VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY - BELAGAVI

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECRTICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2018-2019

A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON

“INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING”

Submitted by
LOKESH K N
(4UB16EE405)

Under the guidance of

Dr. ASHOKA.H.N
M.SC.(Eng.).Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

UNIVERSITY B.D.T COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

 DAVANAGERE-577004

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY - BELAGAVI

UNIVERSITY B.D.T COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - DAVANAGERE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the technical Seminar entitled “Internet of Things

(IoT) in Electrical and Electronics Engineering” has been successfully
presented by LOKESH.K.N (4UB16EE405) a student of final semester B.E for
the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor’s degree in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering of the University BDT college of Engineering during
year 2018-2019.

Dr. ASHOKA.H.N Sri. G N MADHU

Associate professor Associate Professor & UG co-ordinates
Dept. of E&E Eng. Dept. of E&E Eng.
U.B.D.T.C.E, Davangere U.B.D.T.C.E, Davangere

Dr. ASHOK KUSAGUR

Assistant professor & chairman
Dept. of E&E Eng.
U.B.D.T.C.E, Davangere
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who

provided me the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude to the guide
Dr. ASHOKA.H.N and the UG co-ordinator G.N MADHU for their suggestions
and guidance. And I would like to acknowledge with much appreciation to the
chairman Dr. ASHOK KUSAGUR of the department of electrical and electronics
to encouraged to carry on with this seminar

Lastly, I would like to thank all those who have helped us directly and indirectly in
bringing out this report efficiently.

LOKESH. K. N

(4UB16EE405)
 ABSTRACT

The use of technology has become an essential part of improving lifestyle, work efficiency,
and a catalyst for economic growth. The benefit of the Internet of Things (IoT) and connected
nodes has been on a steep incline in recent years. Increasing cost and demand of energy has led
many organizations to find smart ways for monitoring, controlling and saving energy. Many of
the Electrical & Electronics systems will become absolute with IoT systems since they are
based on inferior technology and required independent cabling and control systems. Using
Internet of Things technology can effectively integrate the infrastructure resources in electrical
& communication system. It improves the utilization energy efficiency in the modern day
electrical power system. In this report we are going to study about the Internet of Things its
basic operations, key features & also explains that how it is helpful electrical &electronics
engineering field
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Internet of Things
2.1 Definition
2.2 Architecture
2.3 Elements of IoT
3. IoT usage in electrical engineering
3.1 SCADA
3.2 Smart metering
3.3 Building automation
3.4 Connected public lighting
3.5 Smart grid
4. Applications
5. Benefits of IoT
6. Conclusion
7. Reference
 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

1. INTRODUCTION

Technology plays a very important role in our day to day life since last few decades
and somehow we all are depending on it in order to obtain maximum benefit and comfort.
This new era equipped with latest advents of technology, enlightening world in the form of
Internet of Things (IoT).

The Internet is an integral part of today’s society, connecting people and sharing
information from all around the globe. It has changed the way people interact and
communicate. The next evolution of the Internet would be to enhance computer systems
and computers’ interactions and communications with each other in the same magnitude as
we have enhanced human communications in the last decades. Larger cloud based systems
will be able to collect data from sensors, analyse the data and make decisions without
human interaction.

As shown in Fig 1 the applications of IOT are not limited to particular fields, but
span a wide range of applications such as energy systems, homes, industries, cities,
logistics, health, agriculture and so on.

Fig 1: The IoT applications

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 1

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

If change our mind sets of what the Internet is, and what it is used for. We will have
to decide who can use the Internet, machines as well as humans. This way we can have an
“Internet of Things”. If we can redefine what we are using the Internet for, and incorporate
systems and things to the Internet as users, it is expected that the amount of Internet
connected devices will skyrocket with estimates of 25 billion devices just in the next few
years.

In building and home automation, the Internet of things is the thought of everything,
from light switches to large HVAC machines, being connected to the Internet and working
together with other “things” without the need for human intervention. The term “things”
incorporates everything from sensors, appliances and microcontrollers to smart devices and
PCs. Future everyday “smart” objects will become equipped with microcontrollers and
transceivers and will thus be able to connect to larger system networks. It is not uncommon
today that many devices in building automation are already connected to the Internet, either
directly or via gateways, for remote control and monitoring. The idea with IoT is to bring
everything together with a common interface that is relatively easy to expand as needed.
The connected systems are sharing their data which is collected and analysed in local or
remote servers.

To describe the current state of Internet-connected things from this it is natural to

explore how Internet-connected things could communicate together to form an “Internet of
Things”.

The possibilities with Internet –connected things that can talk to each other and not
just within their own system, opens up a large amount of opportunities for the
manufacturers to develop their products.

In electrical engineering, these new opportunities can enable smarter energy

consumption while at the same time raising the comfort and security of its customers.
Electrical engineers must be able not only to design building automation systems, but also
to consult customers in what IoT has to offer in other areas of their businesses.

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 2

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

2. Internet of Things

2.1. Definition

IoT as a common name for system of devices that are connected to the Internet and
are communication name for system of devices that are connected to the Internet and are
communicating with each other without the need for human interaction. These
interconnected devices can be any “thing” and hence the name “Internet of Things”.

Internet of Things can be defined as the collection of two terms: one is Internet,
which is defined as networks of networks which can connect billions of users with some
standard internet protocols. Internet connect several different sectors and department while
using different technologies. Several devices like mobile, personal systems and business
organizations are connected to Internet. The second term is Thing, this term is basically
mean to these devices or objects which turn into intelligent objects. Moreover this it is also
a part of all objects of this real world.

PEOPLE

MOBILE PC

Fig.2: Basics of Internet of Things

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 3

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

IoT can also be defined as “An open and comprehensive network of intelligent
objects that have the capacity to auto-organize, share information, data and resources,
reacting and acting in face of situations and changes in the environment”

2.2. Architecture

Implementation of IoT concept is basically depends on its architecture. In the initial

phase of research the 3 layer architecture was introduced, which have three layers the
perception, network and application layers shown in fig 3.

Fig.3: 3 Layer architecture

 Perception Layer - This layer also called as physical layer, gathers data/information
and recognises the physical world. In this layer all the actuators work according to the
information which is collected by the sensors of different object in order to perform
specific operations by the corresponding objects.
 Network Layer - Network layer is the middle one, it establishes an interface link
between application layer and perceptual layer. It is responsible for the initial
processing of data, broadcasting of data and connecting devices.
 Application Layer - Application layer is the implementation of IoT. The working of
sensors and actuators is achieved by application layer. We can understand it as
software which works on and for the sensors other virtually intelligent objects.

This three layer architecture of Internet of Things is not a sufficient for the today’s
technology. So a new architecture was designed to define the entire concept of its working

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 4

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

and development of IoT devices. The new architecture involves 5 layers and is known as 5
Layer architecture is shown in fig 4.

Fig.4: 5 Layer architecture

 Perception layer works in a similar manner as previously described in the 3 layer

architecture. It is used to take information from the sensors and implement it.
 Transport layer takes the data from the perception layer and pass this data to the next
layer which is processing layer and vice versa. This will done with the help of networks
like LAN, wireless technology, 3G, 4G, LTE, and RFID etc.
 Processing layer which is third layer has to perform the major task because it will
process all the information gathered by the perception layer. There is a huge amount of
data which will be stored with the help of some techniques like cloud computing or any
DBMS. Then it will analyse how to fetch data whenever required in order to complete
the desired task.
 Application layer is next layer which implements the working of IoT. For this an
application is required with the corresponding device in order to complete the desired
task.
 Business layer is the last layer of this architecture which manages the working of entire
system along with many other features, one of them is privacy.

Both the architectures are defining the working of IoT system of different types but they
all are following the same sort of working in order to achieve its goal.

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 5

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

2.3. Elements of IoT

Essential components which are required to build IoT are i) hardware components
such as sensors, actuators, ii) Middleware components such as database for storage and
data analytical tools iii) Visualization through different applications is shown in fig 5.

Fig.5: Essential key elements of IoT

 Unique identification for each smart device: IoT consists of huge number of
smart devices. Each of this devices requires a unique identification for
communication and also helps to control and access remote devices through
internet. Ipv4 addressing supports limited number of unique addressing for smart
devices. IPv6 provides large set of unique address. Apart from this unique address,
each of these devices also has object id. This object id is used to refer the smart
device within the communication network.
 Sensing devices: Each object embedded with sensors continuously sense the data
based on the context. Context may be sensing humidity or temperature or sound
level, amount of air pollution or motion etc.
 Communication: Sensed data from smart devices are sent to the database through
the communication technologies. This communication technology may be Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID), Bluetooth, Near Field Communication (NFC),
Wi-Fi, Z-wave, 3G, 4G and Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A).
 Data storage and analytics: In IoT smart devices produces large amount of data,
which has to be stored in the storage device. These stored data has to be analysed
to extract the meaningful information. To do this, analytics or analytical tool which
incorporates intelligent algorithm has to be developed to extract the useful
information from raw data.
 Visualization: By using smart phones or laptops user has to download the required
application and through which user can interact with centralized database and get
the useful information about the actual environment.

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 6

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

3. IoT USAGE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

The evaluation of the IOT in the electrical power industry transformed the way things
performed in usual manner. IOT increased the use of wireless technology to connect power
industry assets and infrastructure in order to lower the power consumption and cost. The
implementation of IoT in power system must rely on the line monitoring and real-time
control in all aspects of the grid operating parameters, and the basic characteristics are grid
information, communication, and automation.
Fusing both – IoT and machine learning, technologies will definitely help the mankind
to overcome real-time difficulties. It will be able to effectively integrate the infrastructure
resources in communications and electrical power system, increase the level of power
system information, and improve the utilization efficiency of infrastructure in the existing
power system. If IoT technology is used in the smart grid, important technical support –
real time monitoring, maintenance assist, fault location detection for the generation,
transmission, substation, distribution, electricity and other aspects of power grid can be
effectively provided
Two most important challenges in the power system are blackouts and load forecasting.
In India, more than 30% of electrical energy is lost in the process of transmission. Fault
conditions in the transmission system will lead to power system blackouts – this fault is for
the most part sudden – and it is difficult to locate the failure. One of the most appealing
applications of IoT is also extended in load forecasting. Hence, now-a-days, all utilities in
the electronic units (EU) should compulsorily have smart meters to support this IoT based
smart load forecasting

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 7

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

3.1. SCADA

Fig. 6: SCADA system

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is one of the major application areas
of IOT. SCADA allows the centralized monitoring and control of remote located generation
and transmission systems. It consists of sensors, actuators, controllers and communication
devices at the remote field place, and central master unit with communication systems at
the controlling side. It collects the data from sensors in the field and provides a user
interface in HMI at central station. Also, it stores the time-stamped data for later analysis.
Digitization is changing the way manufacturing companies work but SCADA will still
be useful in terms of collecting and monitoring the day-to-day operations of a factory or
process. IoT empowers SCADA systems and helps manufacturers store an infinite amount
of historical data in the cloud for deeper analytics that bring out hidden information to solve
long time unresolved problems.
IOT SCADA is a step beyond SCADA that has been in use from earlier days. It provides
real-time signal acquisition and data logging through IOT servers and internet technologies.
It integrates the individual devices, machines, sensors and other electrical equipment with
internet by realizing the functionality of supervision and control.

3.2. Smart metering

Fig.7: Smart meter

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 8

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

Smart meter is an electronic device that allows for remote monitoring and
recording of energy consumption. However, in the age of IoT and IoT platforms,
standalone smart meters give way to more advanced and multi-purpose smart metering
solutions. These solutions offer a broader range of remote monitoring and alerting
capabilities as well as provide powerful data analytics tools to help companies and
individual users optimize their energy, water, gas, or fuel consumption.

A typical challenge for companies implementing smart meters is how to integrate

them within their infrastructure and set up custom-tailored smart metering use cases. The
best way to achieve these goals is by using an IoT platform that offers out-of-the-box
solutions and templates for smart metering, such as Things Board. One of the strongest
advantages of an enterprise-grade IoT platform is its data processing capabilities. Smart
metering through IOT helps to reduce operating costs by managing metering operations
remotely. It also improves the forecasting and reduces energy theft and loss. These meters
simply capture the data and send it back to the utility companies over highly reliable
communication infrastructure

3.3. Building Automation

Fig. 8: smart home technology

IOT based solutions enable the efficient way of monitor and control of buildings to
property owner as they connect lighting systems, elevators, environmental systems and
other electrical appliances with internet and communication technologies. It saves the
power consumption by automatically turning off the lights when rooms are not occupied
and also by making sure of not drawing too much power by appliances. IOT based

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 9

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

appliances provide remote monitoring and control through mobile and web applications to
the end users or owners.
In today’s world Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. With
the rapid increase in the number of users of internet over the past decade has made Internet
a part and parcel of life, and IoT is the latest and emerging internet technology. Internet of
things is a growing network of everyday object-from industrial machine to consumer goods
that can share information and complete tasks while you are busy with other activities.
Wireless Home Automation system(WHAS) using IoT is a system that uses computers or
mobile devices to control basic home functions and features automatically through internet
from anywhere around the world, an automated home is sometimes called a smart home. It
is meant to save the electric power and human energy.
Another Internet connected lighting and home automation system is Smart Things,
which was recently acquired by Samsung. Smart Things is essentially a hub for connecting
both Smart Things branded products, and third party products via popular protocols, such
as ZigBee, to the user’s smart device

3.4. Connected Public Lighting

Fig.9: Smart Lighting.

This is the part of a project under smart cities where wireless IOT solutions are
deployed to connect IP based lights. This smart public lighting uses intelligent-connected
outdoor LED luminaries which are centrally controlled from the control station. This type

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 10

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

of infrastructure also facilitates dynamical adjustment of illumination based on

environmental changing conditions. This would dramatically result lower operating costs
and power consumption.
The smart street light controller must be installed on the light pole which consist of
microcontroller along with various sensor and wireless module. The smart street light
controller installed on the street light pole will control LED street lighting depending on
movements of the object in the street. The captured data cane transferred to base station
where the energy gets stored using wireless technology to monitor the smart system.
The smart system can be operated either manually or automatically. The control
system will switch ON and OFF the street lights at needed timings and can also vary the
intensity of the street light according to the necessity.
3.5. Smart Grid

Fig.10: Smart grid technology

Smart grid is one of the features of smart city model. It is energy consumption
monitoring and management system. Smart grids are based on communication between the
provider and consumer. One of the main issues with today’s outdated grid deal with
efficiency. The grid become overloaded during peak times or seasons. It is also possible to
hack the system, and basically, take free electricity. By using smart grid consumer and
owner get daily electricity consumption reading and owner can cut electricity supply
remotely through internet if bill is not paid. One more thing, the data collected from the
smart meters should not be accessed by any unauthorised entities. In case meter tempering
is happened then owner and consumer get message and then owner take the action
accordingly. Fitting the circuit on customer’s energy meter, from that energy consumption

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 11

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

data can be acquired. After acquiring of data, that data can be up9tydated on cloud service,
so that consumer and provider can access that data through internet.
IOT in smart grid determines parts where the lacking power and excessive power
taking place at a given point of time and accordingly helps the generating stations to come
online to fill up the gap. With the use of internet connected smart meters at individual
customers, smart grid collects the current load data instead of historical data and then
control local energy generation and load. This can also implement an efficient way of
energy measures and billing the consumers.
The smart meter data can also be used for improving the real-time identification of grid
fault location and restoration. Another benefit from IOT based smart grid is that it can
schedule the consumers to operate their high wattage loads when demand on the grid is
low.

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 12

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

4. APPLICATIONS

With the introduction of true IoT systems, many areas in society will change. The
possibilities for us to analyse many different aspects of our lives can affect all possible
industries and cultures, much in the same way the Internet has changed our lives. There are
a lot of different applications already available where IoT systems are applied. For IoT to
really make an impact though, it will need a much larger market penetration in all areas
since the sharing of data by different systems is key to its success. The most popular IoT
applications are shown in fig 11.

Fig.11: Most popular IoT applications today

From this fig can see that smart homes are leading the searches. But with further analysis
the scope of a smart city can include smart homes, smart grid, connected cars and connected
health. From this we can conclude that the interconnectivity of things is an important factor
in all IoT applications.

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 13

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

5. BENIFITS OF IOT

IoT is tagging our day-to-day objects with machine-readable identification tags.

Sensors may be a couple with these tags to collect more information about the condition
the everyday objects and those present around them. The same applies to various companies
wherein the computers would keep track of the stock available and resources and maintain
them to optimum levels, thus saving a lot of time and money.
Advantages
Here are some advantages of IoT:
1. Data: The more the information, the easier it is to make the right decision. Knowing
what to get from the grocery while you are out, without having to check on your own, not
only saves time but is convenient as well.
2. Tracking: The computers keep a track both on the quality and the viability of things at
home. Knowing the expiration date of products before one consumes them improves safety
and quality of life. Also, you will never run out of anything when you need it at the last
moment.
3. Time: The amount of time saved in monitoring and the number of trips done otherwise
would be tremendous.
4. Money: The financial aspect is the best advantage. This technology could replace
humans who are in charge of monitoring and maintaining supplies.
Disadvantages
Here are some disadvantages of IoT:
1. Compatibility: As of now, there is no standard for tagging and monitoring with sensors.
A uniform concept like the USB or Bluetooth is required which should not be that difficult
to do.
2. Complexity: There are several opportunities for failure with complex systems. For
example, both you and your spouse may receive messages that the milk is over and both of
you may end up buying the same. That leaves you with double the quantity required. Or
there is a software bug causing the printer to order ink multiple times when it requires a
single cartridge.
3. Privacy/Security: Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All the data must be encrypted so that
data about your financial status or how much milk you consume isn’t common knowledge
at the work place or with your friends.

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 14

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

6. CONCLUSTION

The Internet has changed drastically the way we live, moving interactions between people
at a virtual level in several contexts spanning from the professional life to social
relationships. The IoT has the potential to add a new dimension to this process by enabling
communications with and among smart objects, thus leading to the vision of “anytime,
anywhere, any media, anything” communications. This paper provided a research review
about the Internet of Things (IoT) and its usage in the Electrical power system and its
applications. Different aspects of the IoT are discussed in this paper. Work reported in
literature is provided and discussed. Architecture and different elements of IoT is
explained. Key Features and its applications are also described.

IoT is just in the first steps of development and have a lot of potential development. Using
this type of products allow a lot of gains, productions, time, and so on. The temptation is
very huge for a lot of companies to turn them self into the development of those products.
One certainty is that Internet of Things change our lifestyles. The info triangle can be
achieved by working together. The better future of the mankind lies in the development of
IOT.There is no doubt that IoT will change the way we interact with devices, things or
systems.

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 15

 Technical report on IoT in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

7. REFERANCES

[1] Gubbia, R. Buyyab, S. Marusica and M. Palaniswamia, “Internet of Things (IoT):

A vision, architectural elements, and future directions,” Future Generation
Computer Systems, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 1645-1660, 09 2013.
[2] C. Fischer, “Feedback on household electricity consumption: a tool for saving
energy?,” Energy efficiency, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 79-104, 2008.
[3] Liu AJ.—Status and Development Prospect of Internet of Things. Internet of Things
Technologies. 2002; volume 2(1); 69-73.
[4] Andrea Zanella, Senior Member, IEEE, Nicola Bui, Angelo Castellani, Lorenzo
Vangelista.--“IoT on smart cities”,2017 IEEE
[5] Prof. Shivaji G. Shinde1, Miss. Bhagyashri G. Jaind, “IOT frame-work for energy
efficient smart Building”, 2015 IEEE. WWW.Researchgate.net
[6] LiU JM, Li XZ, Chen X, et al.—Applications of Internet of Things Technology in
Smart Grid. Central China Electric power: 2011; 24(2): 1-5.
[7] Leon RA, Vittal V, Manimaran G. Application of Sensor Network for Secure
Electrical Energy Infrastructure. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2007;
22(2); 1021-1028.
[8] DU B. Research on Internet of Things Technology and its applications in the
construction of smart grid. Electro technical application. 2012; 31(7); 41-45.
[9] D Despa et al – The implementation IoT Technology in Real Time Monitoring of
Electrical Quantities. IOP configuration; 2018;

Dept of E&E Eng., UBDTCE Page | 16