SEMINAR REPORT

ON
Internet of Things (IoT)
By
Akshay Kumar (20EELEC001)
Guided bys
Dr. Aruna pathak
(Head of Department)

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMM.& ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING COLLEGE BHARATPUR
(A CONSTITUENT COLLEGE OF RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA)
2023-2024
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMM. & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “Internet of Things (IoT)” has
been carried out by AKSHAY KUMAR under our guidance in partial
fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
comm.& Engineering, Engineering College Bharatpur during the academic
year 2023-2024. To the best of my knowledge and belief this work has not
been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree.

Guide/Head of the Department Principal

 DECLARTION

I AKSHAY KUMAR of B.Tech (Electronics and comm.& Engineering) hereby

declare that the project entitled “Internet of Things (IoT)” which I submitted by
me to development of electronics and comm. & engineering. Govt. engineering
Bharatpur university of raj. RTU Kota in partial fulfilment other requirement for
the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in the computers science &
engineering has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree
diploma or other similar title or recognition.

Akshay Kumar
(20EELEC001)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to Govt. Engineering College Bharatpur for

providing me with the invaluable opportunity to undertake my project work in
the realm of console-based portal designing during my training period. I would
also like to express my appreciation to the Institute of Information Technology,
Jaipur, for granting me the necessary permissions and administrative support to
engage in the training work at Bharatpur.

My deepest thanks go to our esteemed Trainer, Dr.Aruna Pathak (Head of the

Department of Electronics and Comm. Engineering), for his unwavering
guidance, vigilant monitoring, constant encouragement, and meticulous
corrections of our assignments. His dedication to reviewing the project and
training sessions, making necessary adjustments when required, reflects his
commitment to our academic growth, and for that, we are truly grateful. His
painstaking efforts have significantly contributed to our learning journey, and we
sincerely appreciate his invaluable support.

Akshay Kumar
(20EELEC001)
 ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IOT) describes a kind of network which

interconnects various devices with the help of internet. IOT assists to
transmit data with among devices, tracing and monitoring devices
and other things. IOT make objects 'smart' by allowing them to
transmit data and automating of tasks, without lack of any physical
interference. A health tracking wearable device is an example of
simple effortless IOT in our life. A smart city with sensors covering all
its regions using diverse tangible gadgets and objects all over the
community and connected with the help of internet. This word IOT
was first suggested by Kevin Ashton in 1999. The subsequent
segment represent fundamental of IOT. It hands out several covering
pre-owned in IOT and varied fundamental denominations connected.
It is primarily enlargement of helping-hand using Internet. When the
household devices are connected with the help of internet, this can
help to automate homes, offices or other units using IOT.
 Table of Contents
1 CERTIFICATE………………………………………………………..
2 DECLARTION………………………………………………………..
3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………
4 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………
5 Internet of Things (IoT)…………………………………………………………….

6 Different Names of IoT………………………………………………………………

7 Reasons of IoT…………………………………………………………………………….

8 Internet of Things Enablers…………………………………………………………

9 IoT…………………………………………………………………………………………….

10 Threat vs. Opportunity…………………………………………………………….

11 How are the networks changing?...............................................

12 Technology Trend……………………………………………………………………

13 Architectural Trends………………………………………………………………

14 Data Lifecycle……………………………………………………………………….

15 Sensors & Actuators…………………………………………………………….

16 Things…………………………………………………………………………………

17 Communications………………………………………………………………..

18 Networks……………………………………………………………………………..

19 The Internet…………………………………………………………………………

20 IoT Protocol Stacks………………………………………………………….

21 Protocol Stack…………………………………………………………………..

22 Enabling Technologies: Wireless technologies………………….

23 System Models and Applications of IoT…………………………..

24 IoT Architecture………………………………………………………………

25 IoT Threats……………………………………………………………………..

26 IoT Data-Challenges………………………………………………………..

27 IoT Governance, Privacy and Security Challenges……………

28 IoT in Libraries………………………………………………………………..

29 Potential Areas of IoT in Libraries……………………………………

30 Conclusion……………………………………………………………
 Internet of Things (IoT)
• Internet of Things is a system of interrelated computing devices or objects
which have the ability to transfer the data over a network without requiring
any human to human or human to computer interaction uniquely addressable,
based on standard communication protocol.
• It is a giant network of connected things, capturing the data about the way
they are used and the environment around them.
• When we speak about the “Things” in IoT, these are objects not precisely
identifiable.
• The sensors are used in the devices and objects and these feed the data to
various IoT platforms.
• Further, IoT platforms are used to gather the pinpointed information, detect
patterns.
• Thus, with the above process the IoT helps the organizations and institutions
in reducing the cost through improved processes efficiency, asset utilization
and productivity.
 Different Names of IoT
• Internet of Everything
• Smarter Planet
• Machine to Machine (M2M)
• The Fog • Tsensors (Trillion Sensors)
• The Industrial Internet
• Industry 4.0
• Internet of Things (IoT)
 Reasons of IoT
-Data deluge : The explosion of the amount of data collected and exchanged is
one of the major reason why IoT came in existence. Forecasts indicate that in
the year 2015 more than 220 Exabytes of data are stored. So we need novel
mechanisms to find, fetch, and transmit data.
- There is decrease in energy required to operate intelligent devices. The
search will be for a zero level of entropy where the device or system will have
to harvest its own energy.
- Miniaturization of devices: the devices are becoming increasingly smaller.
- Autonomic management: the devices/systems of future will have self-
management, self-healing, and self-configuration capabilities.
- IPv6 as an integration layer: allows to exploit the potential of IPv6 and related
standards.
 Internet of Things Enablers
• Energy
• Intelligence
• Communication
• Integration
• Interoperability
• Standards
 IoT
• Internet for Devices
• Internet for M2M communication
• Internet for Non Human
 Threat vs. Opportunity
• If misunderstood and misconfigured, IoT poses risk to our data, privacy, and
safety.
• If understood and secured, IoT will enhance communications, lifestyle, and
delivery of services.
 How are the networks changing?
• Extensions
– More nodes, more connections
– Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING
– M2M, IoT
• Billions of interconnected devices,
• Everybody is connected.
• Expansions
– Broadband
– LTE, 5G
• Enhancements
– Smart networks
– Data-centric and content-oriented networking
– Context-aware (autonomous) systems.
Technology Trend
 Architectural Trends
• The following issues are important for IoT standardization
- Designing Web Services
- Designing Messaging Services
- Designing Common Data Exchange Formats
- Using Internet Protocol Layers or an IP proxy layer
• The architectural framework needs to incorporate all the desired aspects
such as scalability, flexibility, adaptability etc.
• The components, and interfaces for various building blocks such as device
interfaces, data formats, networking standards and protocols, service
platforms and application interfaces are to be defined in IoT standards.
Data Lifecycle
 Sensors & Actuators
• Sensors:
– They are mainly input components
– They sense and collect surrounding information
– Basically three types:
• Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
• Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
• Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
• Actuators:
– They are mainly output components
– They alter the surrounding.
– Some examples:
• Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
• Controlling motors to move objects
• Displaying messages
• and others…
 Things
• We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.
• A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system currently.
• A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
– Sensors & actuators
– Microcontroller
– Communication unit
– Power supply
• A “thing” has the following properties:
– It’s usually powered by battery.
This implies limited source of energy.
– It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their computing
capability.
– It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
• Power consumption is the main design issue.
 Communications
• A “thing” always feature communications for “team working”
• The Role of Communications
– Providing a data link between two nodes
• Communication type:
– Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
– Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most popular choice
(and also our focus)
• Popular RF-based communication solutions:
– IEEE 802.15.4
– IEEE 802.11 (or Wi-Fi)
– Bluetooth
– Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID
 Networks
• The Roles of Networks
– Managing nodes (discovery, join, leave, etc).
– Relaying data packets from the source to the destination node in the
network.
• Networks are a distributed system. All nodes need to perform networking
related tasks.
• RF-based Network in IoT is usually a Wireless Multi-hop Network.
– Wireless Sensor Networks
– Mobile Wireless Ad hoc Networks
– Wireless Mesh Networks
– Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
– and many others...
• Main concern: Reliability & Performance
 The Internet
• The Internet serves as a wide area networking for a local network.
• The Internet uses TCP/IP. This implies that things must also support TCP/IP.
• Gateway (or sink)
 IoT Protocol Stacks

• "IoT protocol stack" refers to a hierarchy of software and hardware

layers. As Particle's Sr. Solutions Architect Dan Kouba phrased it,
"It is all the things that sit in between the data being produced at
the edge to the data being received by your systems."
Protocol Stack
Enabling Technologies: Wireless
technologies
 System Models and Applications of IoT

*Applications: Smart Cities, Smart Homes, Smart Libraries, Healthcare, Smart

Grid
* Physical-Cyber-Social Systems
* Machine-to-machine communications
* System Models and Standards
 IoT Architecture
• “Physical” components / capabilities
– Sensors / Actuators
– Compute, store, communicate data
• Additional “logical” Components
– Security and dependability composition
– Time bound composition
– Cross-ownership service composition
– Policy negotiation and governance
– Federated orchestration
• Objectives
– Predictable scalability, stability, correctness, time-to-complete
 IoT Threats
• Default, weak, and hardcoded credentials
• Firmware and OS are difficult to update
• Lack of vendor support for repairing vulnerabilities
• Web interface vulnerability
• Open ports can be vulnerable
• Error in Coding
• Distributed Denial-of-Service
• Physical theft and tampering
 IoT Data-Challenges
• Multi-modal and diverse
• Noisy and unfinished
• Dependent on Time and Location
• Dynamic and varies in quality
• Crowed sourced data can be unreliable
• Requires real-time analysis
• Privacy and security
• Data can be biased
IoT Governance, Privacy and Security
Challenges
• The IoT’s diversity in devices, services and protocols, present challenges
unseen and unprecedented in the modern communication
• Governance and Privacy Concerns
• Security Challenges
• Autonomy
• Computational Constraints
• Discovery
• Trust Relationships
• It does not have any international compatibility standard.
• It can be highly complex resulting in failure.
• Reduced safety for users
. • Internet of Things device may take control of life in due course of time with increasing AI
technology.
 IoT in Libraries
• Data of Social Media used in Libraries
• E-platforms like e-resources subscriptions used by the users
• Devices used by the users like laptops, tablets, smartphones, scanners,
printers etc.
• Library gate can be enabled with high-end sensors and are providers of IoT
• IoT, online connectivity to the membership counters
• Catalogues and OPACs are the potential IoTs for the libraries
• Fire detection and prevention devices are also potential IoTs of the libraries
• Mobile Apps and Mobile Referencing are based on IoTs
• Tracking movement of Resources and Inventory in Libraries
• Assistive Technologies used in Libraries
• Virtual and Digital Libraries are based on IoTs.
 Potential Areas of IoT in Libraries
• Library automation software
– LMS
• Library management tools
– all the applications
• Digitisation technology
– digital libraries and virtual platforms
• Tools for search- Discovery and Federated Search provided
• Access to e-resources and publisher content
• Preservation and Digitization platforms
• Internet and Wi-Fi of Libraries
• Library websites and other electronic marketing tools, including social media
• Mobile Applications used by Libraries
• Other digital means of communications like SMS, emails etc.
 Conclusion
• Libraries are now using Magic Mirror consisting of camera, sensor with Wi-Fi
enabled provides interaction between people and computers to record the
data of the users
• Pressure pad sensor consisting of a thin sheet sensor pad enabled with Wi-Fi
technology is connected to processing unit which records and controls the
systems and users activities.
• Cloud based applications are also used by the libraries which are attached to
IoT apps
• Mobile apps are now used to have the virtual tour of the library on their
mobile devices thus can be based on IoT
• Online mobile apps are used to keep and track the availability of the book on
the respective shelves or check the other resource availability despite the
location wherever they are. These are also connected to IoTs to provide the
data.
• Smart books, gaming, augmented reality, and object-based learning are have
potential for IoTs in Libraries.