c o within the

ceiling s l a b s u p p o r t ( C a s e No. 140).
 I '

------- I .>I
F i g u r e 27: Horizontal c r a c k i n the
e x t e r i o r stu'cco beneath the s l a b
--_
t
~.~+ . -.~
.*~:, . --'
"- ~--A support due to edge rotation.
lm Aunrnpulz

Horizontal
C r a c k in
Exterior plaster'---.

Apparent d 8

Movement of Cd(

F i g u r e 28: Horizontal c r a c k in the

e x t e r i o r stucco above the s l a b
support between wall plate and
roof plate due t o edge rotation
of the r a i s e d edge beam.

(Horizontal C r a c k in I n t e r i o r
f W /Uffizonl~lrtn r r n l n n r n p v l r )
Plaster)
F i g u r e 29: Horizontal c r a c k in the
i n t e r i o r p l a s t e r due t o edge
rotation of the r a i s e d edge beam
 4
C1
I

F i g u r e 30: Objectionable m o v e n ~ e r l t
-. . of t h e b a s e b o a r d due t o e d g e
' .
-"---dl
. A, r o t a t i o n of s l a b s u p p o r t .

rm Aunrnpulr
Horizontal
C r a c k in
Exterior Plaster

HorizontalrifJ im lnnenpulz
H o r i z o n t a l C r a c k in I n t e r i o r
Plaster

-- -- .- 12>(! . . - . . /1 -- -
F i g u r e 31: C r a c k f o r m a t i o n i n t h e i n t e r i o r p l a s t e r owing t o r o t a t i o n of a
continuous s l a b with g r e a t l y d i f f e r e n t s p a n s o r loadings.

F i g u r e 3 2 : R a i s i n g of c o r n e r s of
a s l a b s u p p o r t e d on f o u r s i d e s
u n d e r insufficient load a n d / o r
a b s e n c e of c o r n e r a n c h o r a g e .
~ o ; r z o n f o l r r s s e ,rn E c k b e r e l c h - i
Horizontal C r a c k s a t the C o r n e r s
 F i g u r e 33: H o r i z o n t a l c r a c k in the c o r n e r region of a r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e plate supported on f o u r s i d e s due t o insufficient load
and a b s e n c e of c o r n e r anchorage.

F i g u r e 34: Spalling of wall p l a s t e r due t o

unsuitably de signed joint a r r a n g e m e n t
i n t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e slab.
bplatzuog
P l a s t e r C r a c k and
Spalling

S h e a r C r a c k s i n t h e C r o s s Rib
Schubrfsse rn der Cluerrfppc
F i g u r e 3 5 : Spalling and c r a c k i n g of
ceiling p l a s t e r in t h e vicinity of
the wall owing t o rigidity of t h e
one-way r i b b e d s l a b along the
wall p a r a l l e l t o t h e span.
 49 Sutnme r
WINTER SOMMER
.T = -2 0 4
I

Plaster

stucco P l a s t e r 7;=+200
F i g u r e 36: E f f e c t of t h e r m a l insulation on the t e m p e r a t u r e change in a
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b . The d i f f e r e n c e A t m a y be viewed a s a
m e a s u r e of the m a x i m u m change in s l a b deflection which i s to be
expected during any one y e a r . ( A l l t e m p e r a t u r e s , T , a r e given in
degrees C. )

Footnote: :k2:: H e r a k l i t h = T r a d e n a m e f o r b o a r d s of c e m e n t e d wood f i b r e s .

 O,3 B r l o g Tiling
,<3,5 Eslrlch
,, ,,,y,t, o ~sotirrung Flooring
Insulation
, I, 0 pusglrichschichl
/ ' A , ,-
,, , , Finishing L a y e r

Plaster Crack Plaster Crack

F i g u r e 37: Unintentional support of a p r e - c a s t ceiling s l a b on a p a r t i t i o n

wall p a r a l l e l t o the span of the s l a b .

C r o s s Section
QUFR5CHNIll

F i g u r e 38: S e p a r a t i o n of a f a l s e ceiling
1 Suspended ;,n~;","c$k
a t the c a n t i l e v e r e d r e i n f o r c e d con-
Ceiling
.+
I
~~ ~

5.00 c r e t e plate with p l a s t e r c r a c k a t the

f r e e c a n t i l e v e r edge. The f a l s e
ceiling and the c o n c r e t e s l a b w e r e
rigidly connected without any
expansion joint a t the f r e e end. A s
the c a n t i l e v e r plate d e f l e c t e d , the
p l a s t e r s h e a r e d off the plate.

Plaster Crack

F i g u r e 39: Buckling phenomena i n the

ceiling p l a s t e r o r spalling of l i m i t e d
p l a s t e r regions owing t o unintentional
support of the two wall p l a t e s (dotted
a r e a s ) on the a c o u s t i c a l tile o r the
plaster supports.
stauchund d a r ~ c h a l l d a m m p l a t t e r

--
( 1 b j k k l e n e ~ n z en e
uc ing o i ---
A c o u -s-t ~
--
cal
~utztelle)
1
T i l e (Spalling of individual
Plaster Pieces)
 R i b l i e7"d Slab

Af=;=: p f.--=
lend~~hi!

shop' Window

F i g u r e 40: F a i l u r e of a show window owing t o insufficient t o l e r a n c e s

between the g l a s s and the r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e g i r d e r ( s e e Ref. 8).

. . .. . -. $jo~~-. .. .- -. $57 -
. .. . - ,6,9,+ . . . . - - -- --

Stirrups Column Section ,

Section 1 - 1 5f"tze-GrundriD I
Schniff 1- 1
Detail- R~ppendecke x 200 mm
Detail of Ribbed Slab verschw. ~ o o . ~ o o m m
welded t o g e t h e r

F i g u r e 41: Reinforced c o n c r e t e ribbed s l a b supported on s t e e l columns.

Owing to c r e e p and shrinkage of the c o n c r e t e , t h e edge rotation a t the
support and consequently the f l e x u r e of t h e s t e e l c o l u m n s i n c r e a s e d
to s u c h an extent t h a t a c o l l a p s e of t h e ceiling w a s f e a r e d .
 C#S=c aI l: e 100 Messuren~ents
#ane in c m

SUPEN
Section South
~Xnitt
Roofing 2 l a y e r s t a r pa
Dachdeckung 2 1 a g e n Pappe /
B/mrrtegdlell!n 8 cm
Light-weight p r e c a s t
strips 8 c m
wood f i b r e b o a r d
15 cm Kalkgipsputz
1.5 cm Scholldammplatt
U z i n Nr. 1 0 8 g e k l r b t A $.
Sound i n s u l a t i o n board glued w i t h U u z i n No. 108. "

F i g u r e 42: F o r m a t i o n of d e p r e s s i o n s i n a f l a t roof owing t o e x c e s s i v e

deflection of the r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b . In the c a s e No. 119
shown, gaping h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s a p p e a r e d a t t h e f r o n t of the
building owing t o t h e edge r o t a t i o n of the r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b e a m
F u r t h e r m o r e , s o m e of the glued a c o u s t i c a l t i l e s f e l l f r o m the ceiling
of the i n t e r i o r r o o m . In t h e i n s p e c t i o n r e p o r t i t w a s a s s u m e d t h a t
w a t e r had c o l l e c t e d i n t h e hollows of t h e roof. T h i s l e d t o w a t e r
p e n e t r a t i o n of t h e roofing, s a t u r a t i o n of the c o n c r e t e s l a b and l o s s
of a d h e s i o n of t h e glue.
 C o r n e r L i f t e d 'Nith b o l t s
fckemilSchrauben I - B e a m " I P l b "

-
angehoben /P16
Re m o r a g e
L
DeflectionY~ie~efinie-~~. "

Curve ~ra~dachf
c,
Ecke
Cantilever ~ o o f
Corner
1- 1
I I

F i g u r e 43: R e v e r s a l of the intended s l o p e of a c a n t i l e v e r roof owing

t o e x c e s s i v e deflection ( s e e Ref. 8).

Section +S c h n l t t 1-1

ion J o i n t

Autgetretener Schoden -> Observed Damage

Deflection up t o 4 c m

F i g u r e 44. E x c e s s i v e v e r t i c a l m o v e m e n t n e a r a n e x p a n s i o n joint of
a folded roof b e c a u s e the r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s h e l l on t h e right i s
s u b s t a n t i a l l y s t i f f e r than t h e t r o u g h p l a t e on t h e l e f t .
 Aluminum C u r t a i n Wall D i m e n s i o n s in C r o s %tion
F r o n t View +7 Mane in m Tuerschn,?t
A n s l c h t ~7 1e i c h t m e t a I I f a s s a d e 'C

'-
--

-
I
r---
I
-

-- ----
-
~
-rr--
_

--7
~ --

~ r ~

F i g u r e 45: J a m m i n g of windows of the a t t a c h e d

a l u m i n u m c u r t a i n w a l l owing t o d i f f e r e n t i a l
deflection of the long c a n t i l e v e r e d r e i n f o r c e d A b m e s s u n g e n d e r 4. O G - D e c k e -,
concrete slabs. D i m e n s i o n s of 6th S t o r e y F l o o r Slab
 Section
2.
Schnitt 1-L
f
,/;5+..
-4- . .
x
'
. ..
--- ,:,.4d.
,
-
,
"
-;
/
?
'
- ,
'
..,:.\ .,'-.

j . 0 ~
-7 2nd S t o r e y

.I-:

EG-'1 s t s t o r e y S t e e l S t r a p s u s e d a s additional s u p p o r t
>'
Bandeisen o l s rusdlzliche f o r bathroonl
-2 . H o l l e r u n g e n f u r die Bode -
..:'7-- 7 z e l l e'
n partitions
-
7- T

1 T I ,~,,.~,,~,~,.
,

-
.
I

-
I)

r I 1

S t a t i c a l S v s t e m of the F l o o r Slab
s t a t . ~ y s t e ; n d e r Geschofldecke C-
-
2nd S t o r e y Ceiling ,S l a b without
'--t 1.OG Decke o h n e D r i l l b e w e h r T n g T g r ion
i t - und K t - D e c k e mit Drillbe- Reinforcement
wehrung
1s t S t o r e y and B a s e m e n t Ceiling
I S l a b s with T o r s i o n R e i n f o r c e m e n t

Detail I A Detail 2
-

..
Deflecti
Cra Durchbiegung
Ri 3
I
Insulation
, . , ,
, , ,'

F i g u r e 46: Bending of t h e s t e e l s t r a p s of b a t h r o o m p a r t i t i o n w a l l s i n t h e
b a s e m e n t , and h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k i n t h e e x t e r i o r s t u c c o b e n e a t h t h e
b e a r i n g of t h e a t t i c s1a.b.
18. REFERENCES

1. Riisch, H. and Mayer, H. "Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Durchbiegung

von ausgefuhrten Stahlbeton-Traggliedern". (The Time-Dependent
Deflection Development of Erected Reinforced Concrete Load Carrying
Members). Beton-und Stahlbetonbau, Heft 10/1964, pp.224-230.
2. Mehmel, A. "Uber eine sinnvolle Beschrhkung der Durchbiegung von
Stahlbetonbauteilen". (On a Meaningful Deflection Limitation of
Reinforced Concrete Building Components). Der Bauingenieur, Heft
8/1961, pp.293-300.
3. Mayer, H. "Die Berechnung der Kurzzeit- und Langzeitdurchbiegung
von Stahlbetonbauteilen im Stadium I und 11". (The Calculation of
the Short-Term and Long-Term Deflections of Reinforced Concrete
Building Components in State T and State 11). Dissertation TH
Mtinchen, 1965 (published under "Die Berechnung der Durchbiegung von
Stahlbeton-bauteilen", Deutscher Ausschuss fur Stahlbeton, Heft 194,
1967)* .

4. CEB "Recommandations pratiques unifiges pour le calcul et llexc?cution

des ouvrages en b6ton armg". CEB Publication 1964 Comit6 Europgen
du Bgton, Paris XVI, 9, Rue la Pgrouse.

5. Hilfsdorf, H. "Bewehrtes Ziegelmauerwerk - Literatursichtung".

(Reinforced Brickwork - Literature Survey). MaterialprUfungsamt fGr
das Bauwesen der Technischen Hochschule MSnchen.
6. Robenhagen, G. "Schwere Schaden im Wohnungsbau bei Ausfthrung
iiblicher Vollbetondecken und Wege zu ihwrVermeidung1'. (Major
Damages in Building Structures with Common Solid Concrete Slabs,
and Ways of Preventing Such Damage 1. Der Bau, Heft 12/1957,
PP. 350-353-
7. Hartmann, M. "~ochbausch~den und -FehlerM. (Structural Damage and
Errors). Taschenbuch, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung Stuttgart, 1964.

8. Franz, G. "SchSden infolge zu grosser Durchbiegung und ihre

Gegenmassnahmen". (Damage Due to Excessive Deflection and Counter-
measures). Zement und Beton, Heft 21, April 1961.
9. Jenkins, R.A.S., Plowman, J.M. and Haseltine, B.A. "Investigation
Into the Cause of the Deflexion of Heated Concrete Floor Including
Shrinkage". The Structural Engineer, April 1965, No.4, Vo1.43,
and Disc. in Sept. 1965, No.9, Vo1.43.
10. Wood, R.H. "Studies in Composite Construction, Part I: The Composite
Action of Brick Panel Walls Supported on Reinforced Concrete Beams".
Gt. Britain, D.S.I.R., National Building Studies, Res. Paper No.13
1952, 25 PP.
11. Skempton, A.W. and MacDonald, D.H. "The Allowable Settlement of
Buildings". Journal I.C.E., Vo1.5, Dec.1956, pp.727-784.

* Translator's Note
12. American Society of Civil Engineers - Committee on Masonry and
Reinforced Concrete - Reinforced Masonry and Practice. Proc.
A.S.C.E., Journ. Struct. Div., Vo1.87, No.518, Dec.1961, pp.87-138.
13. Blakev, F.A. "Deflection as a Design Criterion in Concrete
~ u i l d i n ~ s "Civil
, Engineering ~ r a n s a c ion
t of the Insti tution of
Engineers, Australia, Vol. CE 5, No.2, Sept.1963, pp.55-60.
Blakey, F.A. "The Deflection of Flat Plate Structures". Civil
, 8 Buckingham Street, London, Vo1.58, 1963, N=,

Blakey, F.A. "Australian Experiments with Flat Platestt. ACI Journal,

Proc. Vo1.60, April 1963, p.515.
14. Soretz, St. "Deformationen - Kommission Nr. 4a1'. Comite Europeen
du B6ton (CEB), Bulletin No.16, Mar.1959, Paris XVI, 9, Rue la
Perouse .
15. CEB. llDalles - Planchers-Dalles - Commission No.10". Comite
~ u r o ~ g edu
n ~ 6 t o n(cEB), Bulletin No.29, Nov.1960, Paris XVI,
9 , Rue la Perouse.
16. Vanderbilt, M.D., Sozen, M.A. and Siess, C.P. "Deflections of
Reinforced Concrete Floor Slabs1', C i ~ i l ~ E n g i n e e r i nStudies,
g
Structural Research Series No.263, University of Illinois, April
1963.
17. Rao, P.S. "Die Grundlagen zur Berechnung der bei statisch unbest-
immten S t a h l b e t o n k o n s t r u k t i o n e n im plastischen Bereich auftretenden
Umlagerungen der Schnittkrgften. (The Bases for the Calculation
of RedistributLon of Internal Forces in the Plastic Range in
Statically Indeterminate Reinforced Concrete Construction).
Dissertation TH Mcnchen, 1965, published by Deutscher Ausschuss fur
Stahlbeton, Heft 177/1966.
18. Mathez, J. tlRapportprovisoire relatif aux d6formations admissibles
des planchers". Centre Scientifique e3 Technique du B$timent, (CIB),
Oslo, August 1965, ~ h s m e7.
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

a) -
Loads

G P o i n t o r l i n e l o a d due t o d e a d l o a d
P I'oint, o r l l n e l o a d due t o l i v e l o a d

8 Uniform l o a d due t o dead l o a d

l o a d due t o l l v e l o a d ; a c c o r d i n g t o D I N 1 0 5 5 ,
Unii'o~~m
Part 3, unless otherwise s t a t e d

Uniform l o a d d u e t o t h e c o n t i r ~ u o u s l y a c t i n g l i v e l o a d
d
9 U n i f o r n l o a d due t o d e a d l o a d and l i v e l o a d

b) Stresses
G
b S t r e s s i n conclaete a t t h e compression edge of t h e c r o s s
section

e S t r e s s i n s t e e l of t e n s i l e r e i n r o r c e m e n t

"d. S t r e s s i n s t e e l of compression reinforcement

cj S t r a i n s a n d Young's Nodulus
S t r a i n a t compl'ession e d g e o f c r - o s s sec:tiorl ( c o m p r e s s i o n
0
negative )

E
e pS ot rs ai ti inv ta. )t a x i s of t e n s i l e ~ > e i n f o r c e m e n t( t e n s i o n

Sum of e d g e s t r a i n s

C u r v a t u r e o t a beam s e c t i o n

D e f l e c t i o n ; a t beam c e n t e r l i n e , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d
R c t a t i o n of b e a n a t e n d s u p p o r t A
Angle of i n c l i n a t i o n uf t h e t a n g e n t t o d e f l e c t i o n c u r v e
Gap i n a j o i n t o r v e r t i c a l d i f f e r e n t i a l movemerlt b e t w e e n
two cros:; s e c t i o n e d g e s
Crac:k wiclth

Modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y c f c o n c r e t e
Modulus o r e l a s t i c ' t y of s t e e l

~ c h D e r l e c t i o n which i n i i i i a t e s damage ( f o r d e f i n i t i o n o f t h i s
magnitude, s e c S e c t i o n 7 ) .
d) Strengths
Compressive s t r e n g t h o f c o n c r e t e
Bw
Flexural t e n s i l e strength of concrete
Bb z
B Concrete s t r e n g t h s p e c i f i e d f o r construction

E l a s t i c l i m i t o f m i l d s t e e l and c o r r e s p o n d i n g l i m i t o f
BS, B0.2
p r o p o r t i o n a l s t r a i n o f coldworked s t e e l , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

e) Dimensions

R Span o f t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e member ( = L - T r a n s l a t o r ' s

Note)
E q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h o f t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e member
( s e e S e c t i o n 6 f o r d e f i n i t i o n ) (R. = k R )
3

Total plate thickness

H e i g h t o f beam

Web t h i c k n e s s

P l a t e width

E f f e c t i v e d e p t h ; d i s t a n c e from compression edge t o a x i s

of t e n s i l e reinforcement

F e , F; Cross s e c t i o n a l a r e a of t e n s i l e reinforcement o r
compression r e i n f o r c e m e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y

v, Pt Relative percentage of reinforcement

L A s f a r as c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e t r a n s l a t o r , L a n d
f ) C o e f f i c i e n t-
s R a r e used interchangeably

D e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t which d e p e n d s on t h e s t a t i c a l
s y s t e m , t h e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n and t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n a l
properties. For t h e c e n t e r l i n e d e f l , e c t i o n of a simply
supported g i r d e r under a uniform load and c o n s t a n t
moment o f i n e r t i a t h e v a l u e o f c i s 5/48, f o r e x a m p l e .

Creep c u r v a t u r e c o e f f i c i e n t

Coefficient of creep f o r concrete

Shrinkage curvature c o e f f i c i e n t

Shrinkage s t r a i n of concrete

g) Indices

I S t a t e I ; u n c r a c k e d beam s e c t i o n
II S t a t e 11; c r a c k e d beam s e c t i o n
Measured i n x - d i r e c t i o n
 Y Measured i n y - d i r e c t i o n
h) E f j n i t i o n s o f Lettering Schemes o f B u i l d i n g Component Types
a Solid slabs
b Ribbed s l a b s

c Pre-cast slabs
d Light-weight slabs
e R e c t a n g u l a r beams

T-beams

Contin~ious
Two-way r e i n f o r c e d

Cant i l e - ~ e r

i ) D e f i n i t i o n s o f t h e Numbering Scheme f o r Damage P o s s i b i l i t i e s

1 Cracks i n s u p p o r t e d p a r t i t i o n walls

2 G a p i n g c r a c k b e t w e e n w a l l and f l o o r o r c e i l i n g

3 Jammed d o o r s o r windows
4 Collapse of a p a r t i t i o n w a l l

5 Water s a t u r a t i o n of a c r a c k e d w a l l
6 Excessive sagging of a s l a b

7 Formation o f d e p r e s s i o n s , accumulation o f w a t e r and

leakage of cover

8 Plaster cracks o r s p a l l i n g of iadividual plaster-pieces

9 F i n i s h i r - i g damages
Slanting furnillure

F a i l u r e s o f show-window g l a s s
Windows j a m i n a n a t t a c h e d c u r t a i n w a l l

Annoying g a p i n a n e x p a n s i o n j o i n t
Cracked and l e a k i n g g l a z e d t i l e s t o v e s
D i s t u r b i n g v i b r a t i o n phenomena a r e f e l t

H o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s i n b17ick work u n d e r o r o v e r s l a b
suppo?ts
L a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n o f columns d u e t o s u p p o r t r o t a t i o n
 18 Cracks a t t o p s u r f a c e of s l a b a l o n g t h e l i n e o f s u p p o r t
o r along t h e s o l i d edge s t r i p

19 Cracks i n s l a b c o r n e r s normal t o t h e d i a g o n a l
20 I n c o m p a t i b i l i t y between s l a b d e f o r m a t i o n and r e s t r a i n t s

k) D e f i n i t i o n s o f t h e Numbering Scheme o f Damage C a u s e s

Deficiencies i n Analysis

I S l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o Ri/h > 35
Deformation behaviour underestimated because a n a l y s i s
was c a r r i e d o u t a c c o r d i n g t o S t a t e I
Deformational behaviour underestimated because creep
a n d s h r i n k a g e o f c o n c r e t e was n e g l e c t e d

R e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f i n t e r n a l f o r c e s n o t c o n s i d e r e d owing
t o n e g l e c t o f c r e e p and s h r i n k a g e o f c o n c r e t e

E r r o r s ir. C a l c u l a t i o n

VI Ordinary c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r

VII S t a t i c a l system does not correspond t o r e a l i t y

V I II T o r s i o n a l s t i f f n e s s o f a two-way s l a b was a c c o u n t e d f o r
without j u s t i f i c a t i o n

IX F o u n d a t i o n s e t t l e m e n t was n o t a d e q u a t e l y considered

X Load a s s u m p t i o n s a r e t o o f a v o u r a b l e

E r r o r s i n Workmanship

XI P r e s c r i b e d c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h was n o t a t t a i n e d

XI1 R e q u i r e d amount o f r e i n f o r c Z n g was n o t i n c l u d e d

XI11 H e i g h t o f r e l n f o r c e m e n t was n o t o b s e r v e d i n a c c o r d a n c e
with the plans

XIV S o l i d edge s t r i p t e r m i n a t e d t o o e a r l y

XV Formwork w a s m a n u f a c t u r e d i m p r o p e r l y

Design E r r o r s

XVI R e i n f o r c e m e n t t o r e s i s t u n i n t e n t i o n a l r e s t r a i n t s was
absent o r stopped t o o s h o r t . Torsional reinforcement
was a b s e n t
XVII Damage-free d e f o r - m a t i o n o f t i l e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
component was n o t p e r m i t t e d

XVIII S h r i n k a g e - s e n s i t i v e b r j c k w o r k was e r e c t e d
XIX P a r t i t i o n w a l l s a.re c a r r i e d by r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
members
xx S u p p o r t s f o r c o n c r e t e components w e r e d e s i g n e d t o o
f I exib l e
 APPENDIX

20. SET OF TABLES OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DATA ON EACH INDIVIDUAL CASE
O F DAMAGE

The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s c o n t a i n t h e most i m p o r t a n t d a t a which

c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e components t h a t c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e
v a r i o u s c a s e s o f damage. The d a t a were d e r i v e d from t h e borrowed form-
work and r e i n f o r c i n g p l a n s , s t a t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s o r from i n s p e c t i o n
reports. I n a d d i t i o n , columns 1 8 t o 25 g i v e some r e s u l t s o f c a l c u l a t i o n s
from t h e e v a l u a t i o n s t h a t were c a r r i e d o u t .

The meanings o f a l l symbols u s e d i n t h e T a b l e s , i n c l u d i n g

t h e l e t t e r i n g and numbering schemes, c a n be o b t a i n e d from t h e L i s t o f
Symbols. I f t h e l e t t e r B appears i n f r o n t of t h e numerical value of
t h e c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h (column 1 0 ) t h i s means t h a t o n l y t h e s p e c i f i e d
c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h c o u l d be o b t a i n e d from t h e d o c u m e n t s . Without a
l e t t e r p r e f i x t h e values s i g n i f y t h e r e s u l t s of compression t e s t s .
Where no v a l u e a p p e a r s i n a column o f a l i n e , i t means t h a t t h e v a l u e
c o u l d n o t be o b t a i n e d from t h e a v a i l a b l e d o c u m e n t s .

The i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s o f damage were p r e s e n t e d i n a system-

a t i c manner. F i r s t t h e c a s e s o f p a r t i t i o n w a l l damage were g i v e n i n
t h e o r d e r o f e q u i v a l e n t s p a n l e n g t h min. R . Second, s t a r t i n g from c a s e
No. 92, o b j e c t i o n s t o e x c e s s i v e s l a b d e f l e A t i o n s were g i v e n where no
p a r t i t i o n w a l l damage had o c c u r r e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . These c a s e s were
again arranged according t o t h e e q u i v a l e n t span l e n g t h . Similarly,
s t a r t i n g from c a s e No. 1 3 3 , we have h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s i n t h e v i c i n i t y
of s l a b supports; from c a s e No. 1 4 4 , c r a c k s i n t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
component; a n d from c a s e No. 1 5 4 , o c c a s i o n a l d e f l e c t i o n damage w i t h a
definable reason f o r t h e complaint. F i n a l l y , from No. 1 6 3 o n , i t i s
known o n l y t h a t a d e f l e c t i o n damage had o c c u r r e d .

T r a n s l a t o r ' s Note: T h e r e a r e two d i f f e r e n t damage c a s e s No. 1 1 9 . This

a p p a r e n t c o n f l i c t c o u l d n o t be r e s o l v e d .
 74

W
I
NI > I
%rJ R:
-1
-
U\

I/
; 0

c;!
1

N: N I I I
L %rj
L t -
' : !
0
01 s:
0'
yi 0-
,

-,
L \ ;

- '
O 131 0 ? I 0 : - ,
,;
9 g; -0 3 , 3: si i
;
,
3
1
7 , m
0:
I,:
-,
- I
-:
3 " :

: 0:
: -: 0:
i ;
zt'
;
I
m.
N : 2 N

P -

a
Y)

n --
u --

'ON 2'03 - %
.I
u
LA
\4 m
.
rO .a
t-
w
-a
h
YI
I,
P-
t
 w
0.

obtained, despite a repeated r e q u e s t .

 C H A R A C T E R I-
S T I C VALUES OF THE B U I L D I N G COMPONENT DAMAGE REPORT COMPUTATIONAL VERIFICATIONS
-
A t time of occurrence of Damage T>'pe N 4
Dimensions
gdc,
p/py
Reinforcing
0
Building 1, k d b. h, i?,,l c * ) ; ~ 1%); IcM); Ameaj. (Sect. 18i) the following are estimated:
mar mar ma
4 Slat;cal System Load
X-Direction y-Directinn fmmt D,,,~, Comer
Component
b
mtn L, No fSch L/f
l/g 3 ton tc A
LI m/nLi & hI Steel Center Supports Center Supports (meas. M a x . Lood

ImJ Iml lvnl Icm) fcml 'hp/cm> I C ~ J lkp/cm*) I C ~ ) OO'/cml ll@J II@J (mml
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I1 I2 11 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 15 ,

4
 C H A R A C T E R I S T I C VALUES OF THE B U I L D I N G COMPONENT DAMAGE REPORT COMPUTATIONAL VERlFl CATIONS
Dimensions Reinforcing 6dcr A t time of occurrence o i D v r i a g e T y p e N a
2 L, k d b, h, n. fi r
r c ~ ) ; p % 1; 6nw; p&y AmeOL (Secr. 18i) the following ore estimated:

Noifschi L / f l
Building Permonen,
Load
S
Q Component
Statical System
rnln Li 4 b
h,
mi" L, Steel
&Direction
Center Supports
y-Direction
Center /
Supports
lrnml,

fmeas.
D~~~~~ Causer
M a x . Load
; ;7 tYwl 4

'kpkm7 lcml (kp/cm21 lcrnl, d ~ O ' / c r n ~1 1 0 9 I l b l (mml

1
3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 I lr 15 : 16 1 17 18 P) 1 20 I 21 22 a 24 25
I I I I I l l
;Ipprox:::?.ltci . 3. . c:i: i\.idc. E;!de.:rl.: the s p r c i i ~ e dc u n c i - e r e stre!-.gth bad r,,it I ~ e e r
n r t i l ~ n e db e r . .;,. r l i f r o - t .<,tion. In the s t ? . t l c x l i z ! ~ ~ ~ l ~t hte~ 1o1 .i i tl e l - w a l l s \ r e r e n i , i -
i a n s ~ d e r e d , . T..c . s v r r of ti,r a t c c i ~ - c i ; l i ~ r c i nwga s 7 . 0 crn t o o l a y e .

00
0\
21. S K E T C H E S AND DRAWINGS F O R T H E VARIOUS CASES O F
DAMAGE.

T h e c i r c l e d n u m e r a l s i n t h e following f i g u r e s g i v e t h e r e s p e c t i v e d a m a g e
C a s e No. F u r t h e r d e t a i l s c a n t h e r e f o r e be o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e f o r e g o i n g
Tables.
T y p e s .of P a r t i t i o n W a l l s I
Ausblldung der Ouerschofen:
- .x S ! ! b - t . n!erzuq . L.
Reinforced Concrete T i e Beam
 Durchbiegeschaden Nr. 30
D a m a g e C a s e No. 30
t--4,35 -T-----780-
/' -7

C r o s s Section
1C
Querschnitt

3 r d S t o r e y>-

Reinforced C o n c r e t e Waffl Solid C o n c r e t e Ceiling Slab

Ceiling Slab 780 -435
-- -"--- . - " .- -
Du r c h b i e g e s c h a d e n Nl: 38
Damage C a s e No. 38 '/

/
Trennwande im Obergeschon = 6 cm Bimsdielen
P a r t i t i o n Walls in Top S t o r e y - 6 cm Pumice Boards

Schnitt 7-7
It
Section

P a r t e d 1-2 c m f r o m ceiling
,I- 2 cm von Decke geliist f l

S c h n i f t 2-2
Section d
D a m a g e C a s e NO. 49-
D u r c h b i e g e s c h a d e n N r . 49

Ground F l o o r
~rdgeschon9
r ./- 1
I -- -/
I

I --
I
I
I --
0
w

I
I ,
I -
I _ ----
P- S t a h l b e t o n - R i p p e n d e c k e d o = 7 + 26 = 3 3 cm
I /1
R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e Ribbed S l a b
- - - - -
i'
desamtlunge I = 38,07m - . - .--A
O v e r a l l Length R = 38.07m

2nd Storeyv
Rug S t o r a g e , 20 cm high
1. O b e r g e s c h o n
I

I 103 v-1 0 5 I
.
I
106 107 108
I

I
I
I I 1 z
I
I
I-'"40 -
25
--7,eo i
c-
-
25
.
.. ,~~~~~-~=c
. -.=-- +
!:
5 , B O ;4,30+3,60-;K5,42
7
- Q3-

I
I
v

Observed Damagey
Aufgetretener Schaden
Wall2 Wall? pall
Wand a Wand b Wand c

h i s ru ( 5 cm breit
7
u p t o 1 . 5 c m wide
 a-
--- - - S f b - Uberzug----
Reinforced concrete suspender b e a m
 D a m a g e C a s e No. 56
D u r c h b i e g e s c h a d e n N r . 56

Ground F l o o r
E rdgeschon

Ribbed S l a b
I/ I Rippendecke
I

/f I d = 8 +22=30cm
/ Z
c 1
I- 1% = 1028 -

C ~ O S SSections:
Querschnitte :
n y - Richtung Direction

0-4 hx=25,6cm
O b s e r v e d D a m a e in P a r t i t i o n Walls..of 2nd S t o r e
/
A u f g e t r e t e n e r Sc a d e n i n d e n Trennwonden des 1.8~
Wall W a n d a p2.5-3.0 m

/--

I
I I
C
"L
Wall Wall
Wand b Wand c
-! 2,o m
I
 Damage C a s e No. 64
Durchbiegeschaden Nr. 64
C r o s s Section S t a t i c a l S y s t e m of Ground F l o
6 i Z u e r s c h n i t t I-1 Ceiling Slab
-44j
stat. System d e r EG-Decke

IN

Ground F l o o r

- R-aFh mr ean m _I
R5g

---2wischen wande i m I. u n d 2 . Obergeschoh

P a r t i t i o n Walls in 2nd and 3 r d S t o r e y3
P a r t i t i o n Wall P a r t i t i o n wall P a r t i t i o n Wall
Zwischenwand a ~7 Zwischenwand b ~7 Zwischenwand c 3
3rd
Store
L;,2 . 5 ~

7-( 1. OG
2nd S t o r e y

E x t e r i o r Wall "We s t E x t e r i o r Wall "South" E x t e r i o r Wall "East"

Aullenwand ,, West " /3 AuRenwand , , S i i d U J) Aunenwand ,.0 s l " 17
Longitudinal Section

Ground Floor
 (Artificial Stone)

D a m a g e C a s e No. 7 3

Wall Wall
Wand Wand 2
 Wall
Wand 3

W all
Wand 4-
-
 Wall
,Wand 6

Longitudinal W a l l
Lungs wand
43 II /i ,
--
II
II

Wall
Wand 5
 C r a c k P a t t e r n s and M e a s u r e d Deflections 5
RiBbilder und gernessene Durchbiegungen.

Querwande i m 3 . Obergeschol3, von d e r H a l l e a u s gesehen.

C r o s s Walls i n 4th S t o r e y a s viewed f r o m the Hall-way
4

@
h II
II li
a
h
~ fang trager b
I
11 Breast summer I'

Yq
I/
III

i-;
II
I/

LP
II
II
I
A !\
ti
I1
II

I f = 15 rnrn
M i t t l e r e Hallenlgngswand i r n 3 . ObergeschoB.
Middle Wall along Hall-way i n the 4th s t o r e y /

< Abfangetrdger >

A
Breast Summer

I f = 20 mm
'I:,

M l t t l e r e Hallenlgngswand i m 2. ObergeschoB.
Middle Wall along Hall -way i n t h e 3 r d ' S t o r e y
, .
L

, Breast Summer
~blahgetra~er/~
2nd Storey- 1. OG

ff-3rnm
M i t t l e r e Hallenlangswand i m 1. ObergeschoB.
/"
Middle Wall along Hall-way i n 2nd S t o r e y
 Staff & Emergency Staircase 1
4

Damage Case No. 1 0 6 Emergency Staircase 3

A
Sc haden Nr . l o 6
 Damage Case No. 128
Durchbiegeschaden N r . 128

Dimensions
Hafie i n em Torsion Beam
Cantilever slab

750

\
Fundomentbolken 5 0 / 8 5

Foundation g i r d e r s

Deflection
f lro Durchbregung In ern

5 / Rexure an rotatlon
West side
-
r S u zenver iegung u n l verd rehung ( e m )
c!;!-~
Rotation
4 .

3 -- \f Durchbiequng
Ueflectlon
2 -

I I
I
zeit Time
1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 3
22. PHOTOGRAPHS

Schaden Nr. 30
Damage C a s e N o . 30
D a m a g e C a s e N o . 30
Schaden Nr. 30
Damage C a s e No. 30
Sohaden Nr. 30
D a m a g e C a s e No. 35
Schaden Nr. 35
D a m a g e C a s e No. 4 3
Schaden Nr . 43
Damage C a s e No. 65
Schaden Nr. 65
D a m a g e C a s e N o . 81
Schaden Nr . 81