Student Atlas of Oregon

A Classroom Atlas for Elementary and Middle Schools

Astoria
Seaside
CLATSOP lem Rive WASHINGTON
a
eh

r
r
Cannon Beach COLUMBIA Milton- ve
Freewater i
26 82

N
Columbia River

R
3
Manzanita Hermiston 11

de
U all

W
owa
30
ma

on
t ill a River Ri v

de R
WASHINGTON WALLOWA
Portland
82
.
Hood Pendleton

er
G ran
Bay City HillsboroTu

dR
84
River

oo
The

H
Tillamook tin HOOD

ala
MULTNOMAH
R. Gresham Dalles
Beaverton RIVER UMATILLA Enterprise

ver
205 MORROW
TILLAMOOK YAMHILL Oregon 26 Sa 35
197 La
M ndy GILLIAM
395
Grande Wallowa-Whitman
City cka

Cl
SHERMAN

Ri
McMinnville UNION

a
WASCO Wallowa-Whitman National
cean

ola

m
er

lla

as
18
CLACKAMAS National 84
Forest

Riv
erMt. Hood

Ri v
18
rk J o h n D ay

ake
Lincoln City ort h F o Forest

Riv
Po
Dallas Salem er National N Ri ver

r
wd
ific O

R i ve
er R

m e tt e
Forest 26
POLK
Day i ve r

Sn
MARION
Monmouth Umatilla Baker
John
101

City
Newport No GRANT National BAKER

lla
rt h Santi
97
Pac

am Ri JEFFERSON

tes
ver Forest

Wi
20 Albany Madras
LINCOLN So LINN WHEELER iv

R
Deschu
Siuslaw Corvallis
ut
h Sa
22
er
Waldport 5 ntiam River
26
Ochoco IDAHO
National BENTON National John
20
Forest Day Malheur 26

Forest Prineville National

iver Redmond Crook e
Kenzie R d Rive
Siusla Mc r Forest
Florence 126
Springfield Bend Vale Ontario
w

395

Eugene M
id
Willamette CROOK
ve ve
Ri

r
dle

r
R ive
r F or National Ochoco s Ri M a lhu er
k 20

e
Ump Forest National

S i l vi
Reedsport q ua Riv
er LANE Deschutes Forest 20
38
National DESCHUTES
Wil
58
Burns
la m

tte Forest Ea
e

Ri st st

W
ve Fo
MALHEUR

e
rk
Sutherlin r

Fo
rk
Coos Bay North Umpqu
a River Harney
Malheur
r

ive
Lake R
Roseburg Umpqua Lake ee

h
Donner and Blitze

Ow y
Bandon COOS National LAKE Malheur
42 u r
ve
So

31
h National
Umpqua Ri Forest Crater 97
t

Wildlife 78
Lake
DOUGLAS er Refuge
v

National
Ri

Summer 95
Park Lake
Rogue Ri 5 Winema 395
ver
m so n

Port Orford

n
Siskiyou Rogue River National Lake

Ri v
er
National Albert
llia

National Forest Fremont

S
Wi

JACKSON pr a
Illin Forest Forest gue River Hart Mtn.
Gold Beach National
CURRY oi National
v er Grants Medford
140 Forest Antelope HARNEY
sR

Klamath Refuge 95

Pass 140
i

ive
oR

101 Lake KLAMATH

r
c

Ashland Lakeview
het

C
JOSEPHINE River
Klamath t
Lo

Goose
th

s
ma

Brookings Lake
a
Falls
Ri

Kl
ve
r

C ALIFO RN IA NEVADA
Student Atlas of Oregon
A Classroom Atlas for Elementary and Middle Schools
Authors:

Teresa L. Bulman
Gwenda H. Rice

Cartography:

Center for Spatial Analysis and Research at Portland State University

Chief Cartographer:

David Banis

© 2009 Center for Geography Education in Oregon

Funded by the John D. Gray and Elizabeth N. Gray Endowment Fund of the Oregon Community
Foundation, with additional funding from National Geographic Education Foundation and
Portland State University

Authorized Use: Teachers and students may download and print any part of this atlas for
classroom use or school projects. Any commercial use or unauthorized reproduction or
distribution in any form or by any means is prohibited without written permission from The
Center for Geography Education in Oregon.

Acknowledgments and Photo Credits

The authors and chief cartographer wish to thank the students in the Digital Atlas Production
Class (2007) and the following Oregon K-12 teachers and Portland State University faculty and
students who were instrumental in the design of the atlas, creation of the maps, and technical
assistance in research and editing:

Teachers:

Judith Mar-Zaleski, Norie Dimeo Ediger, Dixie Bowler, Karen Adams, Marika Schneider,
Maureen Barnhard, Scott Cameron, Jason Boyd, Shirley Lomax, Charity Adolf, Kathryn Boyea,
Anthony Cantwell, Carol Davidson, Erica DeBellis, Shelley Eddleman, Ann Ezell, Bryan Forbes,
Jessi Gisi, Nancy Hunt, Eric Keller, Carrie Kondor, Judy Kraft, Liberty Looney, Cameron Mitchem,
Erin Moran, Laura Oeffner, Casey Petrie, Nicole Putnam, Gene Quilhaugh, Raymond Reeves,
Charles Skinner, Martha Stevens, Deborah Swope, Helaine Truthstone, Becky Wandell, Wendy
Wadnizak, and Janelle Wren
 Table of Contents I
Title page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Average Annual Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table of Contents I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Average January Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table of Contents II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Average July Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
General Reference Map of Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Climographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
What Is a Map? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Ocean Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Types of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Global Wind Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Types of Thematic Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Ecoregions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
How Geographers Use Maps Pt. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Ecoregions in Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
How Geographers Use Maps Pt. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Vegetation Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
How Cartographers Use Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Vegetation Zones: Elevation Cross-Section . . . . . . 32
Latitude and Longitude Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Making a Globe Become a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Timber Harvest Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Types of Map Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Timber Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Map Distortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Forest Fire Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Map Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Wildlife Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Using Scale Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Pacific Migratory Bird Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Physical Regions of the Pacific Northwest . . . . . 14 Pacific Coast Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Fish and Hatcheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Elevation Cross Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Pacific Northwest Watersheds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Rivers and Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Pacific Northwest Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Dams of the Pacific Northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Natural Hazards: Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Oregon Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Natural Hazards: Tsunamis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Mineral Deposits (actively mined) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Lake Missoula Floods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Mineral Deposits (not actively mined) . . . . . . . . . . 46
Glaciers in Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Energy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

ii
 Table of Contents II
Renewable Energy Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Willamette Valley Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Population Density of Native Americans Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
in 1780 and Current Tribal Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Native Tribes and Language Groups Oregon Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Before European Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Employment: By Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
The Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806 . . . . 51 Using Data: A Cartographer’s Dilemma . . . . . . . . 75
Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Recreation and Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Oregon’s Historic Trails and Ghost Towns . . . . . 53 Counties and County Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
The United States in 1846: 108th Congressional Districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
States and Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Oregon at Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The United States in 1859: Oregon Statehood . . 55 National Wild and Scenic Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Weather Extremes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Where Do We Come From? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Unusual Place Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Ancestry and Race in Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Place Name Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The Age of Oregon’s Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Population Pyramids of Three Counties . . . . . . 60 Acknowledgements and Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . . 85
Growth of Pendleton and Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Growth of Ashland and Medford . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Land Ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Federal Land Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Farmers and Ranchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Major Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Farm Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Fruit Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Defining a Region: The Willamette Valley. . . . . . 69

iii
 Student Atlas of Oregon

General Reference Map

Astoria
Seaside
CLATSOP lem Rive WAS HI N G TON
a
eh

r
r
Cannon Beach COLUMBIA Milton- ve
Freewater i
26 82

N
Co l u mbia River

R
3
Manzanita Hermiston 11

de
U all WALLOWA

W
ow a
30
ma

on
t ill a River Ri v

de R
WASHINGTON Whitman
Portland
82
.
Hood Pendleton

er
Gran
HillsboroTu

dR
84
River National

oo
The

H
Tillamook tin HOOD Forest

al a
MULTNOMAH
R. Sa Dalles
Beaverton n dy R. RIVER UMATILLA Enterprise

ver
205 MORROW
TILLAMOOK YAMHILL
Gresham 26 197 La
MOregon
35
GILLIAM
395
Grande UNION
SHERMAN

Ri
McMinnville City cka Mt. Hood

Cl
WASCO Wallowa-Whitman
cean

ola

a
er
National

lla
National

ma
18 84
CLACKAMAS
Riv

r k J o h n Day

sR
18
verForest

ake
Lincoln City o r th Fo Forest

Ri v
Po
Salem er Ri

i
Dallas N ver

r
wd
ific O

R ive
er R
m e tt e

POLK
Day iver

Sn
26
MARION Baker
Monmouth Umatilla
John
101

No City
Newport rth S GRANT National BAKER
lla

97
anti am Ri
Pac

tes
ver JEFFERSON Forest
Wi

20 Albany Madras
LINCOLN So LINN WHEELER iv

Deschu

R
Corvallis ut
hS
22
er
Waldport Siuslaw
BENTON
5 antiam Rive
r 26
Ochoco I DAHO
National National John
20
Forest Day Malheur 26

Forest
Prineville National
iver Redmond Cr o ok e
Siusla M cKenzie R d Rive
r Forest
Florence 126
Springfield Bend Vale
Ontario
w

395

Eugene id
Willamette CROOK
ve ve
M

Ri

r
d le

r
R ive
r F or
National Ochoco s Ri M a lh ue r
k 20

e
Ump Forest National

S i l vi
Reedsport qua Ri
ver LANE Deschutes Forest 20
38
National DESCHUTES
Wil

58
Burns
lam

tte Forest Ea
e

Ri st st

W
ver Fo
MALHEUR

e
rk
Sutherlin

Fo
rk
Coos Bay North Umpqu
a River Harney
Malheur
r

ive
Lake R
Roseburg Umpqua Lake ee

h
Donner and Blitze
Bandon

Owy
COOS National LAKE Malheur
42 u r
ve
So

31
h National
Umpqua Ri Forest Crater 97
t

Wildlife 78
Lake
DOUGLAS er Refuge
v

National
Ri

Summer 95
Park
Rogue Ri 5
Freemont
Lake 395
ver
ms on

Port Orford

n
Siskiyou Lake

Ri v
KLAMATH National er
National Abert
llia

Sp Forest
Wi

JACKSON
ra g

±
Illin Forest ue River Hart Mtn.
Gold Beach CURRY oi National
v er Grants Medford
140 Antelope HARNEY
sR

Klamath Refuge 95

Pass 140
i

ive
co R

101 Lake
r

Ashland Lakeview
het

C
JOSEPHINE River
Lo

Klamath t Goose
th

s
ma

Brookings Lake
a
Falls
Ri

Kl
ve
r

C ALIFORNIA NEVADA
0 50 100 Miles

1
What is a Map?
Picture
Aerial Photo
An aerial photo is a picture taken from an
airplane or satellite. This photo shows Map
Crater Lake from above.
A map is like a photograph taken from
A picture shows places as they
directly overhead - a bird’s eye view. The
appear in real life. This
map maker uses colors, lines, symbols,
picture shows a view of Crater
and labels to represent the features that
Lake that you would see if
we would see in the photograph.
you went there yourself and
looked at the lake from
ground level.
5 miles

il
Tra
st
re
cC

i
Pacif
Winema
N.F.

Ri
m
Crater

Drive
Lake

Cartographer
Wizard
Island
Rim
62 Village

A “cartographer” is Mazama Road

il
Crest Tra
a person who makes
Village Trail
Stream

maps. Rogue

cific
Campsite
River

Pa
Park
Boundary
N.F.
National
62 Forest

2
Types of Maps
General Reference Thematic

General Reference Maps use symbols to Thematic Maps use symbols to show a pattern
show the exact location of things on the or “theme.” Usually, the symbols used on
earth. For example, where the black line is these maps are not in an exact location because
drawn for the roads is where you can actu- the maps provide only general information
ally find the road in real life. The map of about the theme or pattern. The map of
Oregon, below, is an example of a general Oregon’s ecoregions, below, is an example of a
reference map. thematic map.

Astoria
Seaside
CLATSOP em River WASHINGTON
l
ha
Cannon Beach COLUMBIA Milton- iver
Ne

26 82
Freewater
iver

M t n s
R

3
Columbia R Hermiston 11
Manzanita al l
de
W

i a
30
ma owa
on

t ill a River Riv

de R

m b
WASHINGTON WALLOWA
Portland
82
.
Pendleton
er

Hood
Gra n

Bay City HillsboroTu

R

84

u
d

River
l
oo

The
u
H

C o
Tillamook tin HOOD
ala

s
MULTNOMAH

t e a
R. Gresham Dalles
Beaverton RIVER UMATILLA Enterprise
ver

205 MORROW
TILLAMOOK YAMHILL Oregon 26 Sa 35
197 La
Wallowa-Whitman
P l a n

ta in s
395
M GILLIAM Grande

e
ndy
City cka
i
Cl

SHERMAN
Ri

McMinnville
a

WASCO Wallowa-Whitman UNION National

cean

ola

t a

amett
m
er

lla

as

18
CLACKAMAS National 84 Forest
Riv

erMt. Hood
Ri v

18
r k J o h n D
o rt h F o
ake

ay R Forest
R iv

Lincoln City

y
er Po
Salem National i
n
Dallas N ve r wd
ific O

er R
m e tt e

Forest 26

Va l l e
POLK i ve r
u
Sn

MARION y
Monmouth Da Umatilla Baker
101

g e
John
o
City
Newport No GRANT National BAKER
lla

er

rt h Santi
97

M
Pac

Rive

am Ri JEFFERSON Forest
Riv

ver
Wi

20 Albany Madras

Moun
So
Snake
LINCOLN LINN WHEELER

Will
r

ut 22
SiuslawCorvallis

u e
h Sa
Deschutes

ntiam River IDAHO

River
Waldport 5 Ochoco

R a n
26
National

B l
National BENTON John
Malheur
Plain
20
Forest Day 26

Forest
iver
Prineville
Cr
National
Kenzie R Redmond o ok e d R
Siusla Mc iv er Forest
Florence 126
Springfield Bend Vale Ontario
w

395

Eugene id
Willamette CROOK
iv
e
Ri
ve
r
r
M

Ri ver dle National Ochoco sR

F or 20 Mal hu e r
e

Ump k Forest National

S i l vi

Reedsport q ua Riv
Deschutes

cade
er LANE
38 Forest 20

National DESCHUTES
Wil

s t
58
Forest Burns
lam

tte es
Ea
st
e

Ri
W

tF
ver o rk MALHEUR
Sutherlin
Fo
rk

Coos Bay North Umpqu

a River Harney
Malheur
r
i ve

Lake R
o a
Roseburg Umpqua Lake ee
h
D on n e r an d B l i t z e

Owy

Bandon COOS National

Cas
LAKE Malheur
42 u r
ve
So

31
h National
Umpqua Ri Forest Crater

a n d
97
t

Wildlife 78
Lake
er Refuge
DOUGLAS

B a s i n
v

C
Ri

National Summer 95
Park
Rogue Ri 5
Winema
Lake 395
ver
mson

Port Orford
n

Siskiyou Rogue River National Lake ve

Ri

National r
e
Albert
l li a

National Forest

R a n g
Fremont
Eas tern
Wi

JACKSON Forest Sp
ra g

±
Illin Forest
Hart Mtn.
u e R iv e r National
Gold Beach CURRY
ver
oi
Grants Medford
140 Forest
National
Antelope HARNEY Klamath
sR

Klamath Refuge 95

Pass
C a s c ad e s
i

140
co R

ive

101 Lake KLAMATH

r

Lakeview
het

C JOSEPHINE Ashland River

Mountains
Lo

Klamath t Goose
th

s
ma

Brookings Lake
a
Falls
Ri

Kl
a nd F o o t h i l l s
ve
r

C ALIFORNIA NEVADA
0 50 100 Miles

3
Types of Thematic Maps Few People
Isopleth
All five thematic maps show
Choropleth
where people live in Oregon,
but each map uses a different People per
square mile

way to show that distribution. 0-15

16-50
51-100
Many people

101-625
626-1518

• This map shows a continuous distribution

of population
Dot Density
• Each county is shaded a color to show density • Because we do not know how many people
People
one dot = 500 people or number of people per square mile live in every single place in Oregon, we take
an average of two cities in an area to estimate
1,000 people

• The symbol covers an entire county, but it does

5,000 people

10,000 people
the number of people in that area
50,000 people

100,000 people
not mean that people live everywhere inside the
county
Color Patch
Graduated Circle
Urban
People Rural
• One dot equals a certain number of 10,000 people
50,000 people

people 100,000 people

500,000 people

• If dots are close together, lots of 1,000,000 people

people live in one area

• If dots are spread out, not very

many people live in one area • This map draws boundaries around differ-
• One circle represents how many people live in ent groups of people (for example, urban
that county residents and rural residents)

• The size of the circle is proportional to the • The map does not show how many people
number of people that live in a county - the more are in each group, just where each group is
people that live in a county, the larger the circle located

4
How Geographers Use Maps
Places and Regions
Geographers use maps to show distribu-
tions. The maps help us see patterns and Places and regions are
relationships of things. What geographers defined by the cultural
and physical features
map is related to the Six Essential Elements found there. Geogra-
of Geography: phers use maps to
identify places and
● The World in Spatial Terms Pearl regions that share
● Places and Regions District Old Town
China Town
common characteristics,
such as a “Downtown”
● Physical Systems region with skyscrapers,
● Human Systems a “Pearl District” area

er
Riv
Downtown
● Environment and Society with residential hous-

e tt e
ing, and a “Chinatown”

lam
● Uses of Geography region with Chinese

Wi l
sculpture and art.

The World in Spatial Terms

Geographers use maps to show where things exist in the Physical Systems
world so we can understand patterns and relationships of
anything existing on earth. Geographers use maps to
Average Annual Precipitation
help understand how the
Average in Inches
Drier
earth is affected by physi-
cal systems. This map
Up to 25
26- 50
51 - 75

Boring, OR
Exact location on earth:
45° 25' 47" N, 122° 22' 29" W
Wetter
76 - 100
101 - 200
shows where rain and
Precipitation = rain and snow
snow fall in Oregon. We
can look at the map to
understand not only
where precipitation falls
but also where vegetation
that depends on rain
grows.

5
How Geographers Use Maps
Human Systems Environment and Society
Farms
Where the 10-14
Ranches
year olds live

Low Percentage

Medium Percentage

High Percentage

Geographers use maps to show relationships

Geographers study where people are located on the
earth as well as the characteristics of people located
in an area, such as age, religion, or education level.
The map above shows where Oregonians who are
10-14 years old live.
between humans and the environment. One example
is where we farm and ranch. The places above that
are in green show where we grow crops like fruits
and vegetables. These areas are close to rivers so that
the crops can be watered. Places where we ranch are
large, open areas where ranchers graze cattle, such as
in Southeast Oregon.

The Uses of Geography

Geographers use maps to help understand the past and
plan for the future. Many people use maps regularly at
their jobs to plan for the future. Some examples are:
City planners Weather forecasters Park rangers
Hydrologists Pilots Wetland managers
Satellite image of
Tour guides Delivery people Police and firefighters Hurrican Katrina

6
How Cartographers Use Symbols
Cartographers use different Hospital
symbols on maps to represent School
real features from the world.
Three common types of sym- Forest
bols are point symbols, line
symbols and area symbols.

Cartographers use point sym-

bols to show exactly where one
thing (a school or a hospital) is
located on the map. The
symbol is usually a dot or a
picture.

When a feature is long and in

the shape of a line, cartogra-
phers use line symbols to
represent these things. On the
map, a blue line is used for a
river and a black line is used
for a road. Railroad
River
When something on a map is
not a specific point, but rather Urban Area
a whole area, a cartographer
uses an area symbol. These Point Symbols Line Symbols Area Symbols
symbols shade an area to rep-
River
resent places such as forests, School Forest
urban areas, and oceans. Hospital Street
Urban Area
Railroad

7
Latitude and Longitude Lines
Latitude
Lines of latitude go
across the earth from
East to West, but they
measure the globe from
North to South starting
at the Equator. 90° N
60° N
30° N
Equator 0°
30° S
60° S
90° S
In this picture, the sign marks
the 45th parallel, but there is no
line on the ground because the
these lines are imaginary. We
draw imaginary lines on the
earth to help us find and
explain exact locations of places
on earth.
To find a place exactly, we need crossing
lines that create an intersection or grid
system. One grid system used by
Longitude cartographers is the Latitude and
Longitude Grid. Each location on the
Lines of longitude globe touches a line of latitude and a line
run across the globe of longitude. The crossing of the latitude
from North to South, and longitude lines is called a coordinate.
but measure East and Latitude and longitude are measured in
West starting at the degrees represented by the symbol “o”.
Prime Meridian. The coordinates for Salem, Oregon
are Latitude 45o North and
Longitude 123o West.
150° W 150° E
120° W 120° E
90° W 90° E
60° W 60° E
30° W 30° E
0°
Prime
Meridian
8
Making a Globe Become a Map
How do you make something round What is a Map Projection?
become flat?
A map projection is how cartographers flatten
the earth onto paper
1. A globe is a best model of the earth
because it is round like the earth. But
it isn’t easy to carry around with us.

2. Cartographers have to find a

way make the round earth flat
so we can carry it around.

3. Once we flatten the round

globe out, it stretches and
changes shapes and sizes of
the continents as it does
when you flatten cookie
dough. A map projection can be made by shining
a flashlight into the middle of the globe
and putting a piece of paper on the globe.
Then, the flashlight shines onto the paper
and you can trace the continents.

9
Types of Map Projections
Cylindrical
Wrap a piece of paper around the earth to
form a cylinder that touches the equater all
the way around the earth. Shine a light from
the center of the earth, trace the image that is
projected onto the paper, and then take the
paper off for a cylindrical projection.
In each case, the projection is most accurate at the point where the paper touched the earth.
Planar/Azimuthal
Place a piece of paper on a single point on
the earth. Then shine a light from the center
of the earth, trace the image that is projected
onto the paper, and take the paper off for a
planar or azimuthal projection.
10
Conic
Wrap a piece of paper around the globe to
form a cone. Shine a light from the center
of the earth, trace the image that is
projected onto the paper, and then take
the paper off for a conic projection.
Map Distortions
When we flatten a round earth onto a piece of Mercator Projection Gall-Peters Projection
paper, there will be problems with any projection
we choose. Just as flattening a ball of cookie
dough stretches and pulls the dough into a new
surface, the map projection stretches and pulls the
parts of the earth into a new surface so it all can
lie flat on the paper.

Since we know that all map projections have

errors (distortions), we have to know what types
of errors a map has so that we can pick the best
projection to show the information we want to
map. Maps will have distortions of one or more Greenland is the same size as South America looks like it has
of these properties: Distance, Direction, Area, Africa on this map. The Mercator been stretched. The Gall-Peters
Shape, or Scale. Projection distorts area. Projection distorts shape.

Winkel Tripel Projection: A Compromise

Some projections, known as compromise projections, have

distortions but map makers try to make them as small as
possible so that the map projection looks like what we are
used to seeing on the globe. The Winkel Tripel Projection,
for example, has distortions of area, direction, and distance,
but they are small distortions.

11
Map Scale
Mapmakers can show more detail on a
Small Scale Map large scale map because one unit on the
map represents fewer units on the ground
than on a small scale map. So if you want

20 miles long to show details of your town, you would

use a large scale map. But if you want to
show the whole country, you would use a
small scale map.

0 500
Miles
1,000
20 miles long
Large Scale Map
Nehalem Bay
State Park

Map scale is the ratio, or comparison, of

the distance on the map to the real distance
on the ground. When you change the scale
of your map from small scale to large scale,
it is the same as “zooming in.” 0 100 200
Miles

Pacific Ocean

Ti
Bay

lla
o City

m
ok
ay

B
Cape Meares
State Park Tillamook

0 5 10
Miles
20 miles long
12
Using Scale Bars
Using the map scale to measure from
Ways to Represent Portland, OR to Denver, CO:
Scale
1. Put a piece of paper on
the map to connect
Graphic Scale Portland and Denver
2. Draw marks on the paper
where the dots are 3. Place the paper under the map
0 2.5 5 scale and determine how many
Miles miles it is from Portland to
Denver
You can use the scale bar to
measure distances on the map.
Seattle

Verbal Scale
Portland

Minneapolis
1 centimeter equals 1,000 meters

You can use a ruler to measure New York

Chicago
distances on the map and then
San
multiply the distance by 1,000 Francisco Denver
Washington DC
to find out the distance on the
St. Louis
ground.
Los
Angeles
Representative San
Diego Phoenix
Memphis

Fraction Dallas
Atlanta

1:100,000 Austin

This ratio tells you that one unit

(inch, centimeter, meter, etc.) on Miami
the map is equal to 100,000 of the
same units on the ground. So if
you found a distance of 5 centi-
meters on the map, you would 0 250 500 750 1,000
know that it is equal to 500,000 Miles
centimeters on the ground.

13
Physical Regions of the Pacific Northwest

Olympic

wland

Bi t
P en i n su l a

ter
WA S H I N G T O N

ro
Lo

ot
Pacific Ocean

Ra
et

n
si

ng
ug

Ba

e
r
0 50 100

ve
i Miles
R
nge

a
bi
um
de Ra

ol Salm
C
Wa l l o w a on
ley

n Riv
ge

s
ai Mou
Casca

M o u n t ai n s nta er
t
Va l

un
t Ran

ins
Mo
ette

lu e
B
Coas

Willam

OREGON IDAHO
Sn
ak
e
Harney Basin Riv
er
Klamath Pla t ea u
Mountains

14
Topography

Elevation Range
(feet)

8,000 - 11,235
7,000 - 8,000
6,000 - 7,000
5,000 - 6,000
4,000 - 5,000
3,000 - 4,000
2,000 - 3,000
1,000 - 2,000
0 - 1,000

15
Elevation Cross Sections
Wallowa Mountains
Grand Ronde River Idaho
Pacific Mount Hood Deschutes River
West Linn Border
Ocean

West to East (Northern Oregon)

These cross sections show
differences in elevation in
Oregon. For example, if you
follow the blue line (Northern
Oregon) from the west to the Steens Mountain Nevada
east you can see that the eleva- Umatilla River Grand Ronde River Drewsey
Border
tion is at sea level at the Pacific
Coast, but is high at Mt. Hood
and the Wallowa Mountains. Washington
Border
North to South (Eastern Oregon)

California
Siskiyou
Portland
N. Santiam River Vida Willamette River Rogue River Border

Because elevation changes are

Washington
small compared to the horizon- Border
North to South (Western Oregon)
tal distances, we have exagger-
ated the vertical scale (height)
to better show the variation in
the elevations.
Crater Lake Steens Mtn.
Rogue River Summer Lake Rome Idaho
Pacific
Border
Ocean

West to East (Southern Oregon)

16
Plate Tectonics
#

ARCTIC OCEAN
#

ea
ng
Pa
#

##
#
##
###
#

#
#
#
#
NORTH EURASIAN
PERMIAN ## ##
###
EURASIAN
#
PLATE
# #
##
#
#
# ######
##
225 million years ago #
###
##
#########

AMERICAN
#
##
#
# #
###
PLATE #
####
####
##
##
##
JUAN DE FUCA
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
# #
# ##
## PLATE #
PLATE
### #

sia
#
H Plateau of Tibet ###
##
#
im
ra
#
#
ala #

Mid-Atlantic Ridge
# ya ##
#
s #
##
#
#
# #
ATLANTIC ##
u

#
d
La

#
lan AFRICAN
# # #
ARABIAN #
San Andreas Fault
ana
# # #
#
#
#
w PLATE #

na
## #
# ###

Ga
#
PLATE
# # # # ## #
# # # # #
# PHILIPPINE #
# # ##

INDIAN PACIFIC
## # #
# # #
###
# ## PLATE
OCEAN
# ##
### #
# # #
# ##
# # ##
PLATE
# # ## #
COCOS
TRIASSIC # #

y
alle
PLATE PLATE
#
PACIFIC
# # #
200 million years ago
## #

Great Rift Valley V

#
# # #
#
# ###
# # #
##
#
SOMALI
# # #
### # #
#
#
# ##
#
#
# # # #
#
#
OCEAN
##
SOUTH
### #
##
### #

Mid-Atl
#
## # ## ## #
## ## # #
#
PLATE
####
#
# ##########
####
# ## #
INDIAN #
# #

antic Rid
# #
#
#
# ## ##

AMERICAN
#
NAZCA
# #
## # #
#
OCEAN # ## #
AUSTRALIAN # #
# #
# ##
## #
#

ge
#
PLATE
# # # #
#
PLATE
#
#

PLATE #
#
#
#
#
##
#
# #
# ##
# #
##
JURASSIC # #

135 million years ago #

#

# #
# #
## SCOTIA #
PLATE ##
###
##
ANTARCTIC
PLATE #
ANTARCTIC
#
PLATE

CRETACEOUS
65 million years ago PRESENT POSITIONS

The outer surface of the globe is made up such as along California, they move side-
Plate Tectonic Boundaries
of a group of shifting plates. In some by-side. Areas where the plates meet are
Convergent
# Known volcanic activity areas, such as the Himalayas, the plates often areas of high volcanic activity. The
in the past 10,000 years
Divergent converge (come together); in other areas, small maps show how plate movement has
Transform such as the mid-Atlantic Ocean, they caused the continents to move over time
diverge (pull apart); and in some areas, and reach their present positions.

17
Pacific Northwest Plate Tectonics
Off the coast of Oregon the North
American plate meets the Pacific plate
and the Juan de Fuca plate. As these
plates move against each other they
influence the location and development

an
of earthquakes and volcanoes.

Pacific Oce
Mt. Baker

Glacier Peak

Mt. Rainier
Mt. St. Helens
Mt. Adams
JUAN DE FUCA
Mt. Hood
PLATE
NORTH
AMERICAN
PLATE
Crater Lake
Strong Earthquakes Plate Boundaries PACIFIC
Shallow (depth <15 Miles)
## # Convergent PLATE
Deep (depth >15 Miles) Divergent

Transform Mt. Shasta

Volcanoes
Erupted in past 100 yrs.
0 100 200 Mt. Lassen
Historic eruptions Miles

18
Natural Hazards: Earthquakes
Earthquake
Magnitude
(Strength) WA S H I N G T O N
4.0 - 4.5

cean
4.6 - 5.0
5.1 - 5.5
5.6 - 6.0
Pacific O
6.6 - 7.0

High
Likelihood
you would
feel an OREGO N
earthquake
Low

CALIFORNIA N E VA D A

19
Natural Hazards: Tsunamis
Astoria
0 1 2 Astoria
Miles
Seaside
Fort Stevens Seaside Cannon Beach
Hammond 0 1 2
Gearhart
Astoria Miles
Tillamook
Warrenton

Pacific Ocean
Skipanon Seaside Lincoln City

Newport

OREGON
Newport Lily Lake
0 1 2
Miles
Coos Bay Florence
Newport
0 1 2
Toledo Miles Coos Bay
North
Bend Bandon
South
Beach
Coos Bay
Eastside Port Orford

Gold Beach

City Limits Tsunami Flood

Zones

20
Lake Missoula Floods
At the end of the last ice age
(20,000 years ago), a glacier Cordilleran Ice Sheet Ice
formed an ice dam on the North Dam
Fork of the Clark River in Mon- Okanogan Purcell
Lobe
tana. When the dam broke, it Lobe
caused a 500-foot-high wall of
water to sweep west over Wash-
la nds
ington, where the waters Puget ab
scraped off layers of soil, leaving Lobe Sc
behind a landscape known
Glacial
today as the "Scablands".
Lake
Missoula
The flood continued west and
south to Oregon and through
ine

the Columbia River gorge. At

S h o re l

Portland, the water flooded the Wallula

Columbia Gorge Gap
Willamette Valley (briefly
y
cial

alle

reversing the flow of the river)

te V
Gla

and finally headed northwest to

met

the mouth of the Columbia

Willa

where the flood waters, and the Lake

debris they carried, emptied into
the Pacific Ocean. Flood Area

Ice

Shoreline

Pleistocene Lakes
0 50 100 200
Miles

21
Glaciers In Oregon
Mt. Jefferson
Oregon has many alpine (or mountain) glaciers on the highest peaks.
One of the impacts of global climate change is that these glaciers are
melting and may disappear by the middle of the century.

Mt. Hood

Wallowa
Mountains
Eliot Mt. Hood
Glacier Mt. Jefferson

Three
Sisters Three Sisters

North
Sister
Middle
Sister

Eliot Glacier,
Mt. Hood South Broken
Sister Top
(1901) (2005)

22
Average Annual Precipitation
Average in Inches
Drier
Up to 25
26- 50
51 - 75
76 - 100
101 - 200

Wetter
Precipitation = rain and snow

23
Average January Temperature
Degrees
Fahrenheit
Cool
41 - 47
36 - 40
31 - 35
26 - 30
16 - 25

Cold

24
Average July Temperature
Degrees
Fahrenheit
Warm
43 - 55
56 - 60
61 - 65
66 - 70
71 - 77

Hot

25
Climographs
ASTORIA

11 100

10 90

9 80
8
70
7
60
6

5
50
PENDLETON
40
4

3
30
THE DALLES
20
2

1 10
PORTLAND 11 100

10 90
11 100
0 0
9 80
10 90
11 100
8
9 80 70
10 90 7
8 60
9 70
80 6
7
8 60 50
70 5
6
7 50 40
60 4
5
SALEM 6
50 4
40 3
30

5 30 20
2
40 3
11 100 4
20 1 10
30 2
10 90 3
10 0 0
1
9 2 20
80
0 0
8 1 10
70
7 0 0
60
6
50
5
40
4
30
3

2 20

1 10 11 100 11 100

0 0 10 90 10 90

9 9 80
80
8 8
70 70
7 7
60 60
6 6

5
50
BEND 5
50

40 40
4 4
EUGENE 3
30
3
30

20 2 20
2

1 10 1 10
11 100

0 0 10 0 0
90

9 80
8
70
7
11 100

10 90
6
60
BURNS
50
5
9 80 40
4
8
70 30
7
60
3

2 20 Average Monthly Precipitation and Temperature

COOS BAY
6

5
50
1 10 11 100
40 0 0
4

3
30 10 90
20
9
2

1 10 80
0 0
8
70

Precipitation (in)
7

Temperature (F)
11 100
11 100
60
6
10 90
10 90

9 80
9 80
50
8
70
8
70 5
40
7
7 60

6
60 6
50 4
30
50 5

3
5 40
40 4
4 30
3
3
30
2 20
2 20
2 20
1 10
1 10
MEDFORD 0 0 1 10
0 0

0 0
KLAMATH FALLS
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Precipitation Temperature

26
Ocean Currents
Continents influence the direction of ocean Warm ocean temperatures are generated near
currents by changing the flow of the water. At the Equator, and then carried towards the poles
Warm Ocean Current the same time, the temperature of ocean where they cool before returning to the Equator.
currents influences the temperature of coastal Most of the ocean currents off the coast of
areas, such as Oregon's coast. Oregon are cold.
Cool Ocean Current
ARCTIC OCEAN
ft
tic Dri
r th Atlan
No

ARCTIC CIRCLE

NORTH EUROPE
rrent
tic Cu
Subarc
rift
ASIA
AMERICA

o
m D

shi
tic
a

ro
e
Str

Ku
tla
TROPIC OF CA
Gulf

North A
NC ER
PACIFIC
OCEAN
AFRICA North Equitorial
Equitorial Countercurrent Current
EQUATOR
ATLANTIC
Equitorial
SOUTH OCEAN
Countercurrent
South Equatorial Current
Current

INDIAN
PACIFIC AMERICA
OCEAN
Ben

OCEAN
Brazil
Pe

gue

RN
TROPIC OF CAPRICO
ru

la

ent
AUSTRALIA
Cu

Curr

urr
rren

sC
ent

nt
t

a
ulh
re
ur

Ag

t
dC

an Cu rren
West Austraili
Falklan

d Drift
West Win ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
West Wind
Drift

ANTARCTICA

27
Global Wind Patterns
Warm Wind Current
Oregon's climate is influenced by the westerly on each continent but they also had an impact
winds that blow from the Pacific Ocean, bring- on the routes of global exploration during the
ing cool, moist air toward the land. The direc- day of sails (such as Christopher Columbus'
tions of the main winds influence the weather trips to the Americas).

Cool Wind Current ARCTIC OCEAN

Polar Easterlies
ARCTIC CIRCLE

ASIA
NORTH
AMERICA EUROPE
Prevailing Westerlies
TROPIC OF CANCER PACIFIC
ATLANTIC
AFRICA OCEAN
OCEAN
Northeast
Trade Winds
EQUATOR PACIFIC SOUTH EQUATOR
OCEAN AMERICA
Southeast
Trade Winds
RN
INDIAN
ICO
TROPIC OF CAPR
OCEAN AUSTRALIA

Prevailing Westerlies

ANTARCTIC CIRCLE

Polar Easterlies
ANTARCTICA

28
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Ecoregions
An ecoregion is an area of
land in which similar climate,
flora (plants) and fauna

M t n s
(animals) interact to create an
environment distinct from b i a
other areas. Oregon has l u m
several different ecoregions, C o
t e a u s
P l a n

tains
Va l l e t e
from the moist, cool Cascade i
Range with its tall conifers, to
t a

amet
y
the hot, arid Basin and Range n
with its junipers and sage- u
g e
brush.
o
M

Moun
Snake
Will

u e River
R a n

B l
Plain
cade
s t
o a

Cas

a n d
B a s i n
C

e
Klamath
Eastern R a n g
Cascades
Mountains
and Fo o t hi ll s

29
Ecoregions in Pictures

1 2 3

1
Coast Range Willamette Valley Klamath Mountains
9
2

8
4

4 5 6
6
3 5
Cascade Mountains Eastern Cascades and Foothills Basin and Range

7 8 9

Snake River Plain Blue Mountains Columbia Plateau

30
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Vegetation Zones
Vegetation zones are areas with similar groups of plants.
Western Hemlock Zone – Varied groups of
plants occur depending on precipitation and
elevation.

Willamette Forest-Prairie Zone – Various

forest, woodland, open savanna and prairie
type groups of plants.

Alpine Zone – These relatively small areas

are found only at the highest elevations and
consist of small plants and low-lying shrubs.

Mixed Conifer and Broadleaf Forest Zone –

This zone’s plant groups have a mix of
Oregon and Californian species.

Cascade Subalpine Forest Zone – Open

meadow and forests form patterns
according to elevation and snowpack.

Grand Fir and Douglas Fir Zone – The

plant groups in this zone require only a
moderate amount of water.

Ponderosa Pine Zone – Drier than the fir

zones, these plant groups consist of
Ponderosas with woody shrub or
grassland.

Grasslands Zone – These areas

have grassland plant groups with
almost no trees or shrubs.

Western Juniper Zone – These

open woodlands have Juniper
trees with desert shrubs or
sagebrush plant groups.

Big Sagebrush Zone – This large

zone is dominated by sagebrush,
with some other shrubs and
grasses .

31
Vegetation Zones: Elevation Cross-Section
Mt. Hood

Blue Mountains

Coast Range

Portland

Wetter Drier
West East
Willamette Forest- Grand Fir and
Western Hemlock
Prairie Douglas Fir
Sitka Spruce Zone Cascade Subalpine Alpine Ponderosa Pine Grasslands
Forest

Willamette Forest-Prairie Zone Western Hemlock Zone Grand Fir and Douglas Fir Zone

Conifer: Common Name, Coniferous conifer

Leafy Tree: Common Name, Trt leafious
Plant Species: Common Name, Planty Mcplant
Grasses: Common Name, Grassy Mcgrass

Cascade Subalpine Forest Zone Alpine Zone Ponderosa Pine Zone Grassland Zone

32
Forests
Oregon's forest zones are
defined by the main type
of tree species found in each zone.
Most areas are dominated
by one species, but other
areas have relatively equal
portions of more than one species.

Douglas Fir

Sitka Spruce

Klamath Mixed Conifer

Mixed Conifer

Hardwoods

Subalpine Fir

Ponderosa Pine

Lodgepole Pine

Western Larch

Western Juniper

33
Timber Harvest Over Time
1925 1960

Numbers are in thousands

of board-feet harvested
per square mile

0 - 32

33 - 91

92 - 201

1980 2004
202 - 299

300 - 753

34
Timber Resources
What exactly are “Board-Feet?”
Total Harvest for 1900 - 2004 “Board-feet” is a measurement of timber that people use
(in billion board-feet) to describe how much useable lumber can be obtained
from a cut tree. One board-foot is equal to a 12-inch by
12-inch by 1-inch piece of wood.
10

9 One mature Douglas Fir tree is

equal to approximately
8 187.5 board-feet. This assumes
7 that it is cut after 75 years
of growth and that it grew in
6 a healthy stand that had no
more than 400 trees in each acre.
5

4
One average 2000 square-
3 foot house takes approxi-
mately 20,000 board-feet of
2 lumber to build. The cabi-
nets usually add an addi-
1
tional 3,000 board-feet.
0
1905

1915
1920
1925

1945

1975

1995
1930
1935
1940
1900

1910

1950
1955
1960
1965
1970

1980
1985
1990

2004
2000

What does a
timber harvest
look like from
Total Timber Harvest in Oregon Per Year above?
Aerial photo,
South of Vernonia, OR

35
 1848- Nestucca 290, 000 Acres Burned

1849- Siletz 800, 000 Acres Burned

1853- Yaquina 482, 000 Acres Burned

1865- Silverton 988, 000 Acres Burned

1868- Coos Bay 296, 000 Acres Burned

1933, ‘39, ’45, ‘51- Tillamook 496, 000 Acres Burned

1936- Bandon 143, 000 Acres Burned

Historic Fires

2002- Biscuit 500, 000 Acres Burned

Forest Fire Risk

36
Low Risk
High Risk

Medium Risk

Non - Forest
Wildlife Distribution
Western Rattlesnake
These maps show the distribution, or Black Bear
range, of some of Oregon's wildlife
species. The distribution shows where
each animal can be found but the
number of animals found in each area
depends on the abundance of food,
predators, and other habitat condi-
tions.

American Beaver
Spotted Owl Bald Eagle

Pronghorn Redlegged Frog

Elk

37
Pacific Migratory Bird Routes

TIC Umatilla NWR

ARC N McKay Creek
A
OCE
Tualatin
NWR NWR

C
AN Klamath Marsh Malheur
AD NWR NWR
A Upper Klamath
NWR

U
N
The Pacific Flyway
IT
ED
PA ST
AT
C ES
Many birds migrate during the year, sometimes OC IFIC
EA
traveling thousands of miles to breeding and N
feeding grounds.
ME
They migrate in "flyways" where there is adequate XIC
O

food and water for them to rest before continuing

their journeys. Because of its rivers, lakes and
wetlands, Oregon is home to several flyways and
breeding grounds. Wildlife refuges have been
established to protect the areas where birds breed and
rest during their migrations.

38
Pacific Coast Salmon
Boulders and
cobbles provide
habitat for
Riparian areas Trees that fall
insects like
made up of trees into the stream
stoneflies and
and bushes provide provide shelter
mayflies
shade for the from predators
stream which keeps
the stream cool for
salmonids
WA S H I N G T O N

OREGON
IDAHO

Historic Salmon Range

Fallen leaves and
Present-Day Salmon Range branches supply the Turbulent water
stream with nutrients creates dissolved
Major Dams oxygen for salmon

39
Fish and Hatcheries
Coastal Catch
Coastal Catch Astoria
ByBy
PortPort

Tuna
Shrimp Crab Pacific Whiting Sole Rockfish Shrimp Garibaldi
Salmon/Steelhead
Total catch: Top five fish and shellfish Rockfish
Pacific City
Crab
Oregon Fish Hatcheries Circles are proportional Depoe Bay
Salmon to pounds of fish caught
Trout at each port annually
Salmon and Trout Newport

OREGON
cean
Florence

Pacific O
Winchester Bay

Charleston

Bandon

Port Orford

Gold Beach

Brookings

40
Pacific Northwest Watersheds
K Kootenai

Pend O
Methow R.

oot
ogan R.
ai R.
Skagit R.

en
R.
Priest L.

reille R
Col umbia
an
SK
Pend AB

Ok
Franklin D. . BC
Roosevelt L. Oreille
R
Hoh . Pend

Sno
L. Chelan Oreille L.

hom
lt R.
Upper Spokane R.

ish R.
au
Q ui n Banks L. Columbia
Washington L. Washington Crab Cr. Saint Joe WA
R. MT
Whit Columbia River
Coastal Spokane Watershed
Chehal Moses L.
eR
Puget

Ya
kim
is

R. use R.
.

Sound Na alo Dworshak

a R.
chsR Res. Clear-

P
e .
R.

C ow l i t
z water
ter R. .
Clear w a hs a R OR
Lower Yakima Loc ID
WY

R. Columbia Sel way R. CA NV UT

lem
R.
mbia R.
ha

Northern Ne Colu

e
R on d
Oregon
Coastal Middle Columbia

Grand
Lower Salm
on R.
R.
Snake
John Day R.
R.

D e s c hutes
ette

Salmon
Willam

antiam R.
N. S
S. San

John Day

.
ke R
iam
t

R.

Sna
Snake
Willamette Croo ked R
. Headwaters
Pa
R. ye t
Deschutes eur te R.
Umpqu
a alh
M Boise R.
R.

Upper Snake

eR American
R. Snak . Falls Reservoir
Oregon Closed Middle Snake
son

Rogue R Owy Bear R

W i lliam

Basins .
Klamath
.

he

Brun
eR

Klamath L.
e au R .
.
ma th R.

Southern Oregon
Coastal
Kla

Northern California
Coastal Upper Sacramento Black Rock Desert

41
Rivers and Lakes

R.
ak

Sn
m
eR

le
.

ha
Ne

.
eR
Columbia R.
Umatilla R.

on d
Wa
llow

Grande R
R.

aR
ua

d
T
lat

Hoo

.
in R San dy
. R

Cla

.
M am

ck
a s R alm o

S
ola
n R.
.
ette R

l la R

.
N. Fork John
.

hu te .
am

Day R. ow

sR

P
der
Will
.
tz R

R.
N. Sant Day R.
Sile

iam R. John

sc
De

.
eR
Snak
S. Santiam R
.

Crooke
ie R. d R.
Mc Kenz
M
S iu idd r R.
slaw le
eu
.
R

For .
R . k s R
tes

alh
W
il M eR
hu

Silvie
Ump
De
sc

qua R.
lam

eyh
e

Ow
tte R.

N. Umpqua R. Malheur
Harney Lake
Lake

Donner and B l itze n

Um
S.

p qua R.
.
R.
g ue R

Crater Summer
Elk R.
u e R. Lake Lake
Ro
on

Rog er
iams

Up p .

R
Sprag Lake
Will

ue
R. Albert
llin Klamath
ois
I

o R. Lake
etc
R.
Ch

th R. Lost R.
ma
Kla

Goose Lake

42
Dams of the Pacific Northwest

Ko
ote
na

Pend O
i R.

Methow R.

gan R.
Skagit R. Diablo Priest L.

R.
Gorge Cabinet

reille R
ano

Columbia
. Gorge

Ok
Franklin D.
Wells Roosevelt L.
R
Hoh .

Sno
L. Chelan Pend
Chief

hom
Oreille L.
. Joseph Grand Spokane R.
ult R
ish R.
ina
Rocky Long
Qu Reach Banks L. Coulee Lake
L.Washington Rock Crab Cr. Saint Joe
R.
Whit Island
Chehal Moses L.
eR

Ya
Mud

kim
Wanapum
is

R. use R.
.

Na
Mountain alo

a R.
ch sR Lower Dworshak

P
e
. Monumental Lower Granite Res. Grand Coulee Dam
R.

Mayfield C ow l i t z Priest er R.
Clearwat Dworshak hsa R.
Mossyrock Rapids Loc
Little Goose Major Purpose
Selway R.
Ice Harbor
The mbia
R. R. Hydroelectric Dam
Dalles Colu

e
R on d
McNary Irrigation Dam
John Day

Grand
on
Bonneville Salm R. Flood Control Dam
.
John Day R.
R

Hells Canyon
R.

Deschutes
ette

Oxbow
Willam

N. S
antiam R. Detroit
Brownlee
S. S

.
Green Peter

ke R
ant

am
Round Butte
i

R.

Cougar Sna
enzie R.
McK Crooked R
.
Lookout Point Pa
yet
Bowman R .
Umpqu Hills Creek eur te R.
a alh
M Boise R.
R.

Owyhee
Wickiup Palisade
Warm Springs Lucky
Peak American
eR Falls American
R. Snak . Falls Reservoir
Rogue R Lost Creek
son

Owy C J Strike Bear R

William

.
.

he

Brun
eR

Savage Klamath L. Minidoka

eau R.
.
math R.

Rapids Link River

John Boyle
Kla

43
Oregon Dams
Dam
McNary
Dams with the
The
largest reservoirs John Day
Dalles
(Holding more than Bonneville
155, 000 acre-feet)
Hell’s
One acre-foot = 325,851 gallons Canyon

Brownlee
Detroit
Round Butte
Green Peter

Bowman
Cougar
Lookout Point

Hills Creek Owyhee

Wickiup
Warmsprings

Lost Creek

Link
River

44
Mineral Deposits (actively mined)
GEMSTONES

DIATOMITE-ZEOLITE-PERLITE TALC

one dot = one mine

Gemstones are precious and semi-precious minerals
used to make jewelry.

PUMICE

one dot = one mine one dot = one mine

perlite Talc is green, grey, or white, and is an important

zeolite diatomite
industrial mineral used for counter tops and in
Diatomite is a soft chalk-like rock that is crushed making paints, ceramics, and paper.
and used in insecticides, cat litter, and dynamite.
Zeolite is formed when volcanic rocks and ash react
with water. It is crushed and dried to use in
concrete.
Perlite is a light volcanic glass that has a high water
content and expands when heated. It is used in
construction, plaster, insulation, and horticulture.
one dot = one mine
Pumice is a light, porous volcanic rock that looks
like a sponge. It is used in pencil erasers, cosmetics,
and to produce stone-washed jeans.

45
Mineral Deposits (not actively mined)
GOLD NICKEL CHROMIUM

one dot = one mine one dot = one mine one dot = one mine
Gold can be mined from hard rock and from river Nickel is a silvery white metal used in stainless Chromium is a steel-gray, shiny, hard metal used in
gravels and beach sands and is used in jewelery, steel, cast iron, magnets, and coins. stainless steel and in dyes and paints.
electrical conductors, and dentisty.

COPPER MERCURY URANIUM

one dot = one mine one dot = one mine one dot = one mine
Copper is a reddish metal used in electrical wiring and Mercury is a toxic silvery metal (also known as Uranium is a dense element that is silvery in color and
pipes. quicksilver) and is liquid at room temperature. It is radioactive. It is used for nuclear energy and military
used in thermometers, barometers, and neon lights. weapons.

46
Energy Production

Astoria
Major Power Plants (100 MegaWatts)

Umatilla
The Dalles
= Portland
Pendleton
is enough energy for
100 MegaWatts 35,000 homes Joseph

Salem

Newport

John Day

Eugene Bend
Wind
Ontario

Coal
Burns
Coos Bay
Natural Gas

Hydro-Electric Roseburg

Power Lines

City
Medford
Klamath Falls

47
Renewable Energy Potential
Solar Potential kw/m2/day
Annual

5.5 - 6.0
Solar energy is measured in kilowatts (kw) per
square meter (m2) per day (kw/m2/day) 5.0 - 5.5

4.5 - 5.0

3.5 - 4.5
Geothermal energy is measured by the
amount of heat energy produced by the earth
in an area (average thermal conductivity
watts/meter-Kelvin)

Wind potential is generally found in areas that

have moderately strong and consistent winds

Average Thermal
Wind Potential Geothermal Potential Conductivity
watts/meter-Kelvin
Good areas for
wind power
240 - 500

160 - 240

80 - 160

< 80

48
Native Americans: 1780 Population

Umatilla
1780:
Estimated Number of People Grand
per 100 Square Miles Ronde
Warm
100 - 350 Springs
Siletz

50 - 99

Coos,
20 - 49
Lower Umpqua,
and Siuslaw Burns Paiute
0 - 19
Coquille

Today:
Cow Creek
Native American Reservations Klamath
Reservations with land
too small to display

In 1780, before the expedition of Lewis and Clark, there were
many Native American tribes across Oregon, including the
Chinook, Kalapooia, and Molalla. They lived mainly along the
coast and in the Willamette River and lower Columbia River. In
the mid-1800s, the 49th parallel was set as the International
Border, gold was discovered in California, and the Oregon Trail
was opened up. Settlers from eastern states began to pour in to
the west. Fighting and European diseases such as smallpox killed
many Native Americans. Some tribes were wiped out of
existence. The remaining tribes were placed on reservations.
Oregon has three main reservations- Warm Springs, Umatilla,
and Grand Ronde - and a few smaller ones like Cow Creek and
Siletz. Today, however, many Native Americans live off the
reservations in cities and rural areas throughout the state.

49
Native American Tribes and Language Groups
Tribes Language

n
ya
pu

Ca zte tian

w
ala

sla
n
A u
The color represents

l i s -K

yu ca
o- en
ke an

Siu
1 Clatskanie 10 Northern Paiute

Sa an

Ut u P
Ta asc
At ian
language groups. The

a&
H e
lm

Al n
b

s
ea
t

a
nu
ha
names represent the

ok

se
at
2 Chinook 11 Sluslaw

Pe

Pl
Skit
fo
dialects spoken in
o
3 Sahaptin 12 Coos
Cabiamet
Clatso that group.

t
p
Clatskanie

Multno
4 Cayuse 13 Tututni 1 Celilo Falls
Nehalem N
ez

mah
5 Nez Perce 14 Takelma Tillamook Pe
Wa s c o 4 rc
6 Tu a l a t i n Cas

Cha
lac cad 2
6 Tillamook 15 Klamath/Modoc no

e
Wy
Nestucca kam es i 5

fen
n
on-
as Te

yu k
7

am
Salm

C
Joh
er Yamhill

Ahantchu
v U
7 Kalapuya 16 Shasta i

a
R

y
n D

u
m

se
at
8 Alsea Siletz Luckla Ty g h 3

il
mute

la
eneta
Sant

alla
9 Molalla Yaquina Chep

rn
Te n i n o ( W a y a p a m )
h
ia

the

Mol
sp

m
8
m
Ts

Nor
he

ku
a

Alsca
n

pi
C

Moh
aw
Lon

Chafen k
S i u s l aw
g To

9
m

Wi

11
net

watset ik a Pa - t
lhic
Kala l-t Hu - nlpwi - tika
elly

t ch hi-
di h tik
a
Wa - (Walpapi)
la

a
Yo n call
lal

Ha n
is
Mo

12
10
rn

Upper
Milok

he

Umpqu Agai-tika
per a
Up uille
ut

q
So

Co Wa d a - t i k a
This area inhabited
Kw

13 Cow Creek
by speakers of: Yapa - tika
a ta

ath
Yukichetunne, Tutuni, Klam
m

a a 14
Mikonotunne, Cheme- ma
st

el
Cost

Uplan
a

tunne,Chetleshin, d- 15 ka
Sh

k
Ta k e l m
i
Ta

-t

Kwaishtunnetunne a
di

Chetc
o Modoc
13 Gwi-nidi-ba
Gi

T ow a
o l 16
Dakubetede Shasta

50
The Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806
BRITI
SH
TE
.
aR
bi RR
Winter um
IT
Col
1805/06
Summer 1805 OR
Winter 1804
Y
Spring 1806
Summer 1806 Indiana

Mi s
ak
Sn

eR Terr.
.

sou
ri
R.
SP

Pittsburgh New York

AN

R.
Spring
i
Cincinnati Oh

o
Louisiana
1804
IS

St. Louis Washington

H

D.C.
Purchase Fall 1806

T
E
R

Ocean
Pacific

R
IT Mississippi
O Territory
RY

tic
Clark Eastbound
Oce

Lewis & Clark

an
Eastbound

tl
an

Lewis & Clark

A
Westbound 0 125 250 500
Miles
Lewis Eastbound

51
The Oregon Trail

River
bia u ri
isso Riv
Co l u m M e

ver
Whitman

r
Ri
c Ocean

Fort Mission

e
t

on
ws
Vancouver Yello
Sna
ke
The
r
mette Rive

Oregon Dalles
Rive
Pacifi

City IDAHO
r

Fort
W YO M IN G
illa

Boise
OREGON Fort Fort
W

Hall Caspar
SKA
NEBRA
Fort Laramie
Council
Scott’s Bluff Fort ver
Shoshone Falls Devil’s Ri Bluffs

Mi ssis
Platt Kearny
Gate e
ip
pi

s
Chimney St. Joseph
Fort r
Rock St. Louis
ve

Bridger iv e r
Ri

oR Ri
rad v
Green

Shawnee Westport
lo Mission

er
URI
Co

S MISSO
KANSA

0 250 500
Miles

Wagon wheel ruts

on the Oregon Trail
in Eastern Oregon

52
Oregon’s Historic Trails and Ghost Towns
Reason The Town
Was Founded

Mining Blalock
#
Vanport # Or
Logging Bayocean eg
# on
Ba

Tr
Ranching rlo Hardman

ail
wT #
rail

il
ra
aT
Farming #
Cornucopia
lall Jawbone Antelope
#Valsetz ##
Mo
Granite
Rail Stop
Flats
# Shaniko
# #Bourne
Chitwood Richmond #
# Junction # Greenhorn # Whitney
Stage Stop

Fre
Towns eE
mi
Destroyed gr
an
by Flood t f
Ro t-of
k Cu
ad e e
M
Bohemia
#

Golden Blitzen
# #

Buncom
# Apple
gate T
ra il

53
United States in 1846: States and Territories

Or Da
ego
Te n ko
rri Missour ta
tory Te i s c

W T
i
Te r r i t o r e rr r o
y Iowa r ii t n s
to i
T e r r i t o r y o rr yn
y

Republic Indian

cean
Te r r i t o r
of y
Mexico

ic O
nt
la
Pac

Te x a s *

At
ific
Oc

0 125 250 500

Miles
ea

States formed by 1846

n

*Before becoming a state in 1845, Texas was independent and not part of the U.S.

54
United States in 1859: Oregon Statehood
CANADA

Wa
shin Unorganized
gton Te r r .

Ore
gon
Te r r Nebraska
itory
Te r r i t o r y

Utah
Te r r i t o
ry
Kansas

cean
Te r r i t o r y

ic O
New M Indian
exico Te r r i t o r y
Te r r i t
ory

nt
la
Pac

At
ific

M
EX
Oc

0 125 250 500

IC

O
ea

Miles
n

States formed by 1859

55
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Population

People
one dot = 500 people

1,000 people

5,000 people

10,000 people

50,000 people

100,000 people

56
Where Do We Come From?
.
Ethnicity refers to the cultural characteristics that a group has in
common. These may include language, religion, country of
origin, or other shared characteristics.

CANADA
EUROPE
ASIA

MEXICO AFRICA

MICRONESIA SOUTH
AMERICA

AUSTRALIA
Migration to Oregon within United States
Place of Birth of Oregonians

Native Oregonian 45.5%

Born in Northeast - 3.5%

Born in Midwest - 10%

Born in South - 5.2%

Born in West 25.3%

Foreign Born 9.7%

The width of the arrow is proportional to the number of people
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% moving to Oregon from other regions of the United States

57
Ancestry and Race in Oregon
Ancestry
Ancestry refers to your parents, your grandparents,
and other relatives from whom you are descended.
An imporant element of ancestry is the country (or
countries) that you or your ancestors came from
before arriving in the United States.
Race
As used in the U.S. Census, race refers to social and
cultural characteristics as well as ancestry. Because
each of us has our own understanding of our
family’s culture and ancestry, the U.S. Census
allows us to identify our own race, culture and
ethnicity.

50% 2.9% 1.3% 1.6%

0.2%
4.4% African American
40% 3.4%
Native American

30% Asian

Pacific Islander
20%
86.4% Other

10% Two or more races

Caucasian
Sw h
an
ch

sh

/U can
n

M h
n

ian

n
sh

tis
lia

is
ica

gia

w
Iri
m
en
gli

ed
ot
ad

xi
Ita

no
er
er

we
Fr
En

e
Sc
an

nk
Am

or
C

er
th
O

58
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

The Age of Oregon’s Population

What is a Population Pyramid? Male Female
A population pyramid divides 85+
a population by gender (male Where the 55-59 year olds live
80-84
or female) and by age (from
youngest at the base to oldest 75-79
at the peaks). Each bar of the 70-74
pyramid represents a percent-
age of the population. 65-69
60-64
This pyramid shows Oregon’s
2002 population, and each bar
55-59 }
represents five years of the 50-54
population. Low Percentage
45-49
Medium Percentage
Another way to show a state’s 40-44
High Percentage
population is with a chorop- 35-39
leth map. The two maps at the
right show where the 10-14 30-34
year olds and the 55-59 year 25-29
olds live in Oregon.
20-24
15-19
10-14 }
05-09
Where the 10-14 year olds live
00-04

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Percent

59
Population Pyramids of Three Counties

Multnomah County Curry County Malheur County

Male Female Male Female Male Female

85+ 85+ 85+
80-84 80-84 80-84
75-79 75-79 75-79
70-74 70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64 60-64
55-59 55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54 50-54
45-49
Age

45-49
Age

Age
45-49
40-44 40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14 10-14
05-09 05-09 05-09
00-04 00-04 00-04
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Percent Percent Percent

60
Growth of Pendleton and Bend
The maps on these two pages show how Bend, Pendleton, Ashland River 1900
and Medford have grown since 1900. When did most of the growth
City Limits 1940
occur? Are the cities similar or different in the ways they have
grown? §
¦
¨
84
Major Road 1980
£
¤ 20

Railroad 2005

Pendleton Bend
£
¤
20

Umati
ll a
R.

£
¤20

§
¦
¨84

£
¤
97

R.
te s

huc
0 1 2 Des 0 1 2
Miles Miles

61
Growth of Ashland and Medford
62

River 1900
City Limits 1940

§
¦
¨
5
Major Road 1980
238

Medford Railroad 2005

Jacksonville
238

Phoenix

§
¦
¨
5

Talent

Pendleton

Bend
Ashland

0 2.5 5 Medford/Ashland
Miles

62
Land Ownership
Division of Oregon Land Ownership
State Land
State Land
2.1%

Private Land Federal Land

45.4% 52.5%

Private Land Federal Land

63
Federal Land Ownership
Division of Federal Land Ownership Forest Service

Forest Service Bureau of Land

46.6% Management
49.0%

National Park Service Other federal agency

.5% 3.9%

Bureau of Land National Park Servicee

Management

Lewis and Clark

National Historical John Day
Park Fossil
Beds
National
Crater Lake Monument
National Park

Oregon Caves
National Monument

64
Farm and Ranch Lands

Farms

Ranches

65
Major Crops

Wheat Greenhouses
and Nurseries

= = = =
one dot 10,000 10 billion 600,000 one dot five
bushels kernels pounds nurseries

Wheat is Oregon’s largest crop by weight. Greenhouses and nurseries are Oregon’s
largest crop by total dollar value.

66
Farm Products
Onions Potatoes

one dot = 20,000 lbs. of onions one dot = 20,000 lbs. of potatoes

Milk Cows Beef Cows

one dot = 100 cows one dot= 500 cows

67
Fruit Crops

Grapes Apples

one dot = 100,000 lbs. of grapes one dot = 100,000 lbs. of apples

Cherries Pears

one dot= 100,000 lbs.of cherries one dot = 200,000 lbs. of pears

68
Defining a Region: The Willamette Valley
Willamette Valley
Ecological Region
We can define a “region” in many ways. For example,
the Willamette Valley can be defined as a political region
(counties), an ecological region (vegetation) or as a Willamette Valley
land-use region (agricultural). Political Region

Willamette Valley
Agricultural Region

69
Willamette Valley Crops
Grapes Nurseries Marionberries

one dot = 100,000 lbs. one dot = 5 nurseries one dot= 100,000 lbs.
of grapes of marionberries

Hazelnuts Christmas Trees Black Raspberries

one dot = 10,000 lbs. one dot= 10,000 trees one dot = 10,000 lbs.
of hazelnuts of black raspberries

70
Transportation
Highways
Railroads 26
84

To Seattle
To Spokane 5

84

26
101

20
97

395
5

Airports

To California

Train Station Major Airport Other Airports

Freight Railroad (RR) Interstates

Passenger & Freight RR Highways

71
Ports
(8) Anacortes

(4) Seattle
Columbia/Snake River System Ports (5) Tacoma
WA S H I N G T O N
Almota (10) Longview
WA S H I N G T O N S n ake
Pacific Ocean

Clarkston (9) Vancouver

Pasco (3) Portland
Longview Kennewick Lewiston
Astoria Kalama
r
St. Helens Rive R OREGON
Vancouver Columbia Umatilla

ive
Portland

r
iver The Dalles
e R
Willamett

OREGON

Pacific
CALIFORNIA
Port of Portland

Containers (6) Richmond

Oc
(7) Oakland

ea
n
Top 10 Ports on
the West Coast
Ranked by Cargo (2) Los Angeles
Volume (2006) (1) Long Beach

72
Oregon Exports
Individual countries cannot produce all the products their
citizens need or want. When countries trade, they import (bring
in products) and export (ship out products). Oregon exported
more than six billion dollars of goods to foreign countries in
2005, about 1.5% of all goods shipped from the USA that year.
More than 50% of those goods were shipped to just five
countries. It is difficult to measure the amount of goods
imported for use in Oregon because when ships arrive in
Oregon's ports only some of the goods they deliver stay in
Oregon. The rest is sent to other states.

Oregon Exports to Major Trading Partners

All other countries

Oregon Exports by Industry 17.0% Canada
22.0%
All other Industry Mexico
17%
6.0%
Computer & China South Korea
Machinery Electronic Products 10.0%
(except electrical) (Taiwan)
47%
11% 7.0%
Philippines China (mainland)
Agricultural 12.0%
8.0%
Equipment Malaysia Japan
11%
9.0% 9.0%
Transportation Equipment
14%

73
Employment: By Sector

155,000 Jobs

Natural Resources 1,306,000 Jobs

Health and Education

Government

Transportation
and Trade
Manufacturing
and Construction
Business, Information, 44,000 Jobs
and Finance 180,000 Jobs
Leisure and Hospitality

74
Using Data: A Cartographer’s Dilemma
An example using employment in Oregon
Cartographers have to make decisions about how to map data.
One decision is the area that is used to map the data. For
example, the cartographer can use counties as an area which
can then be grouped into 15 regions or into 4 regions. The result
is maps which change the way you see the information.
Counties grouped into 15 different areas
These maps show two important types of employment in
Oregon – natural resources and government – and the
locations of those jobs seem to change depending on how the
cartographer groups the counties.
Counties grouped into 4 different areas

Natural Resources
.1% - .5%
.6 - 1.5%
1.6% - 3.0%
3.1% - 15.0%

Government
12% - 16%
17% - 20%
21% - 25%
26% - 35%

75
Recreation and Tourism
Fort
Clatsop
Astoria Co
lu
m

bi a
i a Ri ver
Ecola State Park
umb

Ri ve
Columbia Gorge l
Natl. Scenic Area Co Hells Canyon National
Rec. Area

r
Tillamook Hood River Pendleton
Cheese Factory
Portland
Mt. Hood Pendleton
Wallowa Lake

iver
Multnomah WA LRound-Up
L OWA

Snake R
Falls
Timberline MO UNT
E

E
Lincoln City
Lodge AIN
S
BL UE

G
G

Salem MOU
Silver Falls SP N TA

ver
Detroit Lake n Day Riv I NS Baker City
Joh
State

N
N

es Ri
Newport Oregon Coast

er
Capitol Mt. Jefferson
Aquarium John Day

hut
Fossil Beds Oregon Trail

A
A

Interpretive Center

Desc
Smith Rock State Park
R

R
Prineville Reservoir
Mt. Bachelor
Wil
lam High Desert Museum
Oregon Dunes ett Bend
e Ri
E

Recreation Area
v Newberry Crater
T

National Monument
er

Places
D
S

Burns
Point of
A

Shore Acres SP Malheur National Mountain

Interest
A

Coos Bay Wildlife Refuge

Diamond Lake Park or
C

City
Harney Rec. Area
Lake
O

Crater
S

Lake Crater Lake National Park Activities

N
C

Rogue R Oregon

STEENS
MOUNTAI
A

i Vortex Rafting Camping

ver

Hart Mt. National

C

Gold Beach Antelope Refuge

Klamath Lake Boating Fishing
Oregon Caves Shakespeare
Natl. Monument Festival
Ashland Klamath Falls
Hiking Skiing

76
Counties and County Seats
Astoria
!

CLATSOP
COLUMBIA
! Saint Helens
Hood River
! The Dalles Pendleton
! WALLOWA
Hillsboro
Portland HOOD !
Tillamook ! ! SHERMAN UMATILLA
! WASHINGTON MULTNOMAH RIVER ! Moro MORROW
Enterprise
!
TILLAMOOK ! Oregon City GILLIAM ! !
La Grande
McMinnville Heppner
! Condon
! UNION
YAMHILL CLACKAMAS
WASCO
Dallas ! ! Salem ! Fossil
POLK MARION
Baker
!
Newport
!
LINCOLN !
! Albany ! Madras WHEELER GRANT BAKER
Corvallis JEFFERSON
LINN Canyon City
BENTON !
! Prineville

!
Eugene Bend CROOK Vale
! !
LANE
DESCHUTES

Burns
!

! Coquille ! Roseburg MALHEUR

COOS DOUGLAS HARNEY

LAKE

CURRY KLAMATH
JOSEPHINE
Gold Beach
! JACKSON
Grants Pass !
! Medford
! Klamath Falls Lakeview
!

77
108th Congressional Districts
Astoria
District 1 District 3
(743,195 people) (650,092 people)

Pendleton
Portland Enterprise
Beaverton
The Dalles
Hillsboro
Gresham

Lincoln City District 5

Salem (692,930 people)

Newport

Corvallis
John Day

Ontario
Eugene Bend District 2
(701,847 people)

Burns
District 4
(633,335 people)

Coos Bay

Roseburg

Grants Pass

Medford
Klamath Falls

78
Oregon at Night

This image is a map made from the

Population Map in this atlas, designed
to look like Oregon at night.

This image is taken at night

from a satellite. The brightest
parts of the image are where the
largest numbers of people live.
The areas are white because
they are the lights from
streetlamps and buildings.
Cities, where many people live,
are the brightest areas.

This image shows Oregon

from the satellite.

79
National Wild and Scenic Rivers

The National Wild and

Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 nah
We .
a R.

Sn
ke

a
R
identified rivers in the .

Jose
n de
Wallowa R.

ph Cr.
United States that are to be

Ro
Grande
preserved for their

Losti
Sa n Salmon

Min
dy R.
remarkable scenic,

R.
ne R
am

a
Imnah
.

R.
recreation, wildlife, geologic,
R

.
ite
Wh
R.
historic, or cultural values.

C la
ka Roaring R. N. Fork John der E
Pow

c
Day R.

ag
hutes .
R
mas R

le
Rivers, or sections of rivers, Elkhorn R.

C
Joh

r.
Da

n
.
y R.

sc
designated as wild and

De
ville Cr.
scenic are preserved in their

lius R.
tz
ar
Qu
free-flowing condition and

eto
M

.
Cr

N. Fo
are not dammed or modified

u aw
Crooke

Sq
ie R.

rk M
d R.
McKenz

M
by humans.

alh
North Fork of he

al
eur R.
Middle Fork John Day

ur R
R.
South Fork

.
tes
hu
De
sc
River

.
Wild and scenic Crescent R
portion of river N. Umpqua R.
Big Marsh Cr.

Little Deschutes R.

Donner and Blitzen

Owyhee R.
R.
e
ogu
Upper R

Elk R. ue R.
Rog
R.

n
Syca .

R
Illin

Owyhee R.
o
o
is

N. Fork
etc
R.

Sprague R.
Ch

ath R. W. Littl

e
Smith R.
m
Kl a

80
Weather Extremes
Tornado – April 5, 1972
Columbus Day Storm, October 1962. Starting out as strong winds near
116 mph wind gusts in Portland Tigard, the F3 tornado touched down Hottest Temperature
96 mph wind gusts in Astoria north of Portland on the banks of the The hottest temperature
138 mph wind gusts in Newport Columbia River before moving north was recorded in
127 mph wind gusts in Corvallis into Vancouver where 6 people died Pendleton on August 10,
106 mph wind gusts in Troutdale and 300 people were injured. 1898 at 119 degrees F.
Wet!
Cities lost power for 2 to 3 weeks and December 97-
over 50,000 dwellings were damaged. February 98 there Dry, Dry, Dry
38 people were killed and 300 injured were 79 consecutive Simnasho holds the record
days of precipitation for the most consecutive
PORTLAND PENDLETON
Entire orchards were destroyed and recorded in Otis. days without any measur- ENTERPRISE
many livestock were hurt or killed able precipitation at 141 days
from falling trees and collapsing during 1951. Tornado – June 11, 1968
barns. OTIS In a mountainous, uninhabited, timbered area 30
DALLAS SIMNASHO miles north of Enterprise, about 1,800 acres of prime
15 times as many trees were blown timber was destroyed, and another 1,200 acres were
VALSETZ
down during this windstorm than in Very Wet! badly damaged. The tornado lasted less than 5
the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens. Laurel Mountain, minutes and came with hail the size of golf balls. It
near Dallas, holds WARM SPRINGS hit about 4 pm, and had a ground path about 8-10
the maximum miles long.
Wet, Wet, Wet
annual precipitation
The ghost town of
record of 204.04
Valsetz holds the
inches. Dry, Dry, Dry
Oregon record for
the highest average Warm Springs Reservation
annual precipitation holds the record for the
SENECA
of 130.57 inches. minimum annual precipitation ONTARIO
with 3.33 inches in 1939.

Coldest Temperature
Hot, Hot, Hot
The coldest temperature
From June-September
was recorded on February
Wet! – November 19, 1996 1967, 74 consecutive
10, 1933 in Seneca at -54
Port Orford holds the days of 90+ degree F
degrees F (the next day
maximum 24-hour temperatures were
was 45 degrees F).
precipitation record of recorded in Ontario.
11.65 inches.
Dry
CRATER LAKE Fields has the lowest
average annual
PORT ORFORD Snow and Cold precipitation in
Snow Records at Crater Lake: Highest average Oregon at 7.16 nches.
annual snowfall of 529.9 inches.
Cold Records at Crater Lake: Most consecutive
ILLAHE cold days, at 32 degrees F or less, is 209 days.
Hot?
Illahe has the highest Crater Lake also holds the record for the lowest
annual temperature in average annual temperature at 38.1 degrees F.
FIELDS
Oregon, averaging 55
degrees F.

81
Unusual Place Names
Moosmoos
Creek
Powwatka Ridge

Water Feature Beggars Tick Pfefferkorn Canyon

Marsh Boring
Mount Fanny
Pickle Creek
Pothole
Natural Feature
Big Bottom

Cape Foulweather Potamus Point

Town Bologna Creek
Pirtle Piety Knob

Profane Gulch
Flunky Creek Magic Lantern Creek

Porkchop Lake
Deathball Rock
Boo Boo Lake
Stinkingwater Pass
Too Much Bear Lake

Dread and Terror Ridge

Nasty Pond
Phantom Ship
Seven Devils

Schoolmarm Creek Paisley

Flu Pond
Plush
Potato Water Spring
Big Bald Spot
Wampus

82
Place Name Origins
Astoria Colu
m

Places Named After Places with Native

bia
River
Natural Features Hood River Enterprise American Names
Multnomah
Cape Foulweather is the Tillamook Hillsboro The Dalles Tillamook is the name
place (and weather) of Beaverton Sand
y R Mt. Hood WALLOWA of a Salish tribe
Captain Cook’s first r
MTNS Multnomah is the

ive

Deschutes Rive
r
landfall in Oregon Cape Warm Chinook name for the

G E
Hell's
Cascade Range was Foulweather Springs Willamette River

er
Canyon

Riv
named after the rapids in S T R AW B E R RY M T N S Wallowa Mountains

R A N
etz
the Columbia River
Sil Corvallis
refers to a Nez Perce
The Dalles means Three word for a type of fish
“flagstones” in French, Sisters trap

E
and refers to a narrow Siskiyou Mountains is

C A D
river bordered by flat er a Cree word for “spot-
ledges eu rRiv
M
alh ted horse” which a fur
Sandy River is short trader lost in a snow-

C A S
“Quicksand River”, Um storm in the mountains
named by Lewis and Burns
pq

Siletz River refers to a

ua River

Clark Coos Bay local Native American

Strawberry Mountains Harney Lake ve
r
word for black bear

Ri
are named for the wild Umpqua River is a

ee
Owyh
strawberries found in the Native American word
area Summer Lake for the area areound
Deschutes River means Steens that river
“falls” in French and Mtn. Coos Bay was named
refers to Celilo Falls on Rogue River
after the Cook-koo-oose
the Columbia River tribe
SISKIYOU MTNS
Warm Springs is named
for the local natural
springs

Places Named for Explorers and Immigrant Settlers

Hillsboro is named after Oregon’s first
elected governor, David Hill
Three Sisters mountains were origi-
nally called Faith, Hope, and Charity
by missionaries
Hell’s Canyon in the Snake River
gorge was named to promote tourism
Columbia River was named by
Captain Robert Gray after his ship, the
“Columbia Rediviva”, with first
entered the river in 1792
Beaverton is named for the abun- Steens Mountain is named for the Harney Lake is named after a
dance of beavers that originally army major who fought the Paiutes Brigadier General William Harney
inhabited the wetlands of this in the region in 1860 Owyhee River is named for Hawai-
agricultural region Summer Lake was named by ian fur trappers killed nearby
Burns is named for the Scottish Captain Fremont to contrast with Malheur River Means “misfortune”
poet Robert Burns nearby Winter Ridge in French and refers to thefts of furs
Hood River and Mt. Hood are Enterprise was named by the town’s that hunters experienced in the area
named for Samuel Hood, a member first, and optimistic, residents Astoria is named for John Jacob
of Captain Vancouver’s expedition Rogue River was first called Wood- Astor whose fur company had a
Corvallis is Latin for “heart of the ville, but was changed to better trading post there
valley” advertise the town

83
Faculty:

Joseph Poracsky
Keith Hadley

Students:

Stephanie Gaspers, Jon Franczyk, Kirk McEwen, Tommy McKoy, Andy Freed, Jamie Ludwig,
Becca Heartwell, Beth Chapell, Frank Lahm, Jason Schmidt, Robert Bong, and Sabrina Hicks.
And a special thanks to Carolyn Perry, former Administrative Manager of the C-GEO for her
support of the project and everyone involved in it!

Cartographic Editor:

Tim McCarthy

Photo Sources:

• Map 2 – National Park Service;

• Map 5 – Wikimedia Commons, Oregon State Archives, David Banis, Jon Franczyk;
• Map 6 – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;
• Map7 – David Banis, Wikimedia, Oregon State Archives, U.S. Forest Service;
• Map 8 – Stephanie Gaspers;
• Map 22 – Portland State University;
• Map 30 – Environmental Protection Agency;
• Map 32 – Northwest Habitat Institute; Sagebrush Bird Conservation Network;
• Map 35 – ABC News;
• Map 36 – U.S. Forest Service;
• Map 38 – bairdphotos.com, Flickr Creative Commons;
• Map 39 – Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife;
• Map 40 – Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife;
• Map 43 – U.S. Bureau of Reclamation;
• Map 45 – Kai Schrieber; Karl Eschenbach; Maggie Corley; Kevin Walsh; Flickr Creative
Commons;
• Map 52 – National Park Service, Oregon Dept. of Transportation;
• Map 69 – Martha Works, Oregon State Archives;
• Map 72 – Port of Portland;
• Map 79 - NASA

84