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CHAPTER 6: CROSS PROFILE

I- GENERAL

I-1 Definition

The cross section of the road is shown on pa layout of the roadway and the ground
natural on a vertical plane orthogonal to the axelade road.
Bank: ruled surface of the land laid out in a pentera pcocuor rder the natural ground, the

bottom of a cut or the platform of an embankment.eEel st represented by l/h (3/2 for example)
Backfill: earthwork built on the natural ground poururréle cross the road by
relation to this one.
Excavation:excavation carried out in the natural ground comapnot rgt enerally regulated
embankments.
Drainage: Set of devices for recruiting 'evacuate water. Outlet: large ditch
allowing the water collected by the drainage device to be reicrudeeill in order
to keep dreou late runoff.

I-2 Definition and roles of the different layers

Pavement :It is made up of a multi-layered structure that ensures the parking
of vehicles in good conditions of safety and comfort. In general, it includes
coucuhiveasnstes:

wearing course
Binding layer
base layer
Foundation layer
Undercoat
Cap layer
Backfill
Natural land

Natural land :it is the soil as it appears after decapping the layer or the
execution of the cuttings.
Foundation soil or platform soil :ePrepared natural ground, or together
constituted by the natural ground and the embankmentss,under the roadway or, where applicable, under

the shape layer.

Road course given by Pr MADJA Jérémiea–pC7h: Cross profile 1

 Shape layer:eLayer of good quality material at the top of the fill or cuttings. It
can be made of treated soils or added materials.
It is intended to improve the adjustment and the apnocret of the supporting soil thus
forming the road support platform (when it e.xiE stlele) ensures the traffic of
site and the proper construction of the seat. Spread will depend on the quality of the supporting
soil.
Foundation layere:lt is made of materials implementedlasu form
(backfill, prepared natural ground or demefo layer).r It contributes to reducing the stresses
transmitted to the supporting soil or to the ceodeu
chforms, and presents performances
to withstand the stresses generated sptraffic.
bottom layer:eit is made of treated materials or tnra anointed, setting
work on the foundation layer.
It is intended to reduce trasness stresses on the supporting soil or on the
capping layer: its performance allows it to overcome the stresses generated by traffic.
surface layer:eDirectly exposed to various traffic and climate stresses, its role is
to ensure safety and comfort by offering good grip and evenness. It allows the
absorption of the efforts of cilia her
ment, to the waterproofing of
layers below it.
Bearing layer:youit is made of bituminous materials and oubé
dton of
cement which directly receives the effects of the traffic of atmospheric agents, and which provides a
function of waterproofing and protection of its ess. I

The underlay it is the additional layer interposed between enttreerrlaein and the layer
of foundation in order to preserve certain effects. has Elpl our role:
- either to prevent clay rising in the lascshéaeu (anti-
contaminating layer);
- evening to ensure the drainage of the foundation (souusc-hce oh
draining);
- either to cut the capillary rise (under -ceouacnti-

capillary).
Base (or body) of the roadwaythe:role of this layer is to ensure the proper
functioning of the surface layer atténle usaneteffects of the loads induced by the
traffic and avoiding excessive deformation of the suoplpsort. It generally consists of a
base layer and a foundation layer. tion. thickness depends on
mechanical characteristics, heavy traffic cu
rdmsulé retained for the dimensioning
of the pavement, and of the bearing capacity of the platform fsourm ppeort.

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II- IMPLEMENTATION CONDITIONS

II-1 Platform
Generally, the platform is considered colm am
layer of the upper 30 cm
earthworks. It is essential to disd p'ousneer good seat so that the body of
pavement is put in place in satisfactory conditions and so that it retains sufficient non-
deformability over time.
It should be avoided to have a soil of CBR lower than 5, it will be preferable to
substitute it with materials of better quality to treat the platform in place. The CBR to
be taken into account for the dimensioning p thickness and quality
substitute material.
The soils to be eliminated or treated have, in addition to a CB trR
very low, the characteristics
following geotechnics:
- IP > 40;
- LL > 70;
- Linear swelling in the mold CBR > 2%;
- Organic matter content > 3%

II-2 Capping layer

The substitute or filler material to be shaped to compensate for the
insufficiency of the natural soil and, possibly, to impede site traffic must be selected
and, in any event; avnoC irBuR greater than 5. A CB≥R10 may
be required for large construction sites on the elsqcuireculent of very large machines.
The capping layer is essential on soils where it is impossible to reach 95% of
the OPM density.
Once the substitution materials are put in p, the ocne obtains a new class of
platform.

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 Filler materials New platform class to
CBR Minimum thickness cm consider e

5 – 10 (S2) 45 S2
10 – 15 (S3) 35 S2
10 – 15 (S3) 45 S3

15 – 30 (S4) 30 S2
15 – 30 (S4) 35 S3
15 – 30 (S4) 50 S4

Avoid using:
- materials whose maximum grain size is above 150 mm;
- materials whose percentage of fines epsé voltage at 35 or 45% and the IP
greater than 20 or 30.
The following materials can be processed:
- IP < 25
- Granular soils having no elements with a diameter up to 80 or 100mm

II-3 Foundation layer

It must have a CBR of at least greater than 30recsoprondant at a dry density of 95% of
the OPM. We will be able to admit a CBR of 25 pleoutraffic of class T1.
The maximum dimensions of the elements must be entirely greater than or equal to
60mm.

II-4 Base layer

It must have a CBR of at least greater than 80recs at a dry density of 95% of the
OPM. Failing that, it should be improved oe u treated. A CBR of
60 for class T1 traffic.

Remark :Optimization of design and dimensione no

andallows you to obtain a
structure with a good ratio "Level of service/overall icCost" during the foreseeable
service life of the pavement.

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III- THE APPENDICES OF THE PAVEMENT

III-1 Shoulders
shoulder 1.50 to 2.00m

0.50m
dch

dhas Unpreparedness

If dch= 2.5% dhas= 4% for unstabilized shoulders

dhas= 6% for stabilized or impregnated shoulders

d 4% with a left turn

Let's take the case ofhas
= Right side: dhas= 4% outward regardless of the overhang of the lift.
Left side
If dch<dhas then dhas= 4%
If dch> dhas then dhas=dch

III-2 The embankments

Slopes of embankments
Backfill
Horizontal Vertical

Heights < 1m and whatever the nature of the mautxeria 3 1

Heights > 1m and whatever the materials (powdery sands) 1.5 1

Heights > 1m and whatever the height beyond this de

minimum, when the backfill consists of powdery has
wheat 2 1
materials
For embankments resting on foundation soil euvxasor Special stability study
soft clay

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 Slopes of embankments
Cuttings
Horizontal Vertical

In healthy rocky terrain and* whatever the e uh

arut Vertical

In little weathered rock and* whatever ulatehuar 1 6

In laterized and predominantly saebulse materials:

height < 3m 1 4
3m height < 10m 1 3

10m < height < 20m 1 2

In laterized and predominantly Arle materials gu

i se*:
height < 3m 1 5
3m height < 10m 1 4
10m < height < 20m 1 3

In materials of sedimentary origin, sabnlecfoi hesif silts, , 1 1

etc.
In the sands devoid of any cohesion, queellesoqiu You're here
2 1
height
* slope of the embankments in the autified schistous materials which may depend on the dip values of
and its direction, this should be taken into account dapnts the cases where this phenomenon is ap relative
and carry out a structural analysis of the massif

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