PATHOGENESIS AND HOST

DEFENSE MECHANISM
By: Anjelo Cyrus B. Garcia
INTRODUCTION TO Pathogenesis is the process by which a disease

PATHOGENESIS &
develops within an organism. This process
involves a number of factors, including the

HOST DEFENSE
pathogen itself, the host's immune response, and
environmental factors. Understanding the
mechanisms of pathogenesis is critical for

MECHANISM developing effective treatments and preventive

measures.

The host defense mechanism refers to the

body's natural ability to fight off infections and
other diseases. This system includes physical
barriers such as skin and mucous membranes, as
well as specialized cells and molecules that work
together to detect and eliminate pathogens.
 INFECTION VERSUS INFECTIOUS
DISEASE

Infection implies the presence of a pathogen, whereas infectious

disease relates to the occurrence of cases and outbreaks caused
by a pathogen in a population.
 WHY INFECTION DOES NOT ALWAYS
OCCUR?
Your immune system defends you against illness and infection. It
includes several methods for spotting and eliminating whatever it
determines to be harmful to your body, such as bacteria, viruses,
fungi, parasites, or unhealthy cells like cancer cells.
4 PHASES IN THE COURSE OF
AN INFECTIONS DISEASES
INCUBATION PERIOD

PRODROMAL PERIOD

ACUTE PERIOD

CONVALESCENCE PERIOD
LOCALIZED VERSUS SYSTEMATIC
INFECTIONS
An infection that is in the bloodstream is called a
systemic infection. An infection that affects only one
body part or organ is called a localized infection.
 CLASSIFICATION BY DURATION OF
SYMPTOMS
Acute Subacute Chronic
Diseases

Lasting up to 4 weeks, Persisting for more than

12 weeks or more sign
with 4 weeks but less than 12
and symptoms
total resolution of weeks with a total
symptoms resolution of symptoms
SYMPTOMS Signs and symptoms are
abnormalities that can

OF A
indicate a potential medical
condition. Whereas a

DISEASE VS
symptom is subjective, that
is apparent only to the
patient.

SIGNS OF A A sign is any objective

DISEASE
evidence of a disease that
can be observed by others
Means the residence in the

LATENT
body of a specific infectious
agent without any manifest
symptoms. The symptomless
incubation period, which in
certain diseases, notably
measles and smallpox, is fairly
definite in length, is a period

INFECTION
of latency in infection.
PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY
INFECTIONS
It occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat
or any other cause. Secondary infection occurs during or after
treatment of a primary infection because the normal bacterial flora
is destroyed, allowing yeast to flourish. The immune system
protects the body from potentially harmful substances.
 STEPS IN PATHOGENESIS OF
INFECTIONS DISEASE
EXPOSURE

ADHESION

INVATION

INFECTION
 VIRULENCE
Virulence is described as an ability of an organism to infect the
host and cause a disease. Virulence factors are the molecules that
assist the bacterium colonize the host at the cellular level. These
factors are either secretory, membrane associated or cytosolic in
nature.

A pathogen's ability to infect or damage its host tissues is

determined by the virulence factors. These are often molecules
synthesized by the bacteria or virus and encoded in their genome,
but may also be acquired from the environment via transmissible
genetic elements.
THANK YOU!