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NB 688
Bolivian Standard NB 688
MINISTRY OF WATER
VICEMINISTRY OF BASIC SERVICES
Design of sanitary and

storm sewer systems
Third revision
ICS 91.140.80 Water evacuation systems
Ministry of Water
April 2007 Vice Ministry of
Basic services
Bolivian Institute of Standardization and Quality

NB 688
Preface
The review and update of the Bolivian Standard NB 688-07 “Design of Sanitary and Storm
Sewer Systems (Third revision)”, has been entrusted to the Technical Committee for
Standardization CTN 12.14 “Sanitary installations”.
The institutions and representatives that participated were the following:
REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTION
Reynaldo Villalba UNI/VSB (Coordinator)

Luís Víctor Rico ABIS
José Luís Castagné ABIS
Grover Rivera IIS-UMSA
José Díaz IIS-UMSA
Ronny Vega ANESAPA
Leonardo Cuaquira CONSULTANT
Gonzalo Dalence E. IBNORCA
Date of approval by the Technical Committee for Standardization 2007-02-12
Date of approval by the Governing Council of Standardization 2007-03-29
Approval date by the IBNORCA Board of Directors 2007-04-13

NB 688
Report
The update of this Standard was carried out by the Vice Ministry of Basic Services/
Ministry of Water, headed by Eng. Alcides Franco Torrico, Vice Minister of Basic Services, through
the PROAT / Sida Technical Assistance Project and the Standards and Institutional Unit of the Vice
Ministry of Basic Services.
This Standard has been updated within the framework of a consultancy and its review and approval
was carried out by the Technical Committee for Standardization CTN 12.14.
FINANCER: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida).

NB 688
PRESENTATION
The Ministry of Water, through the Vice Ministry of Basic
Services, within the framework of its regulatory powers, makes
this Standard available to professionals in the country: “Design
of Sanitary and Storm Sewer Systems”, updated based on
the new requirements. of the sector and the technological
advances developed in Bolivia in recent years.
The fundamental objective of this Standard is to govern the

design and consequently the construction of wastewater and
rainwater collection and evacuation systems, to improve the
living conditions of the Bolivian citizen.
This Standard constitutes an instrument that must be known

and applied on a mandatory basis by those responsible for
the different stages of implementation of wastewater and
rainwater collection and evacuation projects.
This Standard has included new concepts and design criteria

in accordance with technological advances and practices in
sanitary engineering so that they can be applied in projects at
both the urban, peri-urban and rural levels.
The updating of this Standard was possible thanks to the

participation of professionals, institutions and the support of
organizations such as the Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency (Sida), and others that selflessly
contributed so that our country has this valuable instrument.
normative technician.
NB 688
NB 688
INDEX
BY CHAPTERS
Page
CHAPTER 0 GENERAL REFERENCES................................................ .. 19
CHAPTER 1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK................................................ ........... 27
EPISODE 2 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS.................... 42
CHAPTER 3 INTERCEPTORS AND EMISSARIES OF

SEWAGE WATER ................................................ ........... 64
CHAPTER 4 STORM SEWER SYSTEMS ................................... 68
CHAPTER 5 COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS...................................85
CHAPTER 6 COMPLEMENTARY STRUCTURES FOR

WATER EVACUATION SYSTEMS
RESIDUAL AND RAINFALL............................................... ......87
CHAPTER 7 PUMPING STATIONS................................................ .......94
CHAPTER 8 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL.................... 101
CHAPTER 9 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS

FOR PIPES................................................ ..................... 104
Annex A (Regulatory) - Topographical work ........................................... ................... 118
Annex B (Regulatory) - Presentation of plans and calculation reports.................. 125

NB 688
10
NB 688
INDEX
Page
CHAPTER 0 - GENERAL REFERENCES............................................... ................... 19
0.1 UNIT SYSTEM............................................... ................................ 19
0.2 VARIABLES................................................. .................................................. 19
0.3 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................. ...................... twenty-one
0.4 REFERENCES ................................................. ............................................ 22

0.4.1 BOLIVIAN Standards ................................................ ............................................ 22
0.4.2 AWWA Standards................................................ ................................................ 22
0.4.3 ASTM Standards................................................ ................................................... 22
0.4.4 ISO Standards................................................ .................................................. .. 24
0.4.5 AASHTO Standards................................................ ............................................ 24
0.4.6 List of tables and figures ........................................... .................................... 24
CHAPTER 1 - CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................... ........................... 27
1.1 OBJECT AND FIELD OF APPLICATION............................................. .............. 27
1.2 DEFINITIONS................................................. ................................................ 27
1.3 WASTEWATER AND/OR RAINWATER COLLECTION AND EVACUATION

SYSTEMS................................................... .................................. 38
1.3.1 Types of systems ........................................... .................................................. 38
1.3.1.1 Conventional systems................................................... ................................... 38
1.3.1.2 Non-conventional systems................................................ .................................. 38
1.3.1.3 Isolated disposal systems ........................................... ........................ 39
1.3.2 System components................................................ ............................ 39
1.4. BASIC DESIGN STUDIES................................................ ................... 39

1.4.1 Technical studies................................................ ............................................ 40
1.4.2 Socio-economic and cultural studies ........................................... ............. 40
1.4.3 Environmental studies................................................ .................................... 40
1.5 PROJECT AT THE LEVEL OF PROFILE, PREFEABILITY,

FEASIBILITY AND FINAL DESIGN................................................. ........................... 40
CHAPTER 2 - SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS................................... 42
2.1 OBJECT AND FIELD OF APPLICATION ............................................. .............. 42
2.2 COMPONENTS OF A SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM... 42
2.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS................................................... ............................ 42

2.3.1 Design period................................................ ................................................ 42
2.3.2 Project population................................................ ........................................ 43
2.3.2.1 Calculation methods ........................................................... ............................................ 43
2.3.2.2 Application.............................................. .................................................. ........ 44
2.3.2.3 Corrections to the calculated population................................................ ................... 44
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NB 688
2.3.2.4 Project area................................................ ................................................ 44

2.3.3 Average daily allocation ........................................... ......................................... Four. Five
2.3.3.1 Future water supply ........................................... ....................................... 46
2.3.4Return coefficient ........................................................... ........................................ 46
2.3.5 Wastewater contributions................................................... ..................... 46
2.3.5.1 Domestic (QD) ........................................... .................................................. .46
2.3.5.2 Industrial (QI ) ........................................... .................................................. .. 47
2.3.5.3 Commercial (Qc ) ........................................... .................................................. 47
2.3.5.4 Public institutions (QIP) ........................................... .................................... 47
2.3.5.5 Linear infiltration (QINF) ........................................... ............................................ 48
2.3.5.6 Wrong connections (QCE) ........................................... ............................................ 48
2.3.6 Tip coefficients (M)................................................. .................................... 48
2.3.6.1Harmon coefficient................................................ ....................................... 49
2.3.6.2Babbit coefficient................................................ ............................................ 49
2.3.6.3Flower Coefficient................................................ ............................................ 49
2.3.6.4Pöpel coefficient................................................ ............................................ 49
2.3.6.5Flow variation coefficients k1 and K2 ....................................... ............. 49
2.3.7 Domestic maximum hourly flow (QMH) ........................................ ................ fifty
2.3.8 Design flow (QDT) ........................................... .......................................... fifty
2.4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES ............................................... .................................... 51

2.4.1 Equations for design................................................... .................................... 51
2.4.1.1Colebrook - White equations ........................................... ......................... 51
2.4.1.2 Manning Equation ........................................................... ............................................ 51
2.4.1.3 Continuity equation................................................ .................................... 51
2.4.1.4 Filled section ........................................... .................................................. .... 52
2.4.1.5 Partially filled section................................................ .................................... 53
2.4.1.6 Tie rod relationships, speeds and flows................................................ ...... 53
2.4.2Roughness coefficient “n”................................................ .................................... 53
2.4.3 Minimum diameter ........................................................... ................................................... 53
2.4.4 Tractive tension criterion ........................................................... ................................ 54
2.4.4.1 Empirical determination of the minimum tractive stress................................................. 54
2.4.5 Minimum slope................................................... .................................................. 55
2.4.5.1 Minimum admissible slope................................................ ................................ 56
2.4.5.2 Minimum admissible slope for different flow ratios.................. 58
2.4.6 Maximum allowable slope................................................ .................................. 58
2.4.7 Maximum water depth ........................................... ....................................... 58
2.4.8 Critical speed................................................ .................................................. 58
2.4.9 Backwater control ................................................... ............................................ 58
2.5 CONSTRUCTION PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN................................... 58

2.5.1 Minimum installation depth................................................ ........................ 58
2.5.1.1 Minimum coverage at the key level................................................... .................... 59
2.5.1.2 Connection of household discharges ........................................... ................... 59
2.5.2 Maximum depth................................................ ............................................ 59
2.5.3 Location of the collectors................................................... .................................... 60
2.5.4 Location of inspection cameras ................................................ .................... 60
2.5.5 Distance between inspection elements ........................................... .............. 61
2.5.6 Trench width dimensions................................................ ........................... 61
2.5.7 Trench widths for two (2) or more collectors................................................... .......... 62
2.5.8 Dimensions of the inspection chambers................................................... ........... 62
2.5.9 Half-round gutters.............................................. ............................................ 62
2.5.10 Cameras with drop.............................................. ................................................ 62
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2.5.11 Construction stages ........................................................... ....................................... 63

2.5.12 Materials ................................................ .................................................. ........ 63
CHAPTER 3 - WASTEWATER INTERCEPTORS AND EMISSARIES......... 64
3.2 SUPPORT STUDIES................................................... .................................. 64
3.3 DETERMINATION OF FLOWS ................................................ ................ 64

3.3.1 Wastewater flows ................................................ ........................... 64
3.3.2 Additional rainfall contribution................................................. ........................... 64
3.4 HYDRAULIC SIZING ................................................ ............ 64
3.5 LAYOUT OF GUIDELINES................................................. ......................... 65
3.6 SPECIFIC CONDITIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THE PROJECT .... 65
3.7 BACKGROUND IN INTERCEPTORS................................................... ................... 66
3.8 MATERIALS USED IN INTERCEPTORS................................................... 66
3.9 ENERGY SINKS................................................. ........................... 66
3.10 INSPECTION CHAMBERS................................................ ........................... 67
3.11 INTERCONNECTION OF WASTEWATER COLLECTORS LOCATED AT

DIFFERENT LEVELS................................................... ........................... 67
CHAPTER 4 - STORM SEWER SYSTEMS ................................................... 68
4.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS................................................ .............. 68
4.3 COMPONENTS OF A STORM SEWER SYSTEM ....... 69

4.4.1 Design period................................................... ............................................ 69
4.4.2 Contribution areas ................................................. ................................................ 69
4.4.3 Design flow............................................... ................................................ 69
4.4.4 Intensity-duration-frequency curves ........................................... ........... 70
4.4.5 Intensity-duration-frequency equations................................................ ........ 71
4.4.6 Rainfall frequency - Design return period ........................................... 72
4.4.7 Precipitation intensity................................................... .................................. 73
4.4.8 Runoff coefficient ........................................................... .................................. 74
4.4.9 Concentration time ........................................... .................................... 75
4.4.9.1 Entry time, Te .......................................... ............................................ 75
4.4.9.2 Travel time, Tt................................................ ............................................ 76
4.5 DESIGN PRINCIPLES ............................................... .................................. 77

4.5.1 Equations for design................................................ .................................. 77
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NB 688
4.5.1.1 Manning Equation ........................................................... ............................................ 77

4.5.1.2 Continuity Equation................................................ ....................................... 77
4.5.1.3 Filled section ........................................... .................................................. .... 77
4.5.1.4 Partially filled section................................................ .................................... 77
4.5.1.5 Tie rod relationships, speeds and flows................................................ ......77
4.5.2Manning roughness coefficient “n”................................................... ................. 77
4.5.3 Minimum diameter ........................................................... .................................................. 78
4.5.4 Tractive stress criterion ........................................... .................................... 78
4.5.4.1 Minimum tractive stress................................................ ....................................... 78
4.5.4.2 Empirical determination of the minimum tractive stress............................................... 78
4.5.5 Minimum slope................................................. .................................................. 79
4.5.5.1 Minimum admissible slope................................................ ................................ 80
4.5.5.2 Minimum admissible slope for different flow ratios.................. 81
4.5.6 Maximum allowable slope................................................ .................................. 82
4.5.7 Water depth................................................ .................................................. .. 82
4.6 CONSTRUCTION PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN............................................ 82

4.6.1 Minimum installation depth................................................ ....................... 82
4.6.1.1 Minimum coverage at the key level................................................... .................... 82
4.6.1.2 Connection of household discharges ........................................... ................... 82
4.6.2 Max deep................................................ ........................................ 82
4.6.3 Location of collectors................................................ ............................................ 82
4.6.4 Supported section types ........................................... .................................... 82
4.6.5 Location of inspection cameras ................................................ .................... 83
4.6.6 Distance between inspection elements ........................................... .............. 83
4.6.7 Trench width dimensions................................................... ........................... 83
4.6.8 Trench widths for two (2) or more collectors................................................ .......... 83
4.6.9 Dimensions of the inspection chambers................................................... ........... 83
4.6.10 Half-round gutters.............................................. ............................................ 83
4.6.11 Cameras with drop.............................................. ................................................ 83
4.6.12 Location of storm drains................................................... ....................... 84
4.6.13 Interconnection between sections of collectors................................................ .............. 84
4.6.14 Construction stages ........................................................... ....................................... 84
4.6.15 Materials.............................................. .................................................. ......... 84
CHAPTER 5 - COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS................................... 85
5.4 DESIGN FLOW............................................... .................................... 86
CHAPTER 6 - COMPLEMENTARY STRUCTURES FOR WASTEWATER AND RAINWATER

EVACUATION SYSTEMS.................................... .. 87
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NB 688
6.3 GUNS................................................. .................................................. ..... 87

6.3.1 Allowable discharge ................................................ ............................................ 87
6.3.2 Ditch design................................................. ............................................ 87
6.4 SINKS................................................. .................................................. 87

6.4.1 Location of sinks ................................................. ................................... 87
6.4.2 Sink design................................................. ........................................ 88
6.5 INSPECTION CHAMBERS................................................... ........................... 88
6.6 FALL CHAMBERS................................................... ....................................... 88
6.7 TRANSITIONS IN COLLECTORS................................................. ................. 88
6.8 STAGED FALL RAPIDS................................................... ......... 89
6.9 CHANNELS................................................. .................................................. .... 89

6.9.1 Lined channels ................................................ ............................................ 89
6.9.2 Concrete channels with a slope less than or equal to 8................................. 89
6.9.3 Concrete channels with a slope greater than 8%.............................................. .89
6.10 ENERGY DAMPERS................................................... ................. 89

6.10.1 Impact absorbers................................................... ................................ 89
6.10.2 Shock absorbers with hydraulic jump ................................................... ................. 90
6.11 DELIVERY CHANNEL BETWEEN THE SHOCK ABSORBER AND THE

DISCHARGE................................................... .................................................. .....90
6.12 INVERTED SIPHONS................................................... ................................... 90

6.12.1 Minimum diameter ........................................................... ................................................ 90
6.12.2 Minimum speed ........................................... ................................................ 90
6.12.3 Cleaning system................................................ ............................................ 90
6.13 CHANNELS OF CHANNELS ................................................. ....................... 90
6.14 CONTROL OF EROSION IN THE DISCHARGE................................................... 91

6.14 Alignment................................................ .................................................. .. 91
6.14.2 Slope................................................ .................................................. ......... 91
6.15 RELIEFS................................................ ................................................... 91

6.15.1 Considerations for its projection ........................................... .................... 91
6.15.2 Basic studies................................................ ................................................... 91
6.15.3 Design parameters................................................ ............................................ 92
6.15.3.1 Relief flow ........................................................... .................................................. 92
6.15.3.2 Frequency of reliefs................................................ ............................................ 92
6.15.3.3 Expected relief volumes................................................... ............................ 92
6.15.3.4 Capacity of the receiving course or body of water to assimilate loads
contaminants and relief water volumes................................................... .....92
6.15.3.5 Hydraulic behavior................................................ .................................... 92
6.15.4 Calculation methods................................................ ................................................ 93
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NB 688
CHAPTER 7 - PUMPING STATIONS.............................................. .................... 94
OBJECT AND FIELD OF APPLICATION ............................................. .............. 94

7 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS................................................ .............. 94
7.1 7.1.1 Location................................................. .................................................. ......94
7.1.2 Other considerations................................................ ....................................... 94

7.2.1 Design period................................................... ............................................ 95
7.2.2 Design flow............................................... ................................................ 95
7.2.3 Collector, interceptor or tributary outfall ........................................... .............95
7.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES ............................................... .................................... 95

7.3.1 Suction wells................................................. ................................................ 96
7.3.2 Control of solid sizes ........................................................... ........................... 96
7.3.3 Power of pumps and motors................................................ .................... 96
7.3.4 Water hammer ................................................ ................................................... 96
7.3.5 Valves and accessories ................................................ ....................................... 96
7.4 TYPES OF PUMPING STATIONS................................................... ............97
7.5. SELECTION OF PUMPING EQUIPMENT AND PIPING................................... 98
7.6 DETERMINATION OF COMPLEMENTARY UNITS.................... 99
7.7 FACILITIES................................................. ............................................ 99
7.8 OTHER DESIGNS AND SPECIFICATIONS.............................................. .....100
7.9 IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS ........................................................... ....... 100
7.10 ASPECTS OF THE OPERATION............................................... .................... 100
7.11 MAINTENANCE ASPECTS................................................... ............... 100
CHAPTER 8. - OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL................................... 101
8.2 COMPETENCE ................................................. ............................................ 101
8.3 IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS ........................................................... ....... 101

8.3.1 Infiltration test................................................. ....................................... 101
8.3.2 Exfiltration test................................................. ....................................... 101
8.3.3 Air tightness test ........................................................... ....................... 101
8.4 MAINTENANCE ASPECTS................................................... ................. 102
8.5 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION................................................... ............ 102
8.6 GAS CONTROL ................................................ .................................... 103
8.7 CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL DISCHARGE...... 103
16
NB 688
CHAPTER 9 - STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPES ................ 104
9.3 MATERIALS FOR PIPES IN SEWER

SYSTEMS ........................................... ............................................ 105
9.4 PIPING JOINTS................................................. ................................ 106
9.5 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................... ........ 107

9.5.1 Generalities ................................................ .................................................. 107
9.5.2 Safety factors in design and limit behavior ......................... 108
9.5.3 Rigid pipes................................................... .................................................. 108
9.5.3.1 Pipes in trench ........................................................... ................................................ 110
9.5.3.2 Pipes in landfills ........................................... ............................................ 110
9.5.3.3 Pipes in fills or trenches with positive projection ................................... 111
9.5.3.4 Pipes with negative projection................................................... ....................... 113
9.5.3.5 Pipes in fills under induced trench conditions ................................................... 113
9.5.4 Flexible pipes................................................... ................................................ 114
9.5.4.1 Generalities ................................................ .................................................. 114
9.5.4.2 Design of ductile iron pipes................................................... ........................... 115
9.5.4.3 Design of steel pipes................................................ ................................... 115
9.5.4.4 Minimum required stiffnesses for flexible pipes ................................................... 115
9.5.4.5 Design of flexible pipes................................................... ................................... 116
9.5.4.6 Installation of flexible pipes................................................... ............................ 117
Annex A (Regulatory) - Topographical work ........................................... ................... 118
A.1 INTRODUCTION................................................. ............................................ 118
A.2 PLANIMETRY ................................................. .................................................. 119
A.3 ALTIMETRY ................................................. .................................................. 119
A.4 TACHYMETRY................................................. .................................................. 120
TO 5 DATA REGISTRATION (FIELD NOTEBOOK)................................................. .. 121
A.6 REQUIRED PRECISION................................................ .................................. 121
A.7 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS................................................ .................... 122
A.8 TOPOGRAPHIC CALCULATIONS................................................ ....................... 123
A.9 DRAWING ................................................. .................................................. ........ 124
Annex B (Regulatory) - Presentation of plans and calculation reports.................... 125
B.1 BLUEPRINTS................................................. .................................................. ....... 125
17
NB 688
B.2 MEMORIES................................................. .................................................. .. 125
B.3 FOLDER PRESENTATION FORMAT................................................... 126
18
NB 688
IBNORCA BOLIVIAN STANDARD NB 688
Design of wastewater and rainwater collection and evacuation systems
CHAPTER 0 GENERAL REFERENCES
0.1 SYSTEM OF UNITS
year year
day
dh hour
min minute
yes
second
ha hectare
room habitant
°C Celsius degrees
kilo Pascal
kPakg kilogram
L -I liter
lb pound
km kilometer
m meter
m2 square meter
m3 cubic meter
mm millimeter
N Newton
MPa Mega Pascal
Da Pascal
% percentage
inch inch
0.2 VARIABLES
to constant that depends on the type of surface (4.4.9.1)contributing dimensionless

to area (2.3.5.1) surface area of tributary ha
TO zones (4.4.3)section area (2.4.1.3) total area of the drainage ha (km2)
TO basin ( 4.4.8) area of each sector m2
TO (4.4.8) width of the ditch (9.5.3) return coefficient ha
Ai (2.3.4) (2.3.5.1) runoff coefficient ha
bd (4.4.3), (4.4.9.1) coefficient m
c loadload coefficientsurface runoff coefficient of dimensionless
c each sector dimensionless
DC dimensionless
CD dimensionless
Ci
(4.4.8) dimensionless
d room/ha
population density diameter
ds of sanitary sewer pipe (2.5.3) diameter of storm sewer pipe (2.5.3) m
dp
d diameter m (mm) (in)
Of pipe outer diameter m
19
NB 688
Df future allocation (2.3.3.1) L/room/d

Do initial allocation (2.3.3.1) per L/room/d
dot capita water consumption (2.3.5.1) specific L/room/d
d90%-95% diameter of the particles to be transported
from 90% to 95% (2.4.4.1) (4.5.4.2) m
ÿyp preset deflection during testing modulus of elasticity m
AND of the base pipe material constant natural logarithm MPa
e (2.4.4.1) (4.5.4.2) force on the 2.71828
f dimensionless
pipe form factor of the pipe angle
F of internal friction N/m
between the filler material dimensionless
Ff ÿ´
and the degree (°)
g soil acceleration of gravity, equal to 9.81 m/s2
aÿ specific weight of the bottom material (2.4.4.1) (4.5.4.2) unit weight kg/m3
rÿ _
of the filling material (9.5.3) (9.5.4.1) specific weight of water N/m3
ÿw _ ( 2.4.4.1) (4.5.4.2) height of fill above the top of the kg/m3
h pipe (9.5.3) (9.5.3.3) water depth annual population growth rate
(2.3.2.1) average m
h rainfall intensity % (m)
Yo
(4.4 .3) moment of inertia of the cross section of the pipe percentage
Yo
wall (9.5.4.5) relative roughness of the L/s/ha (mm/h)

Yo
pipe wall (2.4.1.1) Rankine ratio of unit lateral pressure to pressure

m4/m
K/ m/m
Dk
unit vertical (9.5.3) pipe dimensionless
kt rigidity (9.5.4.5) maximum N/m
k1 daily flow coefficient (2.3.6.5) maximum hourly flow dimensionless
k2 coefficient (2.3.6.5) collector section length (2.3.5.5) dimensionless
l maximum flow length surface runoff m
l
(4.4.9.1) m
L.C. Manifold length (4.4.9.2.) Support m
Lf factor for rigid pipes Harmon tip coefficients, dimensionless
M Coefficients
of flow variation k1 and k2, Pöpel, Babbit and Floresfraction of dimensionless
m the diameter of the sewer pipe over which the lateral pressure is
effective (9.5.3.3) delay coefficient (4.4.9.1) friction dimensionless
m coefficient between the filling material dimensionless
'
µ and the
trench walls (9.5.3) parameter dimensionless
N function of support class number of batches at dimensionless
Ni ;Nf the beginning and end of the project Manning dimensionless
n roughness coefficient initial population final dimensionless
Pi population room
Pf relationship room
q between the total lateral pressure and the total vertical load on
the pipe (9.5.3.3 ) peak flow of dimensionless
Q.P. stormwater runoff (4.4.3) flow (2.4.1.3) commercial wastewater L/s (m3/s)
Q consumption flow m3/s
Q.C. due to incorrect connections L/s
QCE L/s
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NB 688
QDT design flow industrial L/s

Q.I. wastewater consumption infiltration flow L/s
QINF infiltration coefficient in L/s
qinf pipes (2.3.5.5) wastewater consumption of public L/s/m
QIP institutions capacity of the pipeline to carry the future design flow L/s
Qll (filled section) (2.4.5) average daily flow domestic (2.3.5.1)
(2.3.7) maximum domestic hourly flow L/s
QMD average daily contribution flow in the stage L/s
QMH L/s
Q.P.
initial design (partially filled section) (2.4.5) mean radius of the tube L/s
r (9.5.4.5) hydraulic radius water m
RH density (2.4.4) m
ÿ slope horizontal separation kg/m3
Yes
between m/m
sh generators (2.5.3) vertical separation between generators m
Sv (2.5.3 ) minimum slope of the pipe section (2.4.5) design m
Smin period tractive force or tension minimum tractive tension m/m
t (2.4.5) population years
ÿ occupancy rate concentration Pa (kg/m2)
ÿmin time entry time travel or flow time Da
to central angle (2.4.1.5) velocity critical rooms/lot
tc velocity surface velocity min
Tea average velocity of min
Tt surface runoff (4.4.9.1) kinematic min
ÿ viscosity (2.4.1.1) average sexagesimal degree
V velocity of m/s
vc flow in the collector m/s
Vs (4.4.9.2) dead load of the m/s
Go soil on the pipe (9.5.3) parameter that depends on the area over m/s
ÿ which acts the lateral pressure (9.5.3.3) m2/s
Vm m/s
wd N/m
x
dimensionless
0.3 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
HANDLES Sewerage Without Solids Drainage

ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
AWWA American Water Works Association Standard
B.M. Bench Mark
D.N. Nominal diameter
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
IDF Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves
IGM Geographic Military Institute
INE Statistics National Institute
MM Mitigation measures
MMPASA Mitigation Measures and Environmental Application and Monitoring Plan
HAPPENS Application and Environmental Safety Plan
SASC Condominium Sanitary Sewer System
Sam 100% Plastic Modular Sewer System
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NB 688
SAS Simplified Sewer System

SCS SOIL Conservation Service
T.L. Cleaning Terminal
TiL Inspection and Cleaning Tube
0.4 REFERENCES
The following are technical standards referred to in this standard (Coordinate what is established in this
standard and what is proposed in the other standards).
0.4.1 Bolivian Standards
NB 686 Concrete Pipes - Concrete Sewer Pipes

NB 687 Concrete pipes - Reinforced concrete pipes for sewage
NB 689 Water installations - Design for drinking water systems (Second revision)
NB 707 Profiled wall tubes and accessories, made of thermoplastic material

with corrugated external surface and smooth internal surface - Dimensions
(Corresponding to DIN 16961-1 standard)
NB 708 Profiled wall tubes and accessories, made of thermoplastic material
with corrugated external surface and smooth internal surface - Technical requirements
(Corresponding to DIN 16961-2 standard)
NB 1070Specification for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and fittings for
sewer - Type PSM (Corresponding to ASTM D 3034-96)
NOTE
See the standards for basic sanitation materials.
0.4.2 AWWA Standards
C 104 American National Standard for cement-mortar lining for ductile-iron pipe and fittings for
water.(ANSI A 21.4)
C 105 American National Standard for polyethylene encasement for ductile-iron pipe systems.
(ANSI A 21.5 )
C 106 American National Standard for cast iron pipe centrifugally cast in metal molds, for water
or other liquids.(ANSI A 21.6)
C 110 American National Standard for ductile-iron and gray-iron fittings, 3 In Through
48 In. (75 mm Through 1200 mm), for water and other liquids. (ANSI A 21.10)
C 115 American National Standard for flanged ductile-iron pipe with ductile-iron or
gray-iron threaded flanges. (ANSI A 21.15)
C 902 Standard for polybutylene (PB) pressure pipe and tubing, ½ In. Through 3 In., for water
0.4.3 ASTM Standards
At 74 Specification for cast iron soil pipe and fittings

At 475 Standard specification for general requirements for delivery of zinc coated
(galvanized) iron or steel sheets, coils and cut lengths coated by the hot dip method
At 746 Specification for ductile iron gravity sewer pipe

At 760 Specification for corrugated steel pipe, metallic-coated for sewers and drains
At 762 Specification for corrugated steel pipe, polymer precoated for sewers and
drains
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NB 688
C 14 Standard specification for concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe
C 76 Standard specification for reinforcement concrete culvert, storm drain, and sewer
pipe
C 260 Air entrainment admixtures for concrete
C 361 Standard specification for reinforced concrete low-head pressure pipe
C 428 Standard specification for asbestos-cement nonpressure sewer pipe
C 443 Standard specification for joints for circular concrete sewer and culvert pipe,
using rubber gaskets
C 506 Specification for reinforced concrete arch culvert, storm drain and sewer pipe
C 507 Specification for reinforced concrete elliptical culvert, storm drain and sewer
pipe
C 582 Contact-molded reinforced thermosetting plastic (RTP) laminates for corrosion-
resistant equipment
C 618 Coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use as a mineral admixture
specifically
C644 Standard terminology relating to iron castings
C655 Specification for reinforced concrete D-load culvert, storm drain and sewer
pipe
C877 Specification for external sealing bands for noncircular concrete sewer, storm
drain and culvert pipe
C924 Testing concrete pipe sewer lines by low pressure air test method
C 969 Infiltration and exfiltration acceptance testing of installing precast concrete
pipe sewer lines
C 1214 Concrete pipe sewer lines by negative air pressure (vacuum) test method
D 1248 Specification for polyethylene plastics molding and extrusion materials
D 1784 Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds an Chlorinated
Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds
D 2122 Test method for determining dimensions of Thermoplastic pipe and fittings
D 2235 Specification for solvent cement for acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene (ABS)
plastic pipe
D 2239 Specification for polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe (SDR-PR) based on controlled
inside diameter
D 2310 Specification foe machine-made classification, reinforced thermosetting-resin
(RTR) pipe, classification
D 2412 Test method for determination of external loading characteristics of plastic pipe, by
parallel-plate loading
D 2444 Test method for impact resistance of Thermoplastic pipe and fittings by means
of a Tup (Falling Weight)
D 2564 Specification for solvent cements for PVC piping systems
D 2581 Specification for polybutylene (PB) plastic molding/extrusion materials
D 2680 Specification for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and Poly (Vinyl Chloride)
(PVC) composite sewer pipe
D 2751 Specification for sewer pipe fittings - ABS, by single/simultaneous multiple
coextrusion
D 2996 Specification for filament-wound glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin
(fiberglass) pipe
D 2997 Specification for fiberglass pipe-centrifugally cast
D 3033 Specification for type PSP Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) sewer pipe and fittings
D 3034 Specification for Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and
Fittings
D 3035 Specification for polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe (SDR-PR) based on controlled
outside diameter
D 3212 Specification for joint for drain/sewer plastic pipes, using flexible elastomeric seals
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D 3261 Specification for butt heat fusion polyethylene (PE) plastic fittings for
polyethylene (PE) plastic fittings for polyethylene (PE) pipe and tubing
D 3262 Specification for fiberglass sewer pipe, for conveying sanitary sewage/storm
water/industrial waste
D3350 Specification for polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe based on outer diameter.
D 3681 Specification for chemical resistance of fiber glass (glass fiber reinforced
thermosetting resin) pipe in a defected condition
D 3754 Specification for fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) sewer
and industrial pressure pipe
F 477 Standard specification for elastomeric seals (gaskets) for joining plastic pipe
F 545 Standard specification for PVC and ABS injected solvent cemented plastic
pipe joints
F 679 Standard specification for polyninyl chloride (PVC) large-diameter plastic
gravity sewer pipe and fittings
F 714 Standard specification for polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe (SDR-PR) based on
outside diameter
F809 Standard specification for large diameter polybutylene plastic pipe
F894 Standard specification for polyethylene (PE) large diameter profile wall sewer
and drain pipe
F 949 Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Corrugated Sewer Pipe With a Smooth
Interior and Fittings
F 1417 Standard test method for installation acceptance of plastic gravity sewer lines using low
pressure air
0.4.4 ISO standards
881 Asbestos-cement pipes, joints and fittings for sewerage and drainage.
2531 Ductile cast pipes, fittings and accessories for pressure pipelines
4435 Non-plasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) pipes and accessories for
drainage and sewage systems; with flexible union; SDR 34 with diameters
nominal 110; 160; 200; 250 and 315 mm; SDR 41 with nominal diameters 160; 200; 250
and 315mm
4633 Rubber sealing gaskets - Gaskets for water supply and drainage pipe joints (sewers
included - Specification
of materials
5208 Factory tests for butterfly valves
5210 Connection to manual and electric mechanisms for butterfly valves
5752 Dimensions between faces of flanged valves

5752-14 Butterfly valve sizing
7005-2 Union flanges for valves
7259 Valves with elastomer lined gates
0.4.5 AASHTO Standards
M 36 Zinc coated (galvanized) corrugated iron or steel culverts

M 245 Precoated, galvanized steel culverts and under drains
0.4.6 List of tables and figures
Table 1.1 -Processing of topographic information

Table 2.1 - Design period
Table 2.2 - Methods for calculating the future population
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Table 2.3 - Application of calculation methods for estimating future population Table 2.4 -
Average staff - (L/person/d)
Table 2.5 -Infiltration coefficients in tubes - qinf (L/s/m)
Table 2.6 - Values of the Pöpel coefficient
Table 2.7 - Values of the k2 coefficient
Table 2.8 - Values of the roughness of the pipes Table
2.9 - Minimum admissible slope Qp/Qll = 0.10 Table
2.10 - Minimum admissible slope Qp/Qll = 0. 15 Table
2.11 - Minimum slope for different flow ratios Table 2.12 - Minimum
depth of collectors Table 2.13 - Minimum ditch
dimensions Table 4.1 - Hydrological methods
depending on the areas of the basin Table 4.2 - Return periods or
degree of protection Table 4.3 - Reduction factor Table
4.4 - Surface runoff coefficients
Table 4.5 - Surface runoff coefficients based on
urbanization growth Table 4.6 - Delay coefficient Table 4.7 - Surface velocity constant “a”
Table 4.8 -
Roughness coefficient values Table
4.9 - Minimum admissible slope Qp/Qll= 0.10 Table
4.10 - Minimum slope for different flow rates Table
9.1 - Types of pipes and materials accepted for sewers
Table 9.2 - Types of rigid pipe for sewers Table 9.3 - Types of flexible
pipe for sewers Table 9.4 - Types of pipe joints Table 9.5 - Load factor for
different support or support structures Table 9.6 - Ff
values for circular, elliptical and arc pipes Table 9.7 - N
values Table 9.8 - x values Table 9.9
-Tolerances for casting ductile iron pipes Table 9.10 -Minimum stiffnesses
required for flexible pipes loaded through the
parallel plate test Figure 2.1

- Geometric relationships of the partially filled circular section Figure 9.1 - Load
coefficient for rigid pipes under installation conditions in fills with positive projection
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CHAPTER 1 - CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1.1 OBJECT AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This standard establishes provisions for the stages of conception, design, construction,
commissioning, operation, maintenance and control of all works, in such a way as to
guarantee their effectiveness, safety, stability, durability, adequacy, quality and sustainability
throughout. throughout its useful life.
This chapter establishes the conditions required for the conception and development of
wastewater and rainwater collection and evacuation systems. In this way, it allows guiding
the planning, design, construction, technical supervision, operation,
maintenance and monitoring of these systems and their components.
Included are the elements of wastewater and/or stormwater collection and evacuation
systems that make up sanitary, stormwater and combined sewers, their different components
and pumping stations. New technologies and isolated disposal systems are also considered
as alternatives to conventional systems.
1.2 DEFINITIONS
The definitions of terms used in this standard are interpreted with the
meaning assigned below:
1.2.1 Tributary
Wastewater entering a treatment process.
1.2.2 Stormwater
Waters from the precipitation of rainwater.
1.2.3 Wastewater
Liquid waste from residences, institutions, factories or industries.
1.2.4 Domestic wastewater
Liquid waste from man's hygienic habits in domestic activities.
1.2.5 Industrial wastewater
Liquid waste from industrial activities.
1.2.6 Project scope
Expected year for the projected system to operate at full capacity utilization.
1.2.7 Sewerage
Set of works for the collection, conduction and final disposal of wastewater
or stormwater.
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1.2.8 Storm sewer
System composed of a single pipe for all installations intended for the collection and
transportation of rainwater.
1.2.9 Sanitary sewer
transportation of domestic and/or industrial wastewater.
1.2.10 Combined sewer
transportation of both wastewater and rainwater.
1.2.11 Separate sewer
System consisting of a wastewater sewer pipe and a rainwater sewer pipe that collect
independently in the same sector.
1.2.12 Spillway
Structure designed in combined collectors, with the purpose of separating flows that exceed
the capacity of the system and directing them to a rainwater drainage system.
1.2.13 Collector cover height
Difference in level, between the surface of the land or the grade of the road and the key of the
manifold.
1.2.14 Tax area
Surface that contributes towards a specific section or point.
1.2.15 Storm mouth
Hydraulic structure intended to capture rainwater from public roads, with the purpose
of leading them to the collector.
1.2.16 Home inspection camera
Chamber intended for the inspection and cleaning of the collection pipe, located inside the
property. It is used to collect wastewater, rainwater or combined water from homes.
1.2.17 Connection chamber
Chamber that receives rainwater captured by the storm drain grate.
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1.2.18 Drop Chamber
Structure used to dissipate fall energy when a pipe reaches a considerable height with
respect to the outlet pipe.
1.2.19 Inspection chamber or manhole
Camera that is installed at changes in direction, diameter or slope in the sewer pipes of the
public network, it serves to allow the inspection and maintenance of the collectors. Accessible
through an existing opening in its upper part, intended to allow the meeting of two (2) or more
collectors or to receive the connection pipes from the storm drains. Stone or brick or concrete
masonry structure, usually cylindrical in shape, generally ending in a truncated-conical shape
at the top and with a removable lid.
1.2.20 Pass box
Chamber without access, located in singular points due to constructive necessity and that
allows the passage of equipment to clean the downstream section. It can be used to replace
the inspection camera in cases of change of direction, slope, diameter and material.
1.2.21 Channel
Artificial channel, lined or not, or covered hydraulic structure, which is built to

convey rainwater until its final delivery in a natural channel.
1.2.22 Characterization of wastewater
Determination of the flow rate and physical, chemical and biological characteristics of
wastewater, according to its origin.
1.2.23 Supply flow
Average, maximum and minimum domestic contribution flow (L/s).
1.2.24 Design flow
Maximum hourly domestic wastewater contribution flow, in addition to additional flows due to
incorrect connections, infiltration and concentrated discharge,
It is calculated for the initial and final stages of the design period.
1.2.25 Peak flow
Maximum flow that occurs under the physical conditions of the storm drainage basin, due to
rainfall of a given frequency and various durations, including the contribution of the water
table. It is also called design flow in storm sewers.
1.2.26 Flow due to incorrect connections
Flow contribution due to the connection of stormwater in the sanitary sewer network.
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1.2.27 Infiltration flow
Water from underground, additional for the separate and combined system.
1.2.28 Runoff coefficient
Value applied to the surface rainfall flow according to the type of street covering.
1.2.29 Peak coefficient
Relationship between the maximum hourly flow and the average daily domestic flow. Usually
formulas are used to determine it that relate the coefficient to the population,
considering that they cover the factors that are linked to the following contributions: The size
of the area served, the density and shape of the area.
1.2.30 Return coefficient
Percentage of drinking water flow that is allocated to wastewater flow.
1.2.31 Roughness coefficient
Parameter that represents the effect of friction of the conduit contour on the flow.
1.2.32 Collector
Pipe that, functioning as a free conduit, receives the contribution of wastewater or rainwater
at any point along its length. Conduit intended to transport rainwater from the collection point
to the final disposal and may have
circular, rectangular, oval or other shape cross section.
1.2.33 Main collector
Conduit without direct household connections that receives the flows from the secondary
sections, to convey them to wastewater treatment plants or bodies of water.
1.2.34 Secondary collector
Smaller diameter collector that connects to a main collector.
1.2.35 Home connection
Pipe that transports wastewater and/or rainwater from the home inspection chamber to a
public collector.
1.2.36 Cross connections
Home connection of wastewater to storm sewer or vice versa.
1.2.37 Wastewater contributions
Volume of wastewater contributed to a collection and evacuation system, made up of

domestic, industrial, commercial and institutional wastewater.
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1.2.38 Consumption
Volume of drinking water received by the user in a given period.
1.2.39 Sidewalk curb
Construction intended to separate the road from the sidewalk, thus forming the ditch.
1.2.40 Investment cost
Sum of financial resources necessary for the execution of a work.
1.2.41 Key dimension
Level of the highest point of the external cross section of a pipe or collector.
1.2.42 Floor level
Level of the lowest point of the internal cross section of a pipe or collector.
1.2.43 Design criteria
Basic data that allows the design of a structure or component of a system.
1.2.44 Contribution Basin
Determined area, whose wastewater flows towards a single point of concentration.
1.2.45 Receiving body
Any natural watercourse or body of natural water or land that receives the release or discharge of the final effluent.
1.2.46 Ditch
Channel with a triangular or semicircular section, generally located between the curb and the roadway of a street,
intended to convey rainwater or surface water to the
drains or storm drains.
1.2.47 Population density
Number of people living within a given tributary area, generally expressed in inhabitants/ha.
1.2.48 Community development
Social strategy centered on people, which allows the participation of women and men, adolescents, girls and boys,
in all activities of the implementation of the system, which are determined by their socio-cultural, economic and
environmental context.
1.2.49 Diameter
Actual internal measurement of circular ducts.
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1.2.50 Final provision
Final destination of the wastewater effluent to a treatment plant or receiving body

water.
1.2.51 Staff
Average daily amount of water per inhabitant supplied by the drinking water system, expressed in liters per
inhabitant per day.
1.2.52 Health and environmental education
Educational process by which users of services identify and modify the

behaviors and habits that can affect or contribute to your health and your environmental environment.
1.2.53 Effluent
Liquid that comes out of a treatment process.
1.2.54 Emissary
Conduit, channel or pipe that originates from the lowest point of the system and that carries wastewater to the site
where it will be treated. It is characterized because throughout its journey it does not receive any contribution.
1.2.55 Shoring
Wooden or metal structure that is placed to prevent the collapse or collapse of the excavations carried out and that
helps to install pipes or implement deep structures, up to 5 m.
1.2.56 Runoff
Volume that reaches the stream shortly after the rain begins.
1.2.57 Pumping station
Set of structures, facilities and equipment that allow water to be raised from a lower level to a higher level, using
pumping equipment.
1.2.58 Lifting station
Structure that allows wastewater or rainwater to be transported from a lower level to a higher one.
1.2.59 Connection structure or chamber-structure
Structure built for the union of one or more collectors, in order to allow changes
of horizontal and vertical alignment in the sewage system.
1.2.60 Environmental Impact Assessment
Identification of the possible impacts of the project on the environment; are determined in the form
32
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preliminary the corresponding mitigation measures, in order to obtain the categorization

of the study to be carried out through the issuance of a discharge certificate (Categories I and
II) or by means of a dispensing certificate (Categories III and IV).
1.2.61 Financial evaluation
Comparison of the benefits and costs attributable to the execution of the project from the
analysis of the cost-benefit relationship.
1.2.62 Socio-economic evaluation
Study that fundamentally allows us to know the socioeconomic conditions of the population and strata
their willingness to pay for services.
1.2.63 Frequency
Number of times that, on average, an event with a certain magnitude occurs during a defined period.
1.2.64 Hydrograph
Graph that represents the variation of rainfall over time at a given site,
which usually describes the hydrological response of a drainage area to a precipitation event.
1.2.65 Reinforced concrete
Material consisting of concrete that has reinforcement consisting of steel bars, transverse stirrups or electro-welded
meshes.
1.2.66 Simple concrete
Concrete that does not have reinforcing steel.
1.2.67 Precipitation intensity
Amount of rainwater falling on a surface during a given time.
1.2.68 Home healthcare installation
Set of drinking water pipes, sewage, accessories and appliances that are located within the property limits.
1.2.69 Interceptor
Collector that receives the contribution of several main collectors, located in parallel along the banks of streams
and rivers or in the lowest part of the
basin.
1.2.70 Maintenance
Set of required internal actions, which are executed in the facilities and equipment, to prevent or repair damages
that occur therein.
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1.2.71 Conceptual framework
Basic data and ideas that allow defining the environment and scope of a project.
1.2.72 Half round
Lower interior part of a connection structure or inspection well, whose semicircular shape guides the flow.
1.2.73 Operation
Set of external actions required to operate the facilities and equipment of the healthcare infrastructure, to control its
operation and the quality of the services produced.
1.2.74 Design period
Period during which the structures being designed are expected to work efficiently.
1.2.75 Return period
Number of years in which a rainfall intensity occurs and serves as a design parameter.
1.2.76 Sewer master plan
Planning plan for the sewage system of a locality for a given planning horizon.
1.2.77 Treatment plant
Unit or set of units intended to improve the quality of water in such a way that they produce in the receiving bodies,
effects compatible with legal requirements and/or with the downstream use of the population.
1.2.78 Initial population
Population served in the year of start of operation of a sanitary sewage system.
1.2.79 Final population
Population served in the year of project scope.
1.2.80 Population served
Number of inhabitants served by a wastewater collection and evacuation system.
3. 4
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1.2.81 Floating population
Number of inhabitants who frequent the area covered by the project at certain times of the year, which is significant
for the sizing of a collection project
and wastewater evacuation.
1.2.82 Suction well
Tank or structure within which water is extracted by pumping.
1.2.83 Collector depth
Difference in level, between the surface of the land or the grade of the road and the base of the
manifold.
1.2.84 Condominium branch
Pipe that collects wastewater from a group of buildings that discharges to the
public network at one point.
1.2.85 Public network
Set of pipes that receive wastewater from condominium branches or household connections.
1.2.86 Grade
Profile of the longitudinal axis of the paving surface of the public road. I also know
defined as the edge of the limit of the home.
1.2.87 Inverted siphon
Structure composed of one or more pipes that operate under pressure. They are used when it is necessary to
pass pipes under rivers or streams.
1.2.88 Sanitary sewage system
Set of secondary and main collectors, interceptors, outfalls, pumping, inspection chambers, cleaning terminals
and inspection and cleaning tubes, which collect and transport wastewater to the treatment or final disposal plant.
Also called wastewater collection and evacuation system.
1.2.89 Storm sewer system
Set of secondary and main collectors, inspection chambers, connecting pipes, connecting chambers, drains and
curb-gutter assembly, which collect and transport rainwater until its final disposal. Also called system of
collection and evacuation of rainwater.
1.2.90 Separate sanitary sewer system
System intended to collect and transport wastewater, with a single pipe.
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NB 688
1.2.91 Combined sewer system
System that collects and transports wastewater and rainwater together, in a single pipe.
1.2.92 Condominial sanitary sewer system
System intended to collect and transport wastewater using the condominium branch as the basic connection unit.
1.2.93 Sump
Structure designed and built to fulfill the purpose of capturing the storm water runoff that runs along the ditches of
the roadways, to deliver them to the connection structures or inspection chambers of the combined or storm sewers.
1.2.94 Tractive stress
Tractive force or drag tension is the tangential tension exerted by the flowing liquid on the wall of the conduit.
1.2.95 Cleaning Terminal (TL)
Tube, or device that allows the introduction of cleaning equipment, and replaces the manhole, located at the head
or start of the collector. Extension of the collector vertically or using 45° accessories that allows cleaning in the
starting sections of the network.
1.2.96 Concentration time
Time in minutes that it theoretically takes for the drop of water to go from the furthest point of the drainage basin to
the point of concentration considered. It is the sum of the entry and travel times.
1.2.97 Entry Time
Time, in minutes, that it theoretically takes for a theoretical drop of water to reach the top point of the collector.
1.2.98 Travel time
The time, in minutes, that it theoretically takes for a drop of water to travel from its entrance in a considered section
to another section. This time must be calculated, taking the average flow velocity in the sewer. Also called flow or
travel time.
1.2.99 Section
Collector between two inspection chambers or manholes.
1.2.100 Collector section
Collector length between two successive inspection chambers or inspection and cleaning tubes.
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1.2.101 Initial sections Sections

of collectors that begin the sewer system.
1.2.102 Inspection and cleaning tube (TiL)
Vertical tube or with 45º accessories connected to the collectors that allows the inspection and introduction of
cleaning equipment, installed at any point in the network to replace some inspection cameras.
1.2.103 Property connection inspection tube
Device to be used in home connections. Replaces pass boxes.
1.2.104 Inspection and cleaning tube passage
Vertical tube connected to the collectors of the public network that allows the inspection and introduction of cleaning
equipment and is used in the intermediate sections of the network.
It is a generally prefabricated element, also called transition inspection and cleaning tube.
1.2.105 Condominium inspection and cleaning tube
Non-visitable device that allows visual inspection and the introduction of cleaning equipment. This piece has been
specially developed to be used in condominium branches.
1.2.106 Radial inspection and cleaning tube
Non-visitable device that allows visual inspection and the introduction of cleaning equipment and is composed of
the cap, inspection tube and body. Also called visual inspection pit. Used on the public network.
1.2.107 Connection pipe
Intended to connect the storm drain with an inspection chamber.
1.2.108 Tube or pipe
Prefabricated conduit, or built on site, of simple concrete, reinforced concrete, plastic, high-density polyurethane,
cast iron, PVC, fiber-reinforced plastic
glass, or other material whose technology and manufacturing process complies with the corresponding technical
standards. Generally its section is circular.
1.2.109 Effective volume
The suction well, for calculation purposes, is the one between the bottom of the station and the average operating
level of the pumps.
1.2.110 Useful volume
From the suction well, between the maximum level and the minimum level of pumping operation.
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1.3 WASTEWATER AND/OR RAINWATER COLLECTION AND EVACUATION SYSTEMS
1.3.1 Types of systems
1.3.1.1 Conventional systems
Conventional sewage systems are traditional systems used for the collection and transportation of wastewater or
stormwater to final disposal sites.
The types of conventional systems are: Separate sewer and combined sewer. In the first, both wastewater and
stormwater are collected and transported through independent systems; that is, sanitary sewer and storm sewer;
while in the combined type, this is done by the same system.
1.3.1.2 Unconventional systems
Non-conventional sewer systems are lower cost systems based on additional design considerations and available
technology for operation and maintenance.
Within these alternative systems are the so-called condominial sewers, sewers without carrying solids, modular
sewers 100% with plastic material and simplified sewers. Non-conventional systems must constitute
sanitation alternatives, when starting from in situ systems, population density increases.
a) Condominial sanitary sewer systems (SASC)
They are systems that collect wastewater from a group of homes that are normally located in an area of less than
1 hectare, through the “condominial branch,” and that connect to the public network through an inspection point.
NOTE
See the Technical Design Regulations for Sanitary Sewer Systems and Annex.
b) Sewers without carrying solids (ASAS)
They are systems that allow the transfer of domestic wastewater that has been previously settled or decanted into
a septic tank, also called a “solids interceptor tank.” The flow of these sewers can alternate between partially filled
section and pressurized flow. In such cases, precautions must be taken so that
ensure that in the sections that work under pressure there is no reflux from the collector to the tank
interceptor. Likewise, between the initial point and the end of the collector there must be a difference
positive height. They are for domestic use in small communities or towns and their operation depends on the
proper operation of the interceptor tanks and the control of improper use of the collectors. From an environmental
point of view they can have a much lower cost and impact.
Solids-free sewerage (ASAS) is also known as settled flow sewerage (AFD), small diameter sewerage (APD),
network sewerage.
from decanted wastewater (ARARD), solids-free sewers (ALS) or effluent drains (DE).
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c) Simplified sewage systems (SAS)
They function essentially like a conventional sanitary sewer but taking into account for their
design and construction considerations that allow the diameter of the collectors to be reduced,
such as the availability of better equipment for their maintenance, which allows the number of
inspection wells to be reduced or their replacement by structures. more economical.
d) Modular sewer systems made of 100% plastic material (SAM)
They are systems defined in blocks or “modules”, allied to a creative physical layout.
of the collection system with the advantages of the hydraulic material used (completely made of
plastic material). According to the physical layout, property connections are allowed only in the
secondary networks and in the main networks, with diameters less than 150 mm not being
allowed in the trunk collectors.
The modular system is designed to minimize the influence of the user on its
performance. With the use of the Inspection and Cleaning Tube (TiL) (see 1.2.102) with cap and
the Cleaning Terminal (TL) (see 1.2.95) integral parts of the inspection, with closed dimensions,
access is restricted only to visual inspection, making the system semi-closed, “closed” enough
so that the user does not have any damage to the
system performance and “open” enough for the service manager to manage it
1.3.1.3 Isolated disposal systems
Systems based on the in situ disposal of wastewater, such as latrines, septic tanks, infiltration
fields and ecological toilets (dry or wet field)
which are low-cost systems and may be appropriate in urban, peri-urban and rural areas with
dispersed population and adequate subsoil characteristics.
1.3.2 System components
The different components of the wastewater and stormwater collection and evacuation system
must be correlated in such a way that the system is functional and guarantees the objectives.
1.4 BASIC DESIGN STUDIES
Basic studies must be carried out at the project site and with the participation of the beneficiary
population, organizations and institutions involved.
The following basic design studies should be considered in general terms, without being limiting:
• Technical
• Socio-economic and cultural
• Environmental
NOTE
See also the Regulations for the Presentation of Drinking Water and Sanitation Projects of the Vice Ministry of Basic Services.
First check. December 2004.
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1.4.1 Technical studies
Technical studies must include:
a) Basin evaluation
b) Evaluation of possible water sources
c) Quality and quantity of water
d) Geological reconnaissance of the project area
e) Soil and geotechnical studies
f)Topographic work; see Annex A (Regulatory)
g) Evaluation of the existing water supply system
h) Evaluation of the wastewater and/or rainwater collection and evacuation system
existing
i)Evaluation of the receiving body for the final disposal of wastewater
NOTE
Soil and geotechnical studies must also include the determination of the water table and, if necessary, the following parameters:
a) Modulus of elasticity of the soil (E')

b) Granulometric analysis
c) Soil classification (according to ASTM D2487) or equivalent
d) Atterberg limits (liquid and plastic)
e) Angle of internal friction
f) Allowable voltage
g) Cohesion
h)Specific weight of the fill soil
i)Saturated specific weight of fill soil
1.4.2 Socio-economic and cultural studies
Socio-economic and cultural studies should include:
a) Current population and its growth characteristics

b) Type of service supply and coverage
c) Evaluation of the economic condition of the population
d) Evaluation of sanitary conditions
e) Habits and customs regarding water management
f) Health assessment in relation to water
1.4.3 Environmental studies
Environmental studies must include the evaluation of environmental conditions in the project
area. Particularly those related to the use and conservation of water and hydrogeological
sources.
1.5 PROJECT AT THE LEVEL OF PROFILE, PRE-FEASIBILITY, FEASIBILITY AND

FINAL DESIGN
The corresponding studies must be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the
National Regulation of Bolivia “Regulations for the Presentation of Drinking Water and
Sanitation Projects”. Vice Ministry of Basic Services. First check. December 2004.”
40
NB 688
These National Regulations refer to:
a) RT 001 - Regulations for the presentation of drinking water and sanitary sewage projects
for populations greater than 2,000 inhabitants
b) RT 002 - Regulations for the presentation of drinking water and sanitation projects for
populations less than or equal to 2,000 inhabitants
c) Annexes to the Regulations
41
NB 688
CHAPTER 2 - SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
This chapter establishes the conditions for the definition and estimation of
the design parameters that must be considered in the design process of wastewater
collection and evacuation systems.
2.2 COMPONENTS OF A SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
The components of a sanitary sewer system are the following:
a) Public networks
b) Trunk collectors
c) Interceptors
d) Pumping
e) Emissaries
f)Treatment, including pumping, treatment stations and final disposal
2.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS
The design parameters constitute the basic elements for the development of the design of a
wastewater collection and evacuation system.
2.3.1 Design period
The design period is the time during which the system works will efficiently serve.
The factors involved in selecting the design period are:
a) Useful life of structures and equipment taking into account obsolescence, wear and tear
damage
b) Future expansions and planning of the construction stages of the project
c) Changes in the social and economic development of the population
d) Hydraulic behavior of the works when they are not operating at full capacity
ability
The design period should be adopted based on the components of the system and the
characteristics of the population, as indicated in table 2.1.
Table 2.1 - Design period (years)
Population less than 20,000 Population greater than

System Components
inhabitants 20,000 inhabitants
Interceptors and emissaries twenty 30

Treatment plants 15 to 20 20 to 30
pumping stations twenty 30
Collectors twenty 30
Equipment:
Electric equipment 5 to 10 5 to 10
internal combustion equipment 5 5
The design period may be greater or less than the values specified in table 2.1,
as long as the designer justifies it.
42
NB 688
In order to avoid larger investments at the beginning of the project and/or oversizing of the
different components of the system, referring to the requirements of the initial period of the
project, construction stages must be defined for the components susceptible to growth.
2.3.2 Project population
It is the number of inhabitants served by the project for the design period, which must be
established based on the initial population.
To estimate the project population, the following aspects must be considered:
a) Initial population, referring to the number of inhabitants within the project area that must be
determined through a population census and/or socioeconomic study.
Statistical data from the National Statistics Institute must be applied to determine the
reference or current population and the respective demographic growth rates.
For smaller populations, if there is no population growth index, the population growth
index of the capital or municipality must be adopted.
If the growth rate is negative, a growth rate of at least 1% must be adopted.
b) Future population, referring to the number of inhabitants within the project area that must
be estimated based on the initial population, the population growth rate and the design
period.
2.3.2.1 Calculation methods
To determine the future population for the project, it is necessary to know what the possible
distribution of the population is. Traditional methods must be taken into account as shown in
table 2.2.
Table 2.2 - Methods for calculating the future population
Method Formula Observations

it) ÿ
where:
= +
Arithmetic Pf P0 (1
100
Pf Future population, in inhabitants
Yo
t
PF = P (1+
0 P0 Initial population, in inhabitants
Geometric ) 100 Annual population growth rate, i in
Item ÿ
percentage
( ) t Number of years of study or design period,
100
Exponential =ÿ
Pf P0 e in years
l Population saturation value
l
Pf = m Coefficient
(at)
ÿ
1 +me
ÿ
to Coefficient
ÿ ÿ ÿÿ
2
= 0(PP
2 PPPP 1 2) 1 +0 _ 2
l
PPP ÿÿ
2
021 P0, P1, P2 Population corresponding to the times
LP 0 ÿ
m=
Logistics curve Q0 t0,t1 and t2 = 2 · t1
é ù -) ê ú ê t 0,t1,t2 Intercensal time, in years,
=
1 P (LP
ú ë0 û - 1
to ln corresponding to the population
tP(LP)
1 1 0
P0,P1,P2
43
NB 688
In all cases, a graph must be presented with the results obtained from the
methods used. The designer must evaluate the growth trends based on the economic activities
of the population and recommend the most appropriate one.
NOTE
The Arithmetic Method assumes vegetative growth balanced by mortality and migration.
The geometric method is useful in populations that show significant economic activity, that generates appreciable development
and that have important areas of expansion which can be provided with public services without major difficulties.
The Exponential Method requires knowing at least three censuses in order to determine the average population growth rate. Its
application is recommended to populations that show appreciable development and have areas of expansion.
The Logistic Curve Method admits that population growth obeys a mathematical relationship of the logistic curve type, in which
the population grows asymptotically as a function of time for a saturation value (L). The logistic curve has three (3) different
sections: The first corresponds to accelerated growth, the second to delayed growth and the last to growth tending towards
stabilization. Between the two (2) first sections there is an inflection point.
2.3.2.2 Application
The methods to be used must be applied depending on the size of the population, according
to what is specified in table 2.3.
Table 2.3 - Application of calculation methods for estimation

of the future population
Population (inhabitants)
Method
From 10,001
Up to 2,000 From 2,001 to 10,000 > 100,000
to 100,000
Arithmetic x x
Geometric x x x x
Exponential X (2) x (1) x
Logistics curve x
Source: Bolivian Standard NB 689

(1) Optional, recommended
(2)Subject to justification
2.3.2.3 Corrections to the calculated population
The population calculated according to the methods described must be determined and
adjusted according to the following considerations:
a) Stable population
b)Floating population, refers to the occasional population that represents a notable increase
and different from the stable population
c) Migratory population, which depends on the conditions of sectoral planning in
relationship with the natural, human and/or economic resources of each locality
2.3.2.4 Project area
A project area is considered to be that which will have the sanitary sewage service for the
project design period.
The delimitation of the project area must follow the guidelines of the population development
plan or master plans, or be established according to a study of future expansion areas.
44
NB 688
According to the magnitude and characteristics of the population, areas of future expansion, industrial, commercial,
equipment and green areas, must be clearly differentiated. The project area must be divided into subareas
according to population density ranges and by their socioeconomic characteristics such as urban centers and peri-
urban areas.
In the rural area, it is necessary to differentiate the nucleation areas and the areas of dispersed and semi-dispersed
population.
Educational establishments, barracks, hospitals, sports centers and other institutions must be clearly indicated, as
well as their capacity, which represent commercial, public/institutional consumption to be considered especially in
the design of waste collection and evacuation networks. sewage water.
2.3.3 Average daily allocation
The contribution of wastewater depends mainly on the water supply. For the sizing of the sanitary sewer system,
the effective per capita water consumption must be used, without taking into account water losses.
Per capita water consumption is an extremely variable parameter between different populations and depends on
various factors, among which the following stand out:
a) The hygienic and cultural habits of the community b) The amount

of micro measurement of water supply systems
c) The hydraulic and sanitary installations and equipment of the buildings
d) The controls exercised over consumption
e) The value of the rate and the existence or not of social or political subsidies
f) The abundance or scarcity of water collection points
g) The intermittency or regularity of the water supply
h) The average temperature of the region
i) Family income j) The
availability of domestic equipment that uses water in quantity
appreciable
k)The intensity of commercial activity
In the case of new sanitary sewage systems, the average daily supply of water must be obtained based on the
given population and geographic area, as established.
specified in table 2.4.
Table 2.4 - Average staff (L/person/d)
Population (inhabitants)
From 501 From 2,001 From 5,001 From 20,001 Mass

Zone Up to 500
to 2,000 to 5,000 to 20,000 to 100,000 100,000
From the Altiplano 30 to 50 30 to 70 50 to 80 80 to 100 100 to 150 150 to 200
Of the Valleys 50 to 70 50 to 90 70 to 100 100 to 140 150 to 200 200 to 250
From the Plains 70 to 90 70 to 110 90 to 120 120 to 180 200 to 250 250 to 350
GRADES (1) (2)
Source: Bolivian Standard NB 689

(1) Justify through a social study
(2) Justify through a socio-economic study
The amounts indicated are referential and must be adjusted based on studies that identify the demand for water,
the capacity of the supply source and the
Four. Five
NB 688
socioeconomic conditions of the population; Data from populations with similar characteristics should
be used.
2.3.3.1 Future water supply
The average daily allowance can increase according to the factors that affect consumption and is
justified by the greater habit of using water and the availability of water.
to Therefore, a future allocation for the design period must be considered in the project, which
same.
must be used to estimate the design flows.
The future allocation must be estimated with an annual increase between 0.5% and 2.0% of the
average daily allocation, applying the geometric method formula:
dt )
DD
F
=(1+ 0
100
where:
Df Future allocation, in L/person/d

D0 Initial provision, in L/person/d
Annual variation of the endowment, in percentage
dt Number of years of study, in years
2.3.4 Return coefficient
The return coefficient (C) is the relationship that exists between the average water flow
domestic waste and the average flow of water consumed by the population. Of the total water
consumed, only a part contributes to sewage, since the balance is used for washing vehicles, washing
sidewalks and streets, irrigation of gardens and orchards, irrigation of public parks, terraces of
residences and others. In this way, the return coefficient
It depends on local factors such as the location and type of housing, condition of the streets (paved or
not), type of climate or other factors.
Values between 60% to 80% of the drinking water supply should be used. Values lower and higher
than this range must be justified by the designer.
2.3.5 Wastewater contributions
The volume of wastewater contributed to a collection and evacuation system is made up of

domestic, industrial, commercial and institutional wastewater. Your estimate should be
based, as far as possible, on historical consumption information, periodic measurements
and regular evaluations. For its estimation, the following considerations must be taken into
account:
2.3.5.1 Domestic (QMD)
The average daily domestic flow (QMD) must be calculated using one of the following expressions:
CP Dot × ×
Q =
M.D. 86 400
CN to Dot
× × ×
Q =
M.D. 86 400
C ad Dot × × ×
Q =
M.D. 86 400
46
NB 688
where:
QMD Average daily domestic flow, in L/s

c Coefficient of return, dimensionless
Q Population, in inhabitants
Dot Water consumption per capita, in L/person/d
N Number of lots, dimensionless
Population occupation rate, in inhabitants/lot
to Contribution area, in ha
d Population density, in inhabitants/ha
The domestic contribution flow (QMD) must be estimated for the initial and final operating conditions
of the system.
The domestic contribution flow must be calculated based on the number of lots N (No. lots) and the
population occupancy rate, to (inhabitants/lot), or considering the contribution area (ha) and
population density (inhabitants/lot). ha), in addition to per capita water consumption, D (L/person/d)
and the return coefficient (C).
2.3.5.2 Industrial (QI )
The industrial contribution flow is the amount of wastewater that comes from a given industry.
Industrial consumption must be established based on what is specified in the

National Regulation of Home Sanitary Facilities.
The industrial contribution flow (QI ) must be evaluated punctually and as a concentrated discharge,
according to the consumption and losses of each industry in its different production operations and
must be estimated for the initial and final operating conditions of the system.
NOTE
The contributions of industrial wastewater (QI) must be determined for each particular case, based on information from
censuses, surveys and industrial consumption and estimates of future expansions and consumption.
2.3.5.3 Commercial (QC)
The commercial contribution flow is the amount of wastewater that comes from commercial sectors.
Commercial consumption must be established based on what is specified in the

National Regulation of Home Sanitary Facilities.
The commercial contribution flow (QC) must be evaluated punctually and as a concentrated
discharge, according to the characteristics of each commercial zone and must be estimated for the
initial and final operating conditions of the system.
2.3.5.4 Public institutions (QIP)
It is the amount of wastewater that comes from public institutions.
The consumption of public institutions must be established based on what is specified

in the National Regulations for Home Sanitary Facilities.
47
NB 688
The contribution flow from public institutions (QIP) must be evaluated punctually and as a
concentrated discharge, according to the characteristics of public institutions such as: Hospitals,
hotels, schools, barracks and others and must be estimated for the initial and final conditions of
system operation.
2.3.5.5 Linear infiltration (QINF)
Undue contributions to sanitary sewage system networks may originate from the subsoil -
generically designated as infiltrations - or may
come from the accidental or clandestine channeling of rainwater.
Ground water penetrates through the following points:
• Through pipe joints

• Through the walls of the pipes
• In the structures of inspection chambers or manholes, inspection boxes,
passage boxes, inspection and cleaning tubes and cleaning terminals
The contribution of the flow rate by infiltration must be established based on the values in table 2.5.
The linear infiltration flow rate is equal to (qinf) times the length (L) of the collector section (m).
Table 2.5 - Infiltration coefficients in pipes - qinf (L/s/m)
concrete pipe Plastic pipes

Water table Union type
concrete concrete rubber ring 0.0002 rubber ring
Low 0.0005 0.00010 0.0002 0.00015 0.00005
High 0.0008 0.00005
Source: Manual for Calculation, Design and Project of Sewer Networks, Waldo Peñaranda. La Paz, Bolivia. 1993
2.3.5.6 Wrong connections (QCE)
The contributions of rainwater to the sanitary sewage system, coming from poor connections (QCE)
(from roof and patio downspouts), must be considered. These contributions are a function of the
effectiveness of the control measures on the quality of home connections and the availability of
rainwater collection and evacuation systems.
The flow rate due to incorrect connections should be 5% to 10% of the maximum hourly flow rate
of domestic wastewater. Values greater than this range must be justified by the
designer.
QCE must be estimated for the initial and final operating conditions of the system.
2.3.6 Peak coefficients (M)
The peak coefficient “M” is the relationship between the maximum hourly flow and the average daily flow.
The peak coefficient is used to estimate the maximum hourly flow based on the flow
half a day, takes into account variations in water consumption.
The variation of the peak coefficient “M” must be estimated based on relations of
Harmon and Babbit, valid for populations of 1,000 inhabitants to 1,000,000 inhabitants; The relationship of
48
NB 688
Flores, in which “M” is estimated based on the number of inhabitants; the Pöpel relation for populations
varying from 5,000 to 250,000 inhabitants. And it should also be taken into account
It counts the coefficients of variation of flow k1 and k2.
The tip coefficient must be obtained through the following equations:
2.3.6.1 Harmon coefficient

14
M =1 +
4+
P
where:
Dimensionless Harmon coefficient

Q Population, in thousands of inhabitants
Its range is recommended in the range: 2 ÿ M ÿ 3.8
2.3.6.2 Babbit coefficient

5
M= 0.20
Q
where:
Q population in thousands of inhabitants
2.3.6.3 Flower Coefficient

3.5
M = 0.10
Q
where:
Q total number of inhabitants
2.3.6.4 Pöpel coefficient
In table 2.6, the Pöpel coefficients are presented, depending on the size of the
population.
Table 2.6 - Pöpel coefficient values
Population in thousands M coefficient

Less than 5 2.40 to 2.00
5 to 10 2.00 to 1.85
10 to 50 1.85 to 1.60
50 to 250 1.60 to 1.33
Greater than 250 1.33
2.3.6.5 Flow variation coefficients k1 and k2
The peak coefficient is given by the flow variation coefficients k1 and k2.
M k1 k
=ÿ
2
49
NB 688
where:
k1 Maximum daily flow coefficient is the relationship between the highest daily flow verified to the
year and the annual average daily flow. The maximum daily flow coefficient k1 varies between 1.2
and 1.5, depending on the characteristics of the population. Higher values of k1 correspond to
smaller populations, where the habits and customs of the population are lower.
k2 Maximum hourly flow coefficient is the relationship between the highest flow observed in a
time of day of highest consumption and the average flow of the same day. The maximum coefficient
Hourly flow k2 varies depending on the number of inhabitants, as shown in table 2.7.
Table 2.7 - Values of the k2 coefficient
Population (inhabitants) k2 coefficient

Up to 2,000 2.20 to 2.00
From 2,001 to 10,000 2.00 to 1.80
From 10,001 to 100,000 1.80 to 1.50
More than 100,000 1.50
2.3.7 Maximum domestic hourly flow (QMH)

n
The maximum hourly flow is the basis for establishing the design flow of a network of collectors of a
wastewater collection and evacuation system. The maximum hourly flow of the maximum day must be
estimated from the average daily flow, using the peak coefficient “M” and for the initial and final conditions
of the project. He
Maximum hourly flow is given by:
QMQ
M.H.
=× M.D.
where:
QMH Maximum domestic hourly flow, in L/s

M Dimensionless tip coefficient
QMD Average daily domestic flow, in L/s
2.3.8 Design flow (QDT)
The design flow (QDT) of each section of the collector network is obtained by adding the contributions
from infiltration to the maximum domestic hourly flow of the maximum day, QMH.
linear lines and wrong connections and concentrated discharge flows. The design flow is given by:
QDT = QMH + QINF + QCE + ÿ QDC
where:
QDT Design flow rate, in L/s

QMH Maximum domestic hourly flow, in L/s
QINF Flow rate due to infiltration, in L/s
QCE Flow rate due to incorrect connections, in L/s
QDC Concentrated discharge flow rate, in L/s
NOTE
The contribution of the concentrated discharge flow generally comes from industries, commercial establishments and public
institutions and also from expansion areas planned in the project. In addition to the values that correspond to the final predicted
values, the initial values of the operating flow of each section must be estimated for purposes of
verification of the hydraulic behavior of the system in its initial stages of service.
fifty
NB 688
2.4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES
2.4.1 Design equations
For hydraulic calculations, the following equations should be used:
2.4.1.1 Colebrook - White equations
The following Prandtl-Colebrook equation, which allows obtaining the average flow velocity
of wastewater, it follows from the expressions of Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook-White:
æ either
2.51 n K/D ÷
=- ç
+
V 2.0 log 2g DS
× ×
÷
ç
ç ÷
D 2g DS 3.71
×
èø
where:
V Speed, in m/s
D Pipe diameter, in m
Yes Slope, in m/m
K/D Relative roughness of the pipe wall, in m/m
Kinematic viscosity, in m2/s (varies with liquid temperature). For example 1.31 × 10-6 (m2/s) for 10°C
g Acceleration due to gravity, in m/s2
Table 2.8 shows the values of the pipe roughness (K).
Table 2.8 - Pipe roughness values
Material Roughness (K) (mm)

PVC 0.10
Concrete 0.30
Uncoated cast iron 0.25
Coated cast iron 0.125
Source: Azevedo Netto et al. (1998)
2.4.1.2 Manning equation
=
1 23 1/ 2
VRS h
×
where: n
V Speed, in m/s
n Dimensionless Manning roughness coefficient
RH Hydraulic radius, in m
Yes Slope, in m/m
2.4.1.3 Continuity equation
Q=AÿV
where:
Q Flow rate, in m3/s

TO Section area, in m2
V Speed, in m/s
51
NB 688
Calculations of figures of sectors and circular segments and relationships

trigonometric, must be obtained according to figure 2.1.
ÿ
D/
2
57.D
=
h
0
/D
2-
h
/D
2
h
Figure 2.1 - Geometric relationships of the partially filled circular section
where:
D Diameter, in m (mm) (in)

h Water depth, in m (%)
2.4.1.4 Filled section
The geometric relationships for the circular section are:
- Area:
2
p d
TO =
4
- Perimeter:
P=ÿD
- Hydraulic radius:
d
=
RH 4
- Speed:
twenty-one
0.397 3 2
V = D.S. ×
- Flow: 8 1
0.312 3
Q= D.S. ×
2
52
NB 688
2.4.1.5 Partially filled section
- Central angle ÿº (in sexagesimal degree):
2h ö
÷
º
æ q = 2 arc cos 1
-
÷
- Hydraulic radius: çççè

d either
d æç
1
360 sin q º either
R =- çç
÷
h 4 2 pk º
÷
and either
- Speed:
23 23
360 sin q º
æ1 either
0.397D ç
÷
1/ 2
V = ç - ÷
×
Yes
2 pk º
÷
ç
n and either
- Flow:
d 8/3 º 5/3
Q =
º 23
(2 pq - º360 sin q ) ×
Yes
1/ 2
7257.15 n 2 × pq
×
( )
2.4.1.6 Strap relationships, speeds and flows
- Strap ratio:
h 1 -and
ùæöqú
º ÷
= ÷
and
and
ç 1 cos ç
ç ÷
D2ë èø
2 úú
- Speed ratio:
2/3
ö
360sin q º
æç
V ç
÷
=- 1
ç
V and
2 pk º either
ll
- Flow rate ratio:
23
Q æ
qº what a feeling
º öæ 1
÷ç 360 sin q º either
=
ç
ç
- ÷ç - ÷
÷ç
2 pk º
ç ÷
Q360 2 p
ll and øè either
2.4.2 Roughness coefficient “n”
The Manning roughness coefficient (n) should take a value of 0.013 in sewers
sanitary, for any type of pipe material. That is to say, the biological film formed makes this coefficient uniform,
independent of the material.
2.4.3 Minimum diameter
In wastewater collection and evacuation networks, the circular section is the most common for collectors, mainly in
the initial sections. The minimum diameter allowed in networks of wastewater collection and evacuation systems
such as conventional and/or non-conventional sanitary sewers (condominial, simplified and
100% plastic modular) is 100 mm (4 in.) to prevent duct blockages

by relatively large objects introduced into the system. For small diameter sewers without carrying solids, the minimum
diameter is 50 mm (2 inches).
53
NB 688
2.4.4 Tractive stress criterion
Each section must be verified by the minimum value average tractive stress criterion.
ÿ m í n = 1 P a . In the initial sections, verification of the minimum tractive tension should not be
less than 0.60 Pa.
The tractive stress equation is defined by:
ÿ = ÿ ÿ g ÿ RH ÿ S
where:
ÿ Average tractive stress, in Pa

Water density, 1 000 kg/m3
ÿg Acceleration of gravity, 9.81 m/s2
Yes Slope of the pipe section, in m/m
NOTE
Care must be taken when handling units depending on the type of system, as follows:
kgf
ÿ ÿ 1.0 P a (International System), or ÿ ÿ 0.10
(Technical System);
2m
where:
1 [kgf/m2] ~ 10 [N/m2] ~ 10 [Pa]; 0.10 [kgf/m2] ~ 1.0 [Pa]
N
1N ~ kgm ; 1.0 Pa =
2s 2m
2.4.4.1 Empirical determination of the minimum tractive stress
The minimum tractive stress of the flow must exceed the resistance of the sediment to movement.
As a result of field investigations and laboratory simulations carried out by Shields, the tractive stress is given by
the following equation:
ÿ = f(ÿa ÿ ÿw ) d9 0% ÿ9 5%
where:
ÿ Tractive force or tension referred to the resistance of the sediment to movement, in kg/m2
F Dimensionless constant: 0.04 - 0.8 Specific
ÿ to weight of the bottom material (sand), in kg/m3

ÿw Specific weight of water, in kg/m3
d9 0%ÿ9 5% Specific diameter in m, of 90% to 95% of the particles to be transported.
The value is obtained from the frequency distribution of the granulometric analysis of the bottom
material or settleable solids that enter the sewer system. Particles with a diameter greater than the
indicated percentage would be retained in the collector.
F , is the dimensionless constant of the equation, it was determined in the laboratory through hydraulic models,
its value is 0.04 for clean sand, up to 0.8 for sediments of
54
NB 688
sticky sand from the bottom of the ducts.
According to laboratory experiences, sand sedimentation occurs at minimum flow rates, when the flow condition
changes, the sand is suspended (at higher flow rates),
For this reason, pipes must be designed considering suspended sand.
The constant “f” for sewer collectors with suspended sand is 0.05 to 0.06. This sand can be considered clean,
although the particles are covered with organic matter that gives them a black appearance.
For the values of a 1 mm diameter particle; density 2 650 kg/m3 and a coefficient
“ ”
a tractive tension of 0.10 kg/m2 is obtained. ÿ of 0.09 kg/m2, therefore the “f” value of 0.06 is adopted,
“
The minimum slope must be calculated with the tractive tension formula ÿ ”, introducing the value of the minimum
tractive tension previously determined based on the specific granulometric analysis of the particles to be
transported.
To limit maintenance costs, it is recommended that the minimum drag tension be sufficient to transport between
90% to 95% of the granular material being transported.
esteem enters the sanitary sewer system.
2.4.5 Minimum slope
The slope of each section of the network must not be less than the minimum admissible calculated in
accordance with 2.4.5.1 and nor greater than the maximum calculated according to the tractive tension
criterion according to 2.4.4.
The slope of the collector must be calculated with the tractive tension criterion, according to the following
equations:
- Slope for pipes with filled section:
ÿmin _
Yes =
min ÿ
ÿÿ gR h
- Slope for pipes with partially filled section:
ÿmin _
=
Yes
min
d ÿ 360 sin ÿ° ÿ
ÿ ÿ
ÿÿg ÿ ÿ
4 2 ÿ ÿ°
ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ
where: º
h1 æöqùúúû
=×- éçê2ç 1 cos ç ê
÷
÷
= 0.2618
,
D2
÷
ëè
Smin Minimum slope of the pipe section, in m/m
either
ÿmin Minimum tractive stress, in Pa

ÿ Water density, 1 000 kg/m3
g Acceleration of gravity, 9.81 m/s2
d Duct diameter, in m
ÿº Angle, in sexagesimal degree
55
NB 688
The minimum slope must be determined to guarantee the self-cleaning condition of the pipe, for the initial stage
of the project, according to the following flow rate relationship:
QQ = -
( ) 0.10 0.15 (10% to 15% )
Qll
where:
Q.P. Average daily contribution flow in the initial project stage (partially filled section)
Qll Pipe capacity to carry future design flow (filled section)
Other flow relationships must be justified with information corresponding to

current contribution flows and their projections. It is recommended to use:
QQ
= 0.15
Q ll
2.4.5.1 Minimum allowable slope
The minimum allowable slope must be determined for the established flow conditions
in the previous point, taking a value for the flow rate ratio (initial/future). Using the geometric properties of the
circular section, we obtain:
QQ h º
=-
( ) 0.10 0.15 Þ ÞqÞ Rh
Qll d
- Flow rate
QQ
= 0.1 5 is obtained:
From the hydraulic properties of the circular section, if available ,
Q ll
- Flow rate ratio

2
º º º 3
Q æq sen qöæ÷ 360 sen qö
=
÷
ç
- -1 ÷÷×
÷
ç
÷=÷
0.15
2 pk º
ç ç
ç ç
÷
Q360 2 p
ç ç
ll and øè either
- Central angle ÿº (in sexagesimal degree)
º ç
2h ×
÷
°
æ q = 2 arc cos 1 ç
ç
-= ÷
÷ 123.10
and d either
- Strap ratio
1 é ù æ ö q ê ú 1 cos ºú û
×-
ç
ç
÷
÷
= 0.2618
÷
ç
2 êë
and
2 either
- Hydraulic radius of the partially filled conduit
D 360
æ q ösin ç 1 ç
º
Rh =- ÷÷=÷
0.1525D
4 2 pk º ÷
ç
ç
and either
56
NB 688
- Minimum slope
ÿmin _ ÿmin _ m
[
S min = =
m
ÿ gRÿ h
ÿ
ÿÿ g 0.2 D
ÿ
[
For the flow rate ratio of 0.10 and 0.15, their angles ÿ and the , tie rod ratio, hydraulic radius kg
= Da; 000 ; n 0.0 3, ÿ; =g 9.8
= m =
ÿen
minimum slope, and taking into account 3m _ 2s _
The minimum admissible slopes for different diameters and the speed and flow values at full section must be
obtained (see tables 2.9 and 2.10).
Table 2.9 - Minimum allowable slope Table 2.10 - Minimum allowable slope
Qp/Qll= 0.10 Qp/Qll = 0.15
Diameter Earring Full section Diameter Earring Full section
(D) (S) Flow Rate (D) (S) Flow Rate
inch m o/oo m/s L/s inch m o/oo m/s L/s
4 0.10 7.98 0.59 4.61 4 0.10 6.68 0.54 4.22
6 0.15 5.32 0.63 11.11 6 0.15 4.46 0.58 10.17
8 0.20 3.99 0.66 20.71 8 0.20 3.34 0.60 18.96
10 0.25 3.19 0.68 33.59 10 0.25 2.67 0.63 30.75
12 0.30 2.66 0.71 49.86 12 0.30 2.23 0.65 45.65
14 0.35 2.28 0.72 69.63 14 0.35 1.91 0.66 63.75
16 0.40 1.99 0.74 93.00 16 0.40 1.67 0.68 85.13
18 0.45 1.77 0.75 120.03 18 0.45 1.49 0.69 109.88
twenty 0.50 1.60 0.77 150.81 twenty 0.50 1.34 0.70 138.06
22 0.55 1.45 0.78 185.41 22 0.55 1.22 0.71 169.73
24 0.60 1.33 0.79 223.87 24 0.60 1.11 0.72 204.94
26 0.65 1.23 0.80 266.27 26 0.65 1.03 0.73 243.75
28 0.70 1.14 0.81 312.65 28 0.70 0.95 0.74 286.21
30 0.75 1.06 0.82 363.06 30 0.75 0.89 0.75 332.36
32 0.80 1.00 0.83 417.54 32 0.80 0.84 0.76 382.42
3. 4 0.85 0.94 0.84 476.15 3. 4 0.85 0.79 0.77 435.89
36 0.90 0.89 0.85 538.93 36 0.90 0.74 0.78 493.36
38 0.95 0.84 0.85 605.91 38 0.95 0.70 0.78 554.67
40 1.00 0.80 0.86 677.13 40 1.00 0.67 0.79 619.87
According to the topographic characteristics of the project area, the collectors

They must be sized with the natural slope of the land. However, the slopes must not be less than the minimum
admissible to allow the self-cleaning condition from the beginning of operation of the system, when low supply
flow rates and critical flow conditions occur.
57
NB 688
2.4.5.2 Minimum admissible slope for different flow rates
Other present and future flow relationships can be established, according to local conditions (input flows). For
this case, the minimum slope can be chosen from the values presented in table 2.11.
Table 2.11 - Minimum slope for different flow ratios
Minimum
Design principles Flow to full section
slope
h/D R/D ÿmin(Pa) Smin(o/oo) Vll (m/s) Qll (m3/s)

Qp/Qll
0.10 0.2136 0.1278 1.0 0.7976 D-1 0.8622 D0.1667 0.6771 D2.1667
0.15 0.2618 0.1525 1.0 0.6684 D-1 0.7892 D0.1667 0.6199 D2.1667
0.25 0.3408 0.1895 1.0 0.5379 D-1 0.7080 D0.1667 0.5561 D2.1667
0.35 0.4084 0.2175 1.0 0.4687 D-1 0.6609 D0.1667 0.5190 D2.1667
2.4.6 Maximum allowable slope
The maximum slope should be considered for a final velocity in the pipe of 5.0
m/s.
2.4.7 Maximum water depth
The water depths must always be calculated allowing uniform and permanent runoff, with their maximum value
being equal to or less than 75% of the diameter of the collector.
2.4.8 Critical speed
When the final speed (Vf ) is higher than the critical speed (Vc ), the greatest allowable draft must be 50% of the
diameter of the collector, ensuring ventilation of the section.
The critical speed is defined by:
V c6 g= ×R h
where:
Vc Critical speed, in m/s

g Acceleration due to gravity, in m/s2
RH Hydraulic radius for final flow, in m
2.4.9 Backwater control
Whenever the level of the water level at the exit of any inspection chamber, manhole or TiL is above any of the
levels of the inlet water levels, the influence of the backwater in the upstream section must be verified. .
2.5 CONSTRUCTION PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN
2.5.1 Minimum installation depth
The depth of the pipe must be such that it allows the tributaries to be received “by gravity.”
58
NB 688
of the property facilities and protect the pipeline against external loads such as traffic
of vehicles and other impacts. The minimum depth must be that which is below the neighbor's property connection
level, guaranteeing that the neighbor is served. The depths must be sufficient to allow connections to the collection
network.
2.5.1.1 Minimum coverage at the key level
The depth of the coating must be defined by the structural calculation of the pipe
installed in a trench, considering that the stresses to which it is subjected depend on the characteristics of the soil,
fill and vehicular loads, type of pipe material, seat bed, location and layout on the ground. The minimum coverage
of the collector must prevent its rupture caused by live loads that it may experience. Likewise, pipes and
accessories made of different types of materials must be used, as long as they have certification from the
competent body authorized in the country.
In the case of rigid PVC pipe installation, the maximum permissible long-term relative diametral deformation should
be 7.5% of the diameter.
The minimum permissible collector coverage values are defined in table 2.12.
Table 2.12 - Minimum depth of collectors
Depth to collector key

Location
(m)
Pedestrian paths or green areas 0.75
Vehicular roads 1.00
For special cases such as locations with obvious drainage problems, the above values must be reduced taking the
corresponding structural and geotechnical provisions.
Household connections and wastewater collectors must be located below the water pipes.
NOTE
The structural calculation must comply with the recommendations of the Bolivian standards corresponding to the material used.
2.5.1.2 Connection of home discharges
The minimum depth of the collector must allow the correct connection of household discharges, by gravity, to the
public sewage network. The current standard for home sanitary installations establishes a minimum slope of 2%
from the home inspection chamber to the collection pipe.
2.5.2 Maximum depth
The maximum depth of the wastewater collection and evacuation collector must be that which does not offer
construction difficulties, according to the type of soil and which does not
force the laying of auxiliary sewers.
The maximum admissible depth of the collectors is 5 m, although it can be greater as long as the geotechnical
requirements of the foundations and structural requirements of the materials and collectors are guaranteed during
and after their construction.
59
NB 688
2.5.3 Location of collectors
The collectors must be located following the street alignment. However, if the topography or
construction cost warrants it, they can be located along the sidewalks within the house blocks. In
particular, the latter is valid for condominium sewers.
Wastewater collectors should not be located in the same trench as a water pipe and their key
elevation should always be below the bottom elevation of the water pipe.
If it is anticipated that the project area will have only sanitary sewage, the collector must be located
along the public roads equidistant from the side buildings, this
It is in the axis, but if the terrain is very rugged it should be located on the side where the lowest
lands are.
For separate systems, the two (2) collectors must be located equidistant from the axis of the road
and the sanitary collector as far as possible to the left in the direction of runoff, particularly if they
are primary collectors. The horizontal distance between the axes of the sanitary and storm sewer
collectors must be 1.00 m, however the minimum separation can be calculated with the formula:
d yes
dp
Sh =++ 0.50
2 2
where:
Sh Horizontal separation between generators, in m

ds Diameter of sanitary sewer pipe, in m
dp Diameter of the storm sewer pipe, in m
The sanitary sewer must sit deeper than the storm sewer. The minimum vertical distance that
separates the generators of the two (2) tubes can be calculated with the formula:
d dp
Yes v = yes
+ 0.30 +
2 2
where:
Sv Vertical separation between generators, in m

ds Diameter of sanitary sewer pipe, in m
dp Diameter of the storm sewer pipe, in m
Combined system collectors must be located in the axis of the roadway.
2.5.4 Location of inspection cameras
The union or connection of two (2) or more sections of collectors must be done with appropriate
hydraulic structures, called connection structures (generally inspection chambers).
The location of the inspection cameras is given in the following places:
a) At the beginning of the network, to serve one or more collectors. In some cases
can be replaced by inspection and cleaning tubes
60
NB 688
b) In changes of direction, since it is assumed that all sections of the network are
straight
c) At the points where falls are designed in the collectors
d) At the points of concurrence of more than one (1) collector
e) In changes in slope, diameter or material of the pipe, instead of an inspection chamber,
cyclopean concrete transitions that remain buried can be used.
f) Only one collector outlet is allowed in each inspection chamber.

NOTE
See also the Technical Regulations for the Design of inspection elements and devices.
2.5.5 Distance between inspection elements
The maximum distance between collector connection structures must be determined by the
urban layout, the available cleaning equipment and the hydraulic behavior of the flow.
In the event that the urban layout and flow behavior limit the maximum distance,
This must be 50 m to 70 m, if the cleaning of the collectors is manual and must be 150 m, if
it is mechanical or hydraulic. In outfalls or main collectors, where inlets are very restricted or
non-existent, the maximum distance between inspection structures must be increased
depending on the type of maintenance, which is of the order of 200 m.
Because the costs of well structures have an important impact on a wastewater or rainwater
collection and evacuation system, simplifications have been developed that are conditioned
by the availability of better collection equipment.
maintenance and cleaning, the latter being mechanical or hydraulic, which also allow
increasing the inspection length.
These structures correspond to typical elements of simplified sewage systems.

Within these simplified structures are the cleaning terminals that can
replace starting chambers when collector networks are located on dead-end streets and
secondary streets with light traffic. Inspection and cleaning tubes can
be used in intermediate sections of the network, while pass-through boxes without inspection
can be used in changes of direction, slope and diameter, when the slope of the collectors is
greater than 0.67% and the depth is not greater than 1 ,5m.
The maximum distances between pipes, TL (see 1.2.95) or TiL (see 1.2.102), must depend
on the cleaning equipment provided or available, but in no case must they be greater than
150 m for pipes up to 300 mm. (12 inches) diameter.
2.5.6 Trench width dimensions
The minimum dimensions of the width of trenches for different diameters of collectors are
presented in table 2.13.
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NB 688
Table 2.13 - Minimum trench dimensions
Excavation depth
Diameter Up to 2m From 2 m to 4 m From 4 m to 5 m
(mm) Trench widths
without shoring with shoring without shoring without shoring without shoring
100 0.50 0.60 0.65 0.75 0.75 0.95
150 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.80 1.00
200 0.65 0.75 0.75 0.85 0.85 1.05
250 0.70 0.80 0.80 0.90 0.90 1.10
300 0.80 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.20
400 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.30
450 0.95 1.05 1.05 1.15 1.15 1.35
500 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.40
550 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.50
600 1.15 1.25 1.25 1.40 1.35 1.60
700 1.25 1.35 1.35 1.50 1.45 1.70
800 1.35 1.45 1.45 1.60 1.55 1.80
900 1.50 1.60 1.60 1.75 1.70 1.95
1,000 1.60 1.70 1.70 1.85 1.80 2.05
1 100 1.80 1.90 1.90 2.05 2.00 2.25
2.5.7 Trench widths for two (2) or more collectors
For excavations where it is necessary to place two (2) or more collectors at the same depth, the
width of the trench must be equal to the distance between the axes of the external collectors,
plus the extra width necessary for the established installation and shoring work. in 2.5.6. The
distance between collector axes must be variable depending on the corresponding diameters.
In the case of laying two collectors at different levels, the width of the common trench must be
equal to the distance between the axes of the collectors, plus the sum of the extreme external
radii and the sum of the over widths resulting from the depth. average of the ditches, if they were
considered separate.
2.5.8 Dimensions of the inspection chambers
The minimum internal diameter must be 1.20 m. The minimum diameter of the entrance mouth
to the inspection chamber must be 0.60 m.
2.5.9 Half round gutters
At the bottom of the inspection chambers, half-round gutters must be built, which allow the flow
to drain in a downstream direction. Its execution must avoid
turbulence and retention of suspended material.
These gutters will have their upper edges at the level of the keys of the collectors they serve.
2.5.10 Cameras with drop
For differences in level greater than 0.75 m, drop pipes must be installed that connect the
collector to the bottom of the chamber using a 90° elbow.
62
NB 688
The collector must be extended to the wall of the inspection chamber, after the drop has been
executed to allow the existence of a window for eventual unobstruction.
For diameters greater than 300 mm (12 in), a direct connection (at 45°) to the bottom of the
chamber must be made .
If there is a difference in level of 0.40 m, this must be resolved by making a quick channel that
joins the collector with the bottom of the chamber.
2.5.11 Construction stages
The project prepared according to the established design period must allow the construction of
the network in stages.
The minimum works that correspond to each stage must be defined so that the network satisfies
the conditions for which it was intended.
Construction stages should not be considered in network expansion works that are carried out
continuously during the period of validity of the project in order to
to attend to the gradual increase in the population served.
2.5.12 Materials
The choice of pipe material must be made based on the characteristics of the wastewater, the
acting external loads, the soil conditions, the water table conditions, the conditions of abrasion,
corrosion and generation of sulfides (see Chapter 9).
For sewer pipes, the following can be used: Simple concrete, reinforced concrete, cast iron,
ductile iron, PVC, polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, reinforced plastic.
with fiberglass, reinforced thermostable resin (fiberglass), reinforced plastic mortar
and steel, according to the particular characteristics of each project and economic factors.
63
NB 688
CHAPTER 3 - WASTEWATER INTERCEPTORS AND EMISSARIES
This chapter establishes the conditions for the definition and estimation of the
design parameters that must be considered in the design process of wastewater interceptors
and outfalls.
3.2 SUPPORT STUDIES
The support studies necessary for the development of interceptor and outfall projects are the
following:
a) Conceptual framework for the project, prepared in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 1
b) Planialtimetric topographic survey with contour lines and intermediate points
limited, implementation of level banks as established in Annex A
c) Cadastral survey of possible accidents and obstacles, both superficial and
underground in the location widths of the probable interceptor and/or emissary routes
d) Reconnaissance surveys along the route with a minimum depth of 5.0 m, spaced apart, to
allow perfect knowledge of the ground where the interceptor and/or emissary will be installed.
3.3 FLOW DETERMINATION
3.3.1 Wastewater flows
For each section of the interceptor and/or outfall, the initial and final flows must be estimated.
3.3.2 Additional rainfall contribution
The additional rainfall contribution must be added to the final flow for the analysis of
interceptor operation. However, for the sizing of the interceptor itself, the additional flow should
not be taken into consideration.
The additional rainfall contribution must be determined based on local measurements.

In the absence of such measurements, a rate must be adopted that should not be higher than 6 L/s km
collector contributing to the section under study. The adopted value must be justified.
3.4 HYDRAULIC SIZING
The flow regime in the interceptor is gradually varied and not uniform, however, for its hydraulic
sizing, it is generally considered permanent and uniform, with the following hydraulic
considerations:
a) The minimum slope must be determined in accordance with the provisions of 2.4.5
b) The control of backwater caused by contributions must be achieved by increasing the runoff
section, downstream of the contribution point, to conveniently reduce the water level,
whenever it is not possible to maintain the sizing speed of the water section. above
c)In order to reduce the undesirable effects of excessive agitation,

Excessive surges, sags, and special power dissipation devices
64
NB 688
d) The sections of excessive slope, with super-critical type runoff, must be interconnected to
those of low average velocities (subcritical), of a transition segment with an entire slope for
the initial sizing flows.
On the other hand, for the design of the interceptors and emissaries, they must be considered, among
others, the following aspects:
a) General design criteria that the designer will use

b)Definition of the layouts of the networks, interceptors and outfalls (final discharges)
c) Calculation of design flows and their variations
d) Hydraulic sizing of the pipes, considering:
- Pipe diameters, slopes and materials.
-Definition of the dimensions of the tops and bottoms of the inspection chambers
-Definition of the dimensions or leveling of the pipes
-Verification of runoff speeds, tractive force, and
heights of the water levels in the conduits, according to flow variations, avoiding unnecessary
fluctuations in the normal flow regime (hydraulic jumps, falls, etc.)
a) Carry out septicity control in pipes and related works
b) Preparation of plans, according to presentation formats used
3.5 LAYOUT OF GUIDELINES
The layout of the collector guidelines must take into account the following conditions:
a) Be made up of straight sections in plan and profile. In special cases they must be
employees curved sections in plant
b)The maximum angle of deflection in plan between adjacent sections must be 30°
c) The guidelines will obey the original layout of the project in its conception as a sewage system.
d) The interceptor and/or outfall guideline must be developed to avoid, within reason, the use of
wastewater pumping stations.
e)In order to reduce interceptor slopes, the greatest possible contribution should be
routed preferably for its upstream sections
3.6 SPECIFIC CONDITIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THE PROJECT
The effects of excessive turbulence must always be avoided, and sudden drops and widening
are not permitted. When necessary, special energy dissipation devices must be designed and
the formation of sulfates, its consequences and measures to protect the conduit and use of
materials resistant to its action must be studied.
The connections to the interceptor must always be through specially designed devices, to avoid
conflict of flow lines and difference in heights that result in
excessive turbulence.
The maximum distance between visitor cameras must be limited by the range of the clearing
means to be used. The maximum distance between inspection cameras must not exceed 200 m.
In the inspection chambers, the diameter of the inlet cover must be 0.60 m and the upper
diameter of the cylindrical part called the chimney must be at least 0.90 m.
65
NB 688
The connection of a main collector with an interceptor must be carried out by an intersection
chamber whose slope will have a maximum inclination of 45º and its guideline must be in a
transition curve with the direction and sense of the current in the interceptor, to avoid the
interference of flow lines.
The intersection camera coverage must be located above the elevation of the highest level
intended for the interceptor at the intersection site. The intersection chamber will have a
circular section with a base equal to the diameter of the main tributary collector.
The discharge of the effluent must be carried out whenever possible so as not to harm
the static sanitary conditions of urban water bodies under environmental standards.
Overflow or discharge weirs must be arranged along the interceptor with a joint capacity that
allows the runoff of the final flow relative to the last section. In
Overflow weirs must be provided with devices to prevent the backflow of water from the
receiving body towards the interceptor.
Means capable of minimizing and also eliminating the additional rainfall contribution must
be studied. The final installations must be sized for the total capacity of the
system, added the total or partial additional rainfall contribution, as indicated in the study of
the overflow spillway.
3.7 BACKHAM IN INTERCEPTORS
Backwater occurs in conduits when, for any reason, the runoff regime undergoes changes
from its normal state, through singularities or the existence of control bodies and also
through changes in the characteristics of the conduit.
Basically, the backwater curve must be determined in the following order:
a) Establishment of important data: conduit roughness, section, flow rate, bottom slope, etc.
b) Determination of the normal depth by the Chezy equation

c) Determination of the critical depth, making the Froude number equal to the
unit
d)Determination of the water line profile
e)Curve type classification
3.8 MATERIALS USED IN INTERCEPTORS
The main materials used in wastewater interceptors are:
a) Concrete pipes, used for diameters equal to or greater than 400 mm b) PVC
pipes, used for diameters equal to or greater than 400 mm
c)Cast iron pipes - used in drive and conduction lines
d) Steel pipes - used in drive and conduction lines
3.9 ENERGY SINKS
For wastewater collection and evacuation pipes with diameters greater than 400 mm,
concrete tubes are generally used; sometimes, the energy dissipator becomes necessary in
the following cases:
66
NB 688
a) When there is a reasonable difference in level between the upstream collector and the downstream collector
below
b) When the collector receives contributions from other collectors at a higher level
c) When the slope of the terrain is greater than the maximum recommended to limit the speed to
5 m/s
3.10 INSPECTION CHAMBERS
Inspection cameras are always used in wastewater interceptors.

The recommended distances between inspection cameras are:
a) For diameters greater than 1200 mm: 200 m

b) For diameters from 400 mm to 1200 mm: 120 m to 150 m, depending on conditions
hydraulic manifold
c) For diameters less than 400 mm: 100 m
Regarding the diameter of the manhole covers, it is recommended:
a)For pipes with diameters equal to or less than 600 mm - 0.60 m iron cover
molten
b)For pipes with diameters greater than 600 mm - 0.90 m cast iron covers
3.11 INTERCONNECTION OF LOCATED WASTEWATER COLLECTORS

AT DIFFERENT LEVELS
For large wastewater collectors, in situations where there is a reasonable difference in level
between the upstream and downstream collectors, and in cases where a collector receives other
collectors at a higher level, continuity of runoff is proposed using a manhole with external drop,
similar to the manhole with drop tubes used in the collection network.
67
NB 688
CHAPTER 4 - STORM SEWER SYSTEMS
This chapter establishes the conditions for the definition and estimation of the
design parameters that must be considered in the design process of rainwater collection and
evacuation systems.
4.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The general aspects for the conception of rainwater collection and evacuation projects must be
followed in accordance with Chapter 1.
Rainwater collection and evacuation systems must be designed when the local drainage
conditions require a solution for the evacuation of stormwater runoff. Not necessarily every
population or sector requires a rainwater system. Depending on the topographic conditions, the
size of the population, the
characteristics of roads, structure and urban development, among others, the evacuation of
rainwater must be satisfactorily achieved through street gutters. Where necessary, these
systems should cover the entire population or only the sectors with flooding problems.
Rainwater collection and evacuation systems must be designed and built to:
a) Allow rapid evacuation of rainwater from public roads

b) Avoid the formation of excessive flows on the roads
c) Prevent the invasion of stormwater to public and private properties
d) Avoid the accumulation of water in traffic routes
e) Avoid the paralysis of vehicular and pedestrian traffic during a rainfall
intense
f) Avoid incorrect connections of the water collection and evacuation system
residual
g) Mitigate harmful effects to receiving water bodies due to runoff contamination
urban stormwater
When analyzing the problems of rainwater collection and evacuation in urban areas, the
following factors should be considered:
a)Pedestrian and vehicular traffic

b) Value of properties subject to flood damage
c) Analysis of solutions with open channels or closed conduits
d) Depth of the collectors
When developing a project for rainwater collection and evacuation systems, economic
consideration is necessary. The selection of the return period (frequency) that should be
adopted in a project is a function of the probability of rainfall occurrence, and must represent
an adequate balance between construction and operation costs and the expected costs for
flood damages to the design period. The rainwater collection capacity of the set of drains or
storm drains must be consistent with the evacuation capacity of the collector network to
guarantee that the design flow effectively reaches the evacuation network.
68
NB 688
The effect of urbanization growth, execution of urban plans and even changes of opinion
regarding drainage improvement must also be considered.
The development of the projects must be preceded by studies of the local precipitation
regimes of intense rains in the region.
The preparation and presentation of storm sewer system projects must include, in addition
to the sizing of the collectors, a study of surface rainwater collection, that is, the location of
storm drains based on
their evacuation capacities, the study of the flows that run through the gutters based on their
hydraulic characteristics and the hydraulic study of the connection pipes of the storm drains
with the sewage system.
4.3 COMPONENTS OF A STORM SEWER SYSTEM
The components of a storm sewer system are the following:
a) Cord - gutter assembly

b) Sinks (storm drains)
c) Connection chamber
d) Connecting pipe
e) Inspection camera
f) Secondary collectors
g) Main collector
The design parameters constitute the basic elements for the development of the design of a
rainwater collection and evacuation system. The conditions for its definition and estimation
are established below:
4.4.1 Design period
Design period aspects for storm sewer system networks are established according to 2.3.1.
4.4.2 Contribution areas
The layout of the stormwater drainage network must follow the streets of the town. The
extent and type of tributary areas must be determined for each section to be designed. The
study area must include the tax area of the section under consideration.
The drainage contribution areas must be determined by direct measurement on plans, and
their delimitation must be consistent with the natural drainage networks.
4.4.3 Design flow
To estimate the design flow, the rational method must be used, which calculates the peak
flow of stormwater based on the average intensity of the precipitation event with a duration
equal to the concentration time of the drainage area and a coefficient of
runoff.
69
NB 688
The equation of the rational method, expressed in compatible units, is:
QC i =
A×
×
where:
Q Peak flow rate of stormwater runoff, in L/s

c Average slip coefficient for a set of surfaces, dimensionless
Yo
Average rainfall intensity, in L/s/ha
A Surface area of tributary areas, in ha
Likewise, the same equation of the rational method must be used for the following units:
= CiA
Q 0.278
× ×
where:
Q Peak flow rate of stormwater runoff, in m3/s

c Average slip coefficient for a set of surfaces, dimensionless
Yo
Average rain intensity, in mm/h
A Surface area of tributary areas, in km2
According to the rational method, the peak flow occurs when the entire drainage area is contributing,
and this is a fraction of the mean precipitation under the following assumptions:
a) The peak flow at any point is a direct function of the intensity “i” of the rain,
during the concentration time for that point
b) The frequency of the peak flow is the same as the average frequency of precipitation
c) The concentration time is implicit in the determination of the average intensity of
the rain by the relationship noted in point a)
The rational method is suitable for small drainage areas up to 50 ha. When these are relatively
large, it may be more appropriate to estimate the flows using other models that eventually take into
account the wave damping capacity within the collector network. In these cases, it is necessary to
justify the method
calculation, as shown in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 - Hydrological methods depending on the basin areas
Basin area (A) Hydrological method

At < 50 ha Rational method
50 ha < A < 500 ha Modified rational method
A > 500 ha Other methods; for example: Unit hydrograph
4.4.4 Intensity-duration-frequency curves
Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves constitute the hydrological basis for estimating design
flows. These curves synthesize the characteristics of the maximum extreme precipitation events in
a given area and define the
average rainfall intensity for different durations of precipitation events with specific return periods.
The existence of IDF curves for the
70
NB 688
location. If they exist, these must be analyzed to establish their validity and reliability for
its application to the project. If they do not exist, it is necessary to obtain them from historical rainfall information.
Obtaining the IDF curves must be done with rainfall information from stations
located in the town, deriving the corresponding frequency curves through specific frequency analyzes of maximum
extreme events.
4.4.5 Intensity-duration-frequency equations
In precipitation, the intensity of rain in general does not remain constant for a considerable period of time, but is
variable.
The duration of rainfall should be that which elapses from the beginning of the rain until the entire area is contributing.
The frequency of precipitation is the time in years in which a rain of a certain intensity and duration is repeated with
the same characteristics.
NOTE
In order to facilitate the calculations of peak flows, the values of annual volumes of precipitation and
the intensity in L/s/ha, for different cities:
Oruro - Precipitation of 390 mm/year - contribution intensity 62 L/s/ha

Cochabamba - Precipitation 460 mm/year - contribution intensity 83 L/s/ha
Peace - Precipitation of 580 mm/year - contribution intensity 95 L/s/ha
Santa Cruz - Precipitation of 1100 mm/year - contribution intensity 166 L/s/ha
Blanket - Precipitation of 1750 mm/year - contribution intensity 200 L/s/ha
On the other hand, the equation intensity (I), frequency (f) and duration (t) in generalized form has the following expression:
m
cf ×
=
n
Yo
Where the values of c, m and n correspond to the regional characteristics of precipitation.
Below for reference, the equations of rainfall intensities (mm/h) developed for the cities of El Alto, La Paz, Sucre, Oruro Trinidad and Santa
Cruz are presented.
The tall
For frequency less than 2 years, initial concentration time 10 min.
0.2897
101, 3006f
×
=
Yo
0.6670 (mm/h)
t
For frequency greater than 2 years.
0 ,6655
113 f ×
= ( ) / mm h
0 ,8371
Yo
t
Peace
Concentration time t ÿ 5 min and t ÿ 45 min; f ÿ 5 years
0.1055
48.9213 f ×
Yo
= (mm/h)
0.2822 t
Concentration time t > 5 min; f ÿ 5 years

0.6655
113, 362 f ×
Yo
= (mm/h)
0.8371 t
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NB 688
Sucre
0.33096
180, 2457 f ×
Yo
= (mm/h)
0.70310 t
Oruro
0.31156
81.3954 f ×
Yo
= (mm/h)
0.68496 t
Trinity
×
0.504
209.80 f
= (mm/h)
0.637
Yo
Santa Cruz
0.3556
=
393.70 ×
f
Yo
(mm/h)
t 0.7016
4.4.6 Rainfall frequency - Design return period
The design return period is an important factor for determining the capacity of storm sewage
networks and the prevention of flooding in roads, urban areas and squares, due to risks and
damage to property, personal injury and vehicular traffic. The
Selection of the return period is then associated with the protection characteristics and importance
of the study area and, therefore, the value adopted must be justified.
a) Frequencies from 1 year to 2 years
They are used for networks in urban and suburban areas.
b) Frequencies from 2 years to 5 years
They are used for residential and commercial urban area networks.
c) 10-year frequencies
For second order collectors such as stream channeling.
d) Frequencies from 20 years to 50 years
They are adopted for the design of special works such as outfalls (first-order pipelines).
e) 100-year frequencies
They are used for major rivers that constitute the overall drainage system of the
basin.
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NB 688
In general, the frequency of rainfall must be balanced between investment and risk.
In this sense, it is necessary to decide judiciously the chosen frequencies, often allowing the
rainfall systems to become overloaded in exceptional rainfall, thus making their need and
financing viable.
Depending on the importance of the hydraulic structure, the designer must define the
return period or degree of protection, that is, minimum, acceptable or recommended. In any
case, this return period must be equal to or greater than that presented in table 4.2.
Table 4.2 - Return periods or degree of protection (years)
Drainage area characteristics Minimum Acceptable Recommended

Initial sections in residential areas with tributary areas less than
2 2 3
2 ha
Initial sections in commercial or industrial
2 3 5
zones, with tributary areas less than 2 ha
Sewer sections with tributary areas between 2 and 10 ha
2 3 5
Sewer sections with tributary areas greater than 10

5 5 10
ha
Canals open in flat areas and draining areas greater 10 25 25
*
than 1,000 ha
Open canals in mountainous areas (high velocity)
or mid-slope, which drain areas greater than 1,000 ha. 25 25 fifty
*Coated part at 10 years, plus free edge at 100 years
4.4.7 Precipitation intensity
The precipitation intensity that should be used in the estimation of the stormwater design
flow corresponds to the average precipitation intensity given by the IDF curves for the design
return period defined based on what is established in 4.4.6 and a duration
equivalent to the runoff concentration time, whose estimation is defined in 4.4.9.
The intensity values given by the IDF curves correspond to point values representative of
relatively small areas. To the extent that the drainage areas considered become larger, the
average intensity of rainfall over them is reduced due to the spatial variability of the
precipitation phenomenon. Consequently, factors to reduce the average intensity of
precipitation must be considered as the drainage area increases. The values in table 4.3
correspond to reduction factors to convert point intensity into spatial average intensity.
Table 4.3 - Reduction factor
Drainage areas (ha) Reduction factor
50 to 100 0.99
100 to 200 0.95
200 to 400 0.93
400 to 800 0.90
800 to 1,600 0.88
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4.4.8 Runoff coefficient
The runoff coefficient (C) is a function of the type of surface, the degree of
permeability of the area, the slope of the land and other factors that determine the fraction of
precipitation that becomes runoff. For its determination, losses due to infiltration into the soil
and other retarding effects must be considered. He
The value of the coefficient (C) must be estimated for both the initial and future situations, by
end of the design period.
For drainage areas that include subareas with different runoff coefficients,
The value of (C) representative of the area must be calculated as the weighted average with
the respective areas.
(S CA
×i )
c =
Yo
Yes TO
where:
Ci Surface runoff coefficient of each sector, dimensionless

Ai Area of each sector, in ha
A Total area of the drainage basin, in ha
To estimate (C), the values in table 4.4 must be adopted. The adoption of certain values
must be justified.
Table 4.4 - Surface runoff coefficients
General characteristics of the receiving basin C values
Central parts, densely built with paved streets and roads

0.70 to 0.90
Parts adjacent to the center, with lower housing density

0.70
with paved streets and roads
Residential areas with closed buildings and paved roads
0.65
Medium-inhabited residential areas 0.55 to 0.65
Low-density residential areas 0.35 to 0.55
Neighborhoods with gardens and cobblestone roads 0.30
Wooded surfaces, parks, gardens and fields

0.10 to 0.20
pavement sports
It is recommended in rural populations to adopt values between 0.40 and 0.60 for C.
Likewise, the values of the surface runoff coefficient (C) for a construction project
Rainwater collection and evacuation should be chosen considering: The effect of growing
urbanization, the possibility of carrying out municipal urban plans and local legislation
regarding land use, as shown in table 4.5.
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NB 688
Table 4.5 - Surface runoff coefficients based on urbanization growth
Detailed surface features C values
Roof surface (covers) 0.70 to 0.95

cobbled roads 0.25 to 0.40
Pavements and concrete surfaces 0.40 to 0.50
Gravel roads and walks 0.15 to 0.30
Unpaved surfaces, empty lots 0.10 to 0.30
Parking lots, gardens, lawns, depending on their slope 0.00 to 0.25
4.4.9 Concentration time
The concentration time is composed of the entry time and the travel or flow time in the
collector. The concentration time is given by the following expression:
Tc= T + T and t
where:
tc Concentration time, in min

Tea Entry time, in min
Tt Travel or flow time, in min
The entry time corresponds to the time required for the runoff to reach the collector sump,
while the travel time is associated with the travel or transit time of the water within the
collector.
4.4.9.1 Entry time, Te
There are several formulas to estimate the entry time Te. The United States FAA equation is
frequently used for surface runoff in areas
urban. This equation is:
1/ 2
0.707 (1.1 C) L
×-×
T =
and 1/ 3
Yes
where:
c Drain coefficient, dimensionless

l Maximum surface runoff flow length, in m
Yes
Average slope between the farthest point and the collector, in m/m
Kerby's formula also allows estimating Te:

×
0.467
æ öL m
÷
=
T 1.44
and
ç ×ç
ç
1/ 2
÷
HE
either
where:

S mDelay coefficient, dimensionless
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NB 688
“m” must be estimated from the type of surface, based on the values in table 4.6.
Table 4.6 - Delay coefficient
Surface type m
Raincoat 0.02
Ground without cover, compact and smooth 0.10
Moderately rough uncovered surface 0.20
Sparse grasses 0.30
Land with trees 0.70
dense grasses 0.80
The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) proposes estimating the “Te” based on the average
velocity of surface runoff over the drainage area and the travel distance:
l
T and
=
(60V)
ÿ
and
where:

Go Average speed of surface runoff, in m/s
You can approach it by:

V to S = × 1/ 2
and
where:
to Constant, dimensionless
Yes
“a” is a constant that depends on the type of surface, as shown in table 4.7.
Table 4.7 - Surface velocity constant “a”
Surface type to
Dense forest - populated with trees and bushes 0.70

Pastures and 2.00
patios Areas cultivated in furrows 2.70
bare floors 3.15
Paved areas and initial sections of streams 6.50
4.4.9.2 Travel time, Tt
The travel time on a collector must be calculated as:
l c
Tt =
(60V) ×
m
where:
L.C. Collector length, in m

Vm Average flow velocity in the collector, in m/s
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NB 688
Since the time (Tt ) must correspond to the actual flow velocity in the collector, the
Concentration time must be determined through an iterative process, as described below:
a) Assume a value of the real speed in the collector

b) Calculate Tt
c) Calculate Te
d) Obtain Tc
e) Obtain i for this value of Tc and the adopted return period
f) Estimate Q with the rational method
g) With this value of Q, estimate real Tt ; if the value of Tt estimated in part b) differs in
more than 10% by default or excess with respect to the value calculated in step g), it is
necessary to repeat the process
The minimum concentration time in starting chambers is 10 minutes and maximum 20 minutes.
The minimum entry time is 5 minutes. If two or more collectors converge at
the same connection structure, the longest of the concentration times of the respective
collectors should be considered as the concentration time at that point.
4.5.1 Design equations
To carry out the hydraulic calculations for sizing collectors, the formulas indicated according to
2.4.1 will be used.
4.5.1.1 Manning equation
2.4.1.2 will be used.
4.5.1.2 Continuity Equation
4.5.1.3 Filled section
4.5.1.4 Partially filled section
4.5.1.5 Strap relations, speeds and flows
4.5.2 Manning roughness coefficient “n”
The roughness coefficient “n” of the Manning formula for storm sewers
It mainly depends on the shape and type of material and/or channel.
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NB 688
Values of “n” are presented in table 4.8 for different types of materials.
Table 4.8 - Roughness coefficient values
Material Roughness coefficient (n)

smooth concrete 0.011
Concrete, mortar surface 0.013
PVC 0.010
Corrugated Metal for Stormwater 0.024
In rainwater collection and evacuation networks, and mainly in the first sections, the circular section is the most
common for collectors. The minimum internal diameter allowed in rainwater collection and drainage system
networks is 200 mm (8 inches). However, in special cases, and with the justification of the designer,
can be reduced in the initial sections to 150 mm (6 in.).
4.5.4 Tractive stress criterion
The drag stress equation, which represents an average value of stress along the wetted perimeter of the cross
section considered, is defined by:
ÿ ÿ
ÿÿ gRÿ= h
where:
ÿ Average tractive stress or drag stress, in Pa

ÿ Water density, 1000 kg/m3
g Acceleration of gravity, 9.81 m/s2
Yes Slope of the pipe section, in m/m
4.5.4.1 Minimum tractive stress
The tractive force must be sufficient to transport 95% of the granular material to be
esteem enters the storm sewer system.
In order to allow the self-cleaning condition of collectors, the minimum admissible tractive stress for storm sewer
systems must be 1.5 Pa. For higher values, the designer must justify.
4.5.4.2 Empirical determination of the minimum tractive stress
To meet the self-cleaning condition, sewer collectors must be designed with minimum tractive stress. When, due
to the requirement of transporting sand, it is necessary to design pipes with greater slopes, it is recommended to
determine the minimum tractive stress empirically through granulometric analysis of the settleable material and
then apply the Shields formula, which has the following equation:
ÿ = f(ÿa ÿ ÿw )ÿd9 0% ÿ9 5%
78
NB 688
where:
ÿ Tractive force or tension referred to the resistance of the sediment to movement, in kg/m2
F Dimensionless constant: 0.04 - 0.8 Specific

ÿ to weight of the bottom material (sand), in kg/m3
_w Specific weight of water, in kg/m3
d 90%- 95% Specific diameter in m, of 90% to 95% of the particles to be transported.
The value is obtained from the frequency distribution of the granulometric analysis of the bottom
material or settleable solids that enter the sewer system. Particles with a diameter greater than the
indicated percentage would be retained in the collector.
NOTE
See also 2.4.4.1.
4.5.5 Minimum slope
The slopes of the collectors must be selected in such a way that they adjust to the topography of the terrain. In
sections where the natural slope of the land is very low, the tractive stresses must be verified in detail, while if
this is too
steep, it is necessary to establish an appropriate number of fall structures so that the resulting short sections
have the appropriate slope.
The value of the minimum slope of the collector must be that which allows for self-cleaning conditions. The
collector slope must be calculated with the tractive tension criterion, according to the following equations:
- Slope for pipes with filled section:

ÿmin _
Yes =
min ÿ
ÿÿ gR h
- Slope for pipes with partially filled section:
ÿmin _
S min =
d ÿ 360 sin ÿ° ÿ
ÿ ÿ
ÿÿg ÿ ÿ
4 ÿ
2 ÿ ÿ° ÿ
ÿ ÿ
where:
Smin Minimum slope of the pipe section, in m/m

ÿmin Minimum tractive stress, in Pa
Water density, 1 000 kg/m3
ÿg Acceleration of gravity, 9.81 m/s2
D Duct diameter, in m
ÿº Angle, in sexagesimal degree
The minimum slope must be determined to guarantee the self-cleaning condition of the pipe, for the initial stage
of the project, according to the following flow rate relationship:
79
NB 688
where:
Q.P. Average daily contribution flow in the initial project stage (partially filled section)
Qll Pipe capacity to carry future design flow (filled section)
Other flow relationships must be justified with information corresponding to

current contribution flows and their projections. It is recommended to use:
QQ
= 0.10
Q ll
4.5.5.1 Minimum allowable slope
The minimum allowable slope must be determined for the established flow conditions
in 4.5.5 for an average tensile stress of 1.5 Pa.
The minimum allowable slope is determined for the flow conditions established in
the previous point, taking a value for the flow rate ratio (initial/future). Using the geometric properties of the circular
section, we obtain:
QQ h º
= (0.10) Þ ÞqÞ Rh
Q ll d
- Flow rate
QQ =
From the hydraulic properties of the circular section, if available 0.10 , is obtained:
Q ll
- Flow rate ratio

2
Q æq sen qºö æ 360sen qºö 3
= = 0.10
÷ ÷
-
ç
÷ ×-
1 ÷
2 pk º
÷ ÷
Q360 2 p
÷ ÷
ll ç çç è ç ç çç ø è either
- Central angle ÿº, in sexagesimal degree

2h × ö
º = 110.11 °
÷
æ ç q = 2 arc cos 1 ç ç - ÷
and d either
- Strap ratio
h1 æöq º ù
= 0.2136
÷
=×- éëê ç 1 cos ç ç ê ÷
D2 èø 2 úúû
- Hydraulic radius of the partially filled conduit
D 360 sin q ç 1 ç ç º
æ either
R =- 4
÷
= 0.1278D ×
h
÷
and
2 pk º either
- Minimum slope
ÿmin _ ÿmin _ m
S min = =
m
gRÿ h
ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ g 0.278 D
80
NB 688
For the flow rate ratio of 0.10, its angle ÿ , the tie rod ratio, the hydraulic radius
kg m
t= 1Pa; r = 1000 ; g 9.81 ;=n 0.013 2 =
and the minimum slope, and taking min into account, 3m _ yes
,
the minimum admissible slopes for different diameters and the values of speed and flow rate at
full section are obtained, as presented in table 4.9.
The slope of the collectors, whenever possible, should be equal to the slope of the land. However,
to use smaller sections, inclinations greater than that of the terrain can be adopted, justifying in
this case the
convenience of increasing excavation volumes.
Table 4.9 - Minimum admissible slope Qp/Qll= 0.10
Diameter Earring Full section

(D) (S) Speed Flow
inch m o/oo m/s L/s
4 0.10 7.98 0.59 4.61
6 0.15 5.32 0.63 11.11
8 0.20 3.99 0.66 20.71
10 0.25 3.19 0.68 33.59
12 0.30 2.66 0.71 49.86
14 0.35 2.28 0.72 69.63
16 0.40 1.99 0.74 93.00
18 0.45 1.77 0.75 120.03
20 0.50 1.60 0.77 150.81
22 0.55 1.45 0.78 185.41
24 0.60 1.33 0.79 223.87
26 0.65 1.23 0.80 266.27
28 0.70 1.14 0.81 312.65
30 0.75 1.06 0.82 363.06
32 0.80 1.00 0.83 417.54
3. 4 0.85 0.94 0.84 476.15
36 0. 90 0. 89 0. 85 538.93
38 0.95 0.84 0.85 605.91
40 1.00 0.80 0.86 677.13
4.5.5.2 Minimum admissible slope for different flow rates
Other present and future flow relationships can be established, according to local conditions (input
flows). For this case, the minimum slope can be obtained from the values presented in table 4.10.
Table 4.10 - Minimum slope for different flow ratios
Minimum
Design principles Flow to full section
slope
h/D R/D ÿmin(Pa) Smin(o/oo) Vll (m/s) Qll (m3/s)
Qp/Qll
0.10 0.2136 0.1278 1.5 0.2618 1.1964 D-1 1.0559 D0.1667 0.8293 D2.1667
0.15 0.1525 1.5 1.0027 D-1 0.9666 D0.1667 0.7592 D2.1667
0.25 0.3408 0.1895 1.5 0.8069 D-1 0.8671 D0.1667 0.6811 D2.1667
0.35 0.4084 0.2175 1.5 0.7030 D-1 0.8094 D0.1667 0.6357 D2.1667
81
NB 688
4.5.6 Maximum allowable slope
The maximum allowable slope is that for which there is a velocity in the pipe equal to 5.0 m/s for a flow rate at the
end of the project plan.
4.5.7 Water depth
The height of the water depth in rainwater collectors to be considered in the sizing of circular conduits must be a
full section. Pipes should normally be sized to function as free, unpressurized conduits.
In the case of rectangular sections, the operation of the full section collectors must be as free ducts, providing for
an air cushion 0.10 m high, above the maximum level of the water sheet.
4.6 CONSTRUCTION PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN
4.6.1 Minimum installation depth
The minimum installation depth of rainwater collectors must follow the same criteria according to 2.5.1.
4.6.1.1 Minimum coverage at the key level
The minimum coverage must be 1.00 m and may be accepted, due to project requirements, up to 0.50 m. This
situation must be duly justified by the designer.
The minimum depth to the key level of the rainwater collectors must follow the same criteria according to 2.5.1.1.
4.6.1.2 Connection of home discharges
The connection of household discharges to rainwater collectors must follow the same criteria according to 2.5.1.2.
4.6.2 Maximum depth
The maximum depth of the rainwater collectors must not exceed 6.00 m, from the ground level to the lower level
of the collector support base.
4.6.3 Location of collectors
The location of the collectors of a rainwater collection and evacuation system must follow the same specifications
according to 2.5.3.
4.6.4 Supported section types
For ducts with an internal dimension of up to 1.20 m, it is recommended to use a circular section; however, if it is
convenient, this section can be used up to a diameter of 2.0 m.
For ducts with internal dimensions greater than 1.20 m, rectangular joints are the most recommended and the
square section may be preferably adopted. Care must be taken that the vertical sides of the rectangular sections
do not exceed 3.00 m.
82
NB 688
Ducts with circular sections must be single, however multiple sections can be adopted in the
case of ducts with rectangular sections. In this case, to balance the heights of the water
sheets, weirs will be placed between the sections spaced at a maximum of every 50 m.
Open pipelines will not be permitted in urban areas.
4.6.5 Location of inspection cameras
The location of the inspection chambers of the rainwater collection and evacuation system
must follow the same specifications according to 2.5.4.
The connection chamber must be installed to receive the storm drain connections.
When there is no possibility of cleaning and unclogging through the collectors and storm
drains, the installation of inspection cameras must be mandatory.
It is advisable to install inspection cameras in storm sewer networks, in addition to what was
stated above, in the following cases:
a) Change of address.
b) Change of slope.
c) Diameter change.
d) At the convergence of more than one (1) collector.
e) At collector drop points.
4.6.6 Distance between inspection elements
The distance between the inspection elements of a rainwater collection and evacuation
system must follow the same specifications according to 2.5.5.
4.6.7 Trench width dimensions
The dimensions of the trench width for the collectors of a rainwater collection and evacuation
system must follow the same specifications according to 2.5.6.
4.6.8 Trench widths for two (2) or more collectors
The trench widths for two or more collectors of a rainwater collection and evacuation system
must follow the same specifications according to 2.5.7.
4.6.9 Dimensions of the inspection chambers
The minimum internal diameter must be 1.20 m. The minimum diameter of the entrance
mouth to the inspection chamber must be 0.60 m.
4.6.10 Half round gutters
The half-round gutters of the collectors of a rainwater collection and evacuation system must
follow the same specifications according to 2.5.9.
4.6.11 Cameras with drop
The drop chambers of a rainwater collection and evacuation system must follow the same
specifications according to 2.5.10.
83
NB 688
4.6.12 Location of storm drains
Storm drains must be located before pedestrian crossings (zebra crossings), at the low points
of ditches, also at intermediate points and in any other place where the accumulation of
surface water is observed.
4.6.13 Interconnection between collector sections
The interconnection between sections of collectors must always be done by installing an

inspection chamber, according to the following conditions:
a) The dimensions of the collectors must not decrease in the downstream direction
b) When joining collectors of different diameters, the keys must maintain the same
level
c) The maximum acceptable drop in an inspection chamber must not exceed 2.5 m
d) If it is necessary to adopt a fall greater than 2.50 m in height, it will be
must study the existing energy dissipation
4.6.14 Construction stages
Aspects of construction stages for storm sewage system networks are established according
to 2.5.11.
4.6.15 Materials
The aspects regarding the different types of pipe materials for storm sewage systems are
established according to 2.5.12.
84
NB 688
CHAPTER 5 - COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS
This chapter presents the most important aspects that must be taken into account in combined
or unitary sewer systems. The parameters for the development of their design have been
defined in the previous chapters.
This system should be adopted in those localities where there are de facto situations that limit
the use of other types of systems or when it turns out to be the best alternative, taking into
account the costs of wastewater disposal. Locations with a high natural drainage density may
be appropriate for this type of system. Its adoption must require a supported technical,
economic, financial justification.
and environmental that allows it to be recommended over separate collection and evacuation
systems and that guarantees that it represents the best sanitation alternative, including the
costs associated with final disposal and eventual treatment.
A combined system may have cost advantages. However,

This should not be analyzed considering the collection and evacuation system independently,
but in conjunction with the wastewater treatment requirements, to comply with the country's
current legislation on discharges to receiving water bodies.
The design criteria and parameters for combined systems are the same as the corresponding
separate sanitary and stormwater systems. Chapters 2 and 4 contain these requirements.
The maximum and minimum values that govern the design of combined systems correspond
to those of stormwater networks.
The construction of spillways in combined systems aims to reduce the costs of conducting
flows to the final disposal or water treatment site.
residuals. These structures divert part of the flow that is assumed to be stormwater runoff to
drains that are usually natural or to temporary storage, thus alleviating the flows conducted by
interceptors or outfalls to the final disposal site.
which may be a wastewater treatment plant.
Within the design of combined water collection and evacuation systems, it is necessary to
consider the relief of flows, whose criteria must be based on the degree of dilution, the
hydrological characteristics of the area, the expected volumes of relief, the purification capacity
of the body of water receiving these volumes, the required hydraulic functionality and the
environmental effect of the relief waters.
An important aspect to consider in combined systems is the variation of combined water quality
in relation to the stormwater runoff hydrograph. The first stages of the ascending limb of the
hydrograph are normally associated with the washing of surface runoff from the drainage areas
and, therefore,
have the highest concentration of urban pollutants. In later periods of the hydrograph,
concentrations decrease. The design of flow control and relief structures must, therefore, take
considerations in relation to this aspect.
85
NB 688
5.4 DESIGN FLOW
Since, in general, the wastewater flow constitutes a small fraction of the total combined flow,
the design flow of the combined systems is equal to the stormwater flow that reaches the
collectors as runoff. However, when the wastewater flow is greater than 5% of the stormwater
flow, the sum of the wastewater and stormwater flows should be taken as the design flow. In
this case, the wastewater flow is established with the domestic, industrial, commercial,
institutional and infiltration contributions, without adding the
wrong or crossed connections.
It is necessary to review the hydraulic behavior of the collectors for the initial minimum flow
conditions.
86
NB 688
CHAPTER 6 - COMPLEMENTARY STRUCTURES FOR WATER EVACUATION SYSTEMS

WASTEWATER AND RAINWATER
This chapter establishes the definition of the different structures that complement a
waste and/or rainwater collection and evacuation system and whose purpose is to ensure
that the systems operate satisfactorily and can be properly inspected and maintained.
The wastewater and rainwater collection and evacuation systems are made up of two main
components: (1) the network of collectors and (2) additional or complementary structures.
Among the complementary structures are ditches, drains, inspection chambers, rapids with
stepped falls, channels, energy absorbers, delivery channel between the absorber and the
discharge, inverted siphons, canalization of channels and erosion control in the download.
6.3 DINS
Gutters are hydraulic structures designed to collect stormwater that drains through streets.
6.3.1 Allowable discharge
When sizing ditches, a certain safety margin must be considered in their capacity, taking into
account the functional problems that can reduce their drainage power, such as causing
material damage with excessive speeds.
6.3.2 Ditch design
The hydraulic behavior in ditches can be done with the Manning equation.
6.4 SINKS
Also called storm drains, they are hydraulic structures used to capture surface runoff that
runs down the ditches.
6.4.1 Location of sinks
The location, number and type of storm drains used must be justified.
according to the characteristics of the area, in such a way as to guarantee that the water
does not exceed them.
Drains should be located on vehicular or pedestrian paths, at road crossings and at low
intermediate points. Some criteria for its location are the following:
a) Low points and depressions

b) Reduction of longitudinal slope of streets
c) Before bridges and embankments
d) Preferably before street crossings and pedestrian crossings
e) Sediment capture
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6.4.2 Sink design
Sumps should be designed laterally or transversely to the direction of flow. The

Hydraulic calculations of sinks can be based on empirical equations obtained from laboratory
and field measurements. The designer must justify the methods and
approximations used in the estimation of flows and in the analysis of hydraulic behavior.
6.5 INSPECTION CHAMBERS
Inspection chambers, in general, are built in simple and reinforced concrete, stone and brick
masonry, prefabricated and PVC. They can be circular in section (bottom diameter must not
be less than 1.20 m with a truncated cone of 0.60 m in its upper part), or square according to
the conditions of the location.
For very large collectors the chamber must be located offset from the axis of the collector in
order to allow easier access.
The chamber covers must be made of cast iron, reinforced concrete or mixed,
according to local conditions.
6.6 DROP CHAMBERS
Fall chambers are common connection structures on steeply sloping terrain, with the aim of
avoiding speeds greater than the maximum allowable.
The drop chamber must be projected when there is a level difference greater than 0.75
m, between the bottom of the half-round and the bottom of the inlet pipe.
The inlet pipe will be joined to the bottom of the chamber with a downpipe that will be placed
outside of it. The pipe must also be extended with its original slope to the interior of the
chamber, in order to facilitate inspection and cleaning of the conduit.
The diameter of the downspout must be the same diameter as the inlet pipe, but in no case
less than 200 mm (8 inches) in the case of storm sewer systems.
If the inlet pipe has a diameter greater than 900 mm (36 in.), instead of a downcomer, a
stepped transition between the pipe and the chamber must be designed.
6.7 TRANSITIONS IN COLLECTORS
Union and transition structures must be designed when one conduit discharges to another of
a different section and in cases where such structures are justified. In the design of
transitions, head losses at joints and section changes must be taken into account.
Channel transitions under bridges or overpasses should not be permitted.
Calculation methods should be based on energy considerations, estimating the input and
output losses of the transition.
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6.8 STAGED FALL RAPIDS
The hydraulic regime must be studied in the rapids or stepped falls of the collectors in order
to estimate the maximum velocity and control it to avoid erosion. The quality of the
materials, must be adequately specified to avoid erosion in all
parts that make up the structure.
6.9 CHANNELS
Channels used to convey stormwater must be open channels.

The channel section can be of any shape. They are not permitted for collection and disposal
of wastewater. In cases where it is necessary to design a channel whose section is closed,
the free surface flow condition must be met.
Channel design, in general, should be done using the Manning formula. The value of the
roughness coefficient adopted must be justified and when the channel works by wetting
different materials, the coefficient must be calculated for each of them.
If initially the channel is going to work without lining, the tractive tension must be verified
with the design flow.
6.9.1 Lined channels
Lined channels must be designed in such a way that tributary collectors,

discharge above the maximum waters of the canal and the spillways work freely.
The maximum water speed should not exceed 5.0 m/s. If the natural slope is high, the
channels must be staggered in such a way that the kinetic energy is reduced to an acceptable
level.
6.9.2 Concrete channels with slope less than or equal to 8%
These channels must be designed maintaining a free edge of no less than 30% of the
maximum depth of the water in the channel. If at a later stage, it is going to work as a closed
duct, it must be dimensioned ensuring that the maximum tension does not exceed 90% in
relation to the total height of the duct.
In horizontal curves, the necessary superelevation in the channel slab must be provided,
duly justified. The maximum velocity must comply with that specified in the sewer design
pluvial.
6.9.3 Concrete channels with a slope greater than 8%
The section adopted must be justified, also foreseeing its possible future adaptation.
as a conduit.
6.10 ENERGY DAMPERS
6.10.1 Impact absorbers
For flows up to 5.0 m3/s, impact energy damping structures must be designed at the end of
the channels or conduits.
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6.10.2 Shock absorbers with hydraulic jump
If the flow rate exceeds 5.0 m3/s, for adequate control of the specific energy,
design shock absorbers with hydraulic jump. This hydraulic jump must be formed inside the buffer tank and the
downstream velocity must not exceed 1.5 m/s.
6.11 DELIVERY CHANNEL BETWEEN SHOCK ABSORBER AND DISCHARGE
The delivery channel between the damper and the discharge must be lined in its initial section with stone or
concrete for a length of 20 m. It must also be designed to maintain the continuity of the flow, providing for a free
edge of the order of 30% of the maximum tie rod height
of the Chanel. The angle of intersection between the channel and the stream should not be less than 45°.
The channel and the channel of the receiving stream must be protected for a distance of 50 m upstream and
downstream of the delivery.
6.12 INVERTED SIPHONS
Inverted siphons must be designed in cases where it is necessary to overcome topographical or trapping
accidents, such as obstacles, underground conduits or viaducts,
water courses through valleys, among others, that prevent the installation of collectors under normal conditions.
Inverted siphons must be made up of two or more pipes, depending on the design flow that is required to be
conveyed.
The minimum diameter for pipes that are part of an inverted trap should be 150 mm (6 in.).
6.12.2 Minimum speed
The velocity in the pipes must be greater than the self-cleaning velocity determined by the tractive tension. In
some cases, the pumping solution can be adopted when the slope is very small.
6.12.3 Cleaning system
To make cleaning easy and efficient, inspection chambers must be provided and designed.
upstream and downstream of the inverted siphon.
6.13 CHANNELS OF CHANNELS
The various factors involved in the adequate regularization of streams must be analyzed, analyzing with special
attention the following aspects:
a) Design flow of the streams must be equal to the sum of the flows produced by the basin and the tributary
areas of urban development.
b) The flow produced by the runoff of a natural basin that, due to its topographic characteristics, cannot be
developed, must be calculated with the rational formula
assuming a minimum frequency of five (5) years. In the calculation, the total area of the basin up to the point
under study must be considered.
c) The flow contributed by an urbanized area or to be urbanized must be calculated in accordance with the
general criteria for the design of a storm sewage system.
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6.14 CONTROL OF EROSION IN THE DISCHARGE
To prevent erosion of streams in places where delivery channels flow

or collectors, the bed and slopes must be protected with suitable materials for a length of 50
m.
The coated section must work with a free edge of no less than 30% of the tension
corresponding to the maximum discharge.
In areas of streams where there is a tendency or formation of meanders that could reduce
their useful area or to protect high-value areas or facilities, special coatings or protections
must be designed.
6.14.1 Alignment
Natural channels must be rectified, trying to maintain as much as possible their

natural section and alignment.
6.14.2 Slope
In channeled streams the slopes should not be greater than 4% and in order to achieve this,
fall structures provided with adequate shock absorbers must be used.
6.15 RELIEFS
Spillways are structures of the combined system mainly used to divert the flow or partial
flows that may overload the emissaries, the treatment plants or to the final disposal site.
These structures derive part of the flow that is supposed
It is rainwater runoff to drains that are usually natural or to temporary storage, thus relieving
the flows conducted by collectors, interceptors or outfalls to the final disposal site, which
may be a wastewater treatment plant.
6.15.1 Considerations for projection
The flow derived by the spillway is a fraction of the flow composed of wastewater and
stormwater, where sanitary and stormwater waste are mixed, in such a way that the average
concentration of the wastewater is diluted.
Spillways can be ordinary, lateral, transverse and bottom. Its location must depend on the
configuration of the terrain and the possibility of diverting flows.
to the receiving body of water without causing flooding problems in surrounding areas.
These structures are usually contained in conventional manholes. The spillway can be
single or double, depending on the length of spillway required.
6.15.2 Basic studies
Existing wastewater and rainwater collection and evacuation systems must be studied,
which usually generates the possibility of having a combined system. The hydrological
characteristics of the locality must be established, particularly the possible water courses
receiving the relief volumes.
The hydraulic, hydrological and water quality characteristics of the receiving watercourse
must be determined in order to establish the relieved volumes. It is necessary
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consider the integral behavior of the collection, evacuation and relief networks, together with the treatment of
wastewater and the environmental response of the receiving water bodies.
6.15.3 Design parameters
The parameters to be taken into account for the sizing of the spillways are:
6.15.3.1 Relief flow
The relief flow corresponds to the average daily flow of wastewater that reaches the structure multiplied by the
dilution factor, which must be greater than 1. The dilution factor is the relationship between the flow rate at which
the spillway begins to divert water and wastewater flow. This factor depends on the size of the collector, its location
within the urban perimeter, the magnitude of the flow in the watercourse or the temporary storage volume in a
receiving body of water and the impact that the relieved volumes may generate on it.
Low values of this factor correspond to secondary collectors that relieve water courses with low flow, while high
values correspond to interceptors or final outfalls that discharge to a channel with high flow. Necessarily, a spillway
cannot
divert undiluted wastewater.
6.15.3.2 Frequency of reliefs
The frequency of precipitation events must be characterized, in this way the expected number of times per year
that the spillway would operate must be established. The appropriate number must be related to the design return
period of the network collectors. The longer the return period, the lower the annual frequency of spillway operation
should be.
6.15.3.3 Expected relief volumes
The relief volumes are determined from the analysis of the characteristics of precipitation events that may generate
rainfall runoff in the area. The relief volume is a function of the generated hydrograph and the relief characteristics
of the structure.
To take the above into account, a runoff module can be used whose value depends on the climatological and
physical characteristics of the locality. The values are between 10 and 20 L/s/ha of direct runoff.
6.15.3.4 Capacity of the receiving course or body of water to assimilate pollutant loads and volumes of
relief water
Each relief structure that is planned must take into account its own effect on the receiving waters, as well as the
cumulative effect upstream. The receiving stream or body of water must be characterized hydraulically,
hydrologically and environmentally to establish its assimilation and purification conditions.
6.15.3.5 Hydraulic behavior
From the hydraulic point of view, the design parameters correspond, in the case of a lateral weir, to the depth
before the structure, flow regime and length
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of landfill and if it has a screen to increase its capacity, its height. In the
Transverse spillways are interested in the depth of the approach flow, the height of the
weir and the dimensions of the outlet collector.
6.15.4 Calculation methods
The flow in a lateral weir corresponds to spatially varied flow, based on the
analysis of conservation of momentum or energy between two sections located upstream and
downstream of the spillway and in the relationship between the relief flow and the length of
the spillway.
It must be taken into account that the spillway discharge is free, because the space between
the crest of the spillway and the water level of the collector carrying the relieved rainwater
must be at least 0.05 m.
In transverse spillways, the relief water spillway must be placed perpendicular to the direction
of flow and the collector with the non-relieved waters must be diverted by
bottom openings.
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CHAPTER 7 - PUMPING STATIONS
7 OBJECT AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This chapter establishes the minimum requirements and basic conditions that must be met by
pumping stations built in any of the stages of a wastewater and rainwater collection and
evacuation system.
The provisions set forth in this chapter must be followed for any size system, unless otherwise
indicated.
Wastewater or stormwater pumping stations are necessary to lift or transport wastewater in the
sewer network when final disposal of gravity flow
it is no longer possible.
NOTE
See also the Technical Regulations for the Design of Pumping Stations.
7.1.1 Location
The definition of selecting the location of the suitable site for the pumping station,
It must be a consequence of a decision taking into account the following factors:
a) Site conditions
b) Land drainage
c) Lower geometric level (average height) between the suction point and pumping point
d) Shortest route of the pumping pipe
e) Access levels higher than the maximum flood levels, or otherwise, with the possibility of
adequate protection
f) Geotechnical stability of the terrain
g) Uninterrupted accessibility, despite flooding or other difficulties, unless
via practical means of transportation, unless in such situations the station is permitted to
be taken out of service
h) Dimensions of the land sufficient to satisfy current and future needs
i) Facility of adequate energy supply and availability of other services (drinking water,
telephones, etc.)
j) Ease of discharge of waste or rainwater in eventual conditions and interruption of pumping
k) Minimum interference reconditioning

l) Less earth movement
m) Integration of the work with the surrounding landscape
n) Ownership and ease of acquisition of the land
o) Odor management
p) Feasibility of acquiring properties or land
7.1.2 Other considerations
Other considerations that should be taken into account before carrying out the design
are:
a)Topographic studies
b) Geotechnical conditions
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c) Energy availability
d) Quality of the water to be pumped
7.2.1 Design period
The following project period factors should be considered:
a) Useful life of facilities and equipment, and the speed with which they become obsolete.
b)More or less difficulty in expanding the facilities.
c) Future population: growth characteristics.
d)Interest rates and amortization of financing.
e) Economic level of the population served.
f) Facilities or difficulties in obtaining financing.
g) Operation of the facility in the first years.
The design period must be determined according to table 2.1.
Estimating useful life values is difficult to evaluate, due to the various factors involved.
7.2.2 Design flow
In general, the average daily flow, the minimum and maximum daily flows, and the maximum
hourly flow are considered for a wastewater pumping station. For both wastewater and
stormwater, the following factors must be taken into account:
a)Flow at the end of the design period

b)Minimum flow at the end of the design period
c)Maximum flow at the end of each stage of the design period
d)Minimum flow at the end of each stage of the design period
e) Maximum flow at the beginning of station operation
f) Minimum flow at the beginning of station operation
7.2.3 Tributary collector, interceptor or outfall
It is necessary to consider the physical characteristics of the collector, interceptor or outfall

tributary to the pumping station. Some of these are:
a) Shape of the section, material and dimensions of the section

b) Floor level of the conduit at the entry point to the pumping station
c) Floor level of the duct at the exit of the last connecting structure
d) Maximum water level at the entrance to the pumping station
e) Geometric difference between the suction and discharge levels
The magnitude and variations of the flow rates and the unevenness that must be overcome
allow the type of pump to be determined. Flow variations over time help determine the
stages of the project and the type of installation. For small pumping stations, simplified
installations with automation should be adopted based on the
levels in the suction well. The following aspects must be taken into account:
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a)Characteristics of the influent wastewater

b) Type of energy available
c) Required and available spaces
d) Planned form of operation
e) Variation in the maximum and minimum levels in suction and discharge, as well as the
variation in flow rates
f) Periods of operation
g) Compatibility with existing equipment
7.3.1 Suction wells
The suction well, also called sump or wet well, is the compartment intended to receive and
accumulate wastewater for a certain period. Its adequate sizing and the use of level controls
allow the correct management of influent waters. The useful volume of the suction well must
be determined considering:
a) Time interval between successive starts of the pump motor (cycle time)
b) Pumping flow
7.3.2 Control of solid sizes
Solids in the influent wastewater, which may impair the operation of the
pumps, must be removed before the water reaches the suction well, using cleaning grates,
or using pumps with grinders.
7.3.3 Power of pumps and motors
The required power of the pumps must be calculated for the maximum flow rate and dynamic
head, taking into account their efficiency. To estimate the losses of
load, the Darcy-Weisbach or Hazen-Williams formulas, among others, can be used, including
friction losses and losses due to joining and control accessories; In each case its use must
be justified. Several operating scenarios must be analyzed.
pumps and establish the hydraulic behavior through the system curves and the characteristic
curves of the pumps. Finally, for all anticipated flow rates, cavitation must be verified. To
verify cavitation, it is necessary to determine the Height
Positive Suction Liquid (NPSH) available in the system (NPSHd) and compare it with the
NPSH required by the pump (NPSHr ) for the pumping flow. For there to be no cavitation,
the NPSHd must be greater than the NPSHr .
7.3.4 Water hammer
The effect of water hammer caused by interruptions in power and consequent interruption of
flow must be taken into account. The over-elevation of
pressures, subpressures and wave speeds. The analysis must be done for the maximum
flow in the different forms of operation.
The necessary mechanisms and accessories must be available to mitigate the effects of this
phenomenon, such as pressure reducing valves and spillways.
7.3.5 Valves and accessories
They must be installed in accessible places for their operation, with clear indications of
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open or closed position to enable assembly and disassembly. In case of manual operation, the
tangential force to be applied must not exceed 200 N. If this cannot be achieved, a mechanized
operation must be provided. The service pressures must be compatible with the maximum
anticipated pressures. The types of valves mainly used are: check, gate.
7.4 TYPES OF PUMPING STATIONS
Pumping stations are classified in various ways and the most common criteria
are:
a) Capacity (m3/s, m3/h, L/s)

b) Energy source (electricity, diesel)
c) Construction method (conventional, precast)
d) Manometric height
e) Specific function
According to their capacity, pumping stations are classified into:
a) Small: less than 50 L/s

b) Averages: 50 L/s to 500 L/s
c) Large: greater than 500 L/s
And according to your load, in:
a) Lows: less than 10 m.

b) Averages: 10 m to 20 m.
c) High: greater than 20 m.
The choice of the type of pump should basically depend on the following factors: location, pump
capacity, number, type and size of the pump, structural project, architectural project and aesthetic
aspects.
The type of pump can also be defined by the area available for its construction.
The types of elevators are classified according to the pumps to be used:
a) Pumps with pneumatic ejectors

b) Centrifugal pumps
c) Helical pumps
According to their position and installation of the lifting assemblies, conventional pumps can be
classified into:
a) Dry well
• horizontal axis motor-pump assembly

• motor-extended shaft pump-non-submerged pump assembly
• motor-vertical axis pump-non-submerged pump assembly
• motor-horizontal axis pump-self-tilting pump assembly
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b) Wet well
• vertical extended shaft-submerged pump assembly

• motor-submerged pump assembly
7.5. SELECTION OF PUMPING EQUIPMENT AND PIPES
The determining hydraulic conditions for selecting pumping equipment and pipes are:
a) Pumping flow
b) Manometric head of the pump
c) Number of motor-pump assemblies
d) Speeds of the suction and delivery pipes
The pumps must cover the daily variations of the influent wastewater by means of a
adequate pumping rate.
The manometric head must be estimated to choose the pump considering the levels from the
suction well at the bottom level of the tributary conduit and the minimum outlet level at the
effluent conduit.
The determination of the number of motor-pump assemblies is a function of the flow rates and
their variations, the equipment available on the market, and an economic analysis, considering
the costs of the civil works and equipment to be acquired, including the operation and system
maintenance. There is no rule to define the number of
pumps to be installed in a pumping station.
The sizing of pipes and pumps must be prepared taking into account the following criteria:
a) Limit velocities of the suction pipe
• Minimum speed 0.6 m/s

• Maximum speed 1.5 m/s
• Recommended speed 1.0 m/s
b) Limit speeds of the discharge pipe
• Minimum speed 0.6 m/s

• Maximum speed • 2.5m/s
Recommended speed 1.5 m/s
c) Technical-economic comparison.
A cost comparison must be made, considering the following:
• Cost of acquisition and installation of pipes and accessories.

• Cost of motor-pump assemblies.
• Operation and maintenance costs and energy consumption.
d) Variations in pumping flows and project stages.
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Emergency generator sets, manually or automated, must be installed in places where there is
frequent interruption of electrical power.
7.6 DETERMINATION OF COMPLEMENTARY UNITS
The influent wastewater, before entering the pumping station, must pass
by a structure with three (3) purposes:
a) Serve as a visiting camera for inspection

b) Allow the installation of gates to isolate the pumping station and serve as
bypass
c) Include a landfill that diverts wastewater from the station to a receiving course
suitable next discharge, when the need exists
A diversion structure must be provided through an upstream gate, which must be used during
maintenance.
Small capacity pumping stations may omit the aforementioned structure.
Elements such as diverters and gates must be suitably adapted to the suction well. At these
stations, the tributary collector directly discharges the water
residual in the suction well.
In large pumping stations, the gate drive must be mechanized.
In pumping stations, whose operating levels (floors), due to particular conditions, are below
the flood levels, the blocking gate must be automated and regulated to close based on the
“maximum maximorum” level reached by the water. residual in the suction well or on occasions
of power outage, which causes the immediate paralysis of the motor-pump assemblies that
are in operation.
The following complementary units must be taken into account:
a) Wastewater measurement system

b) Tributary channels
c) Screening facilities (grids)
7.7 FACILITIES
The size of the pumping stations should be a function of the size of the system. The station
facilities must be dimensioned in a manner consistent with the defined level and with
the particularities and specific needs of each case. The characteristics adopted
of the following pumping station installations must be justified:
a) Pump room
b) Measurement and control
c) Control room
d) Accessories and ladders
e) Lighting
f) Signage
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g) Ventilation
h) Fire protection
i) Mobilization equipment
j) Floor drainage
k)Hydraulic and sanitary installations
l) Acoustic insulation
7.8 OTHER DESIGNS AND SPECIFICATIONS
Electrical, mechanical, geotechnical and structural designs must be based on the provisions
and regulations in force in the country. The designer must take into account the corresponding
regulations in each case and adequately support his designs.
7.9 IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS
To start up the pumping station, the following tasks must be performed:
a) Preliminary inspections
b) Preliminary tests
c) Hydrostatic test of the suction well
d)Verification of the behavior of pumps and motors
e)Verification of the operation of the control devices
7.10 ASPECTS OF THE OPERATION
During the operation of the station, the following provisions must be followed:
a) The operation of pumps can be automatic or manual, using level sensors in the suction
and discharge wells, in such a way that the pumps are turned off in case low water levels
prevent the normal operation of the pumping system. and turn on when the suction well
levels indicate that they are close to the maximum allowed
b) Measuring and control devices must provide visual and audible indications of
a potentially dangerous situation
c) Adequate elements and systems must be available for cleaning the station.
pumping
d) Individual ignition systems must be available for each pumping unit.
7.11 MAINTENANCE ASPECTS
A routine program of inspection, maintenance and maintenance work must be defined.

repair, establishing a series of daily, monthly and annual activities, as well as the actions to
be taken for the acquisition of spare parts and for the provision of service in case of possible
failures in the station. All of the above must be contained in an operating manual. If the
conditions of service warrant it, it must be updated periodically.
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CHAPTER 8 - OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL
This chapter establishes everything related to the operation, maintenance and control that
must be done in a wastewater and/or rainwater collection and evacuation system, along with
its complementary structures.
8.2 COMPETITION
The operation, maintenance, repair, control and monitoring of a wastewater or rainwater

collection and evacuation system must be the responsibility of the entity providing this service
in the case of conventional systems. Therefore, it must have personnel, infrastructure,
equipment, materials and other supplies that allow it to fulfill its responsibility. For non-
conventional systems, operation and maintenance will depend on the type of system
management.
8.3 IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS
In order to establish the adequate waterproof conditions of the collectors

there are infiltration, exfiltration and air tightness tests in sections of collectors
and in inspection chambers.
8.3.1 Infiltration test
This test is appropriate when the water table is above the collector key, ideally 1.0 m or more.
The section is isolated upstream and the infiltrated water flow is measured.
below. The acceptance criterion is represented by a range of infiltration values
which should be between 10 and 20 liters per millimeter of diameter, per kilometer of length of
collector and per day.
The tightness must also be verified in the inspection chambers or structures of

Connection. For this, the inspection chamber must be isolated from the tributary collectors and
effluent and the increase in water level within it is recorded. The maximum infiltration should
be 5 liters per hour per meter of chamber diameter and per meter of water load.
The collectors and chambers to be tested must be chosen randomly but verifying
that can be correctly isolated and their number must be the minimum to have representative
information, which is a function of the total length of the sewer network built.
8.3.2 Exfiltration test
If the water table is low, impermeability must be established by isolating the section, filling it
with water to a predetermined level and establishing its rate of decline over a reasonable period
of time. A similar procedure should be followed for inspection cameras. The acceptance criteria
are the same as those for infiltration.
8.3.3 Air tightness test
As an alternative to infiltration and exfiltration tests, tests should be implemented

hermeticity with air at low pressure or negative pressure, complying with specialized technical
standards.
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8.4 MAINTENANCE ASPECTS
Mandatory and periodically required, there must be preventive and corrective maintenance
programs for collectors, connecting structures and other elements of a wastewater or
rainwater collection and evacuation system.
Preventive maintenance must be the result of a system inspection program that allows
potentially critical points to be detected in advance.
According to the level of service reliability, independent of the size of the system,
Maintenance must follow the following requirements:
a) There must be a preventive maintenance program

b) Maintenance tasks should preferably be preventive (at least
once a year after the rainy period)
c) Maintenance work on all electromechanical equipment should preferably be
preventive
d) Cleaning networks using special equipment must be part of preventive maintenance plans.
Specific cases specific to the locality can increase inspection frequencies,

for which the maintenance manual must be strict.
In the case of non-conventional wastewater sewers, the frequency of inspections should be

increased to at least six months with availability of cleaning equipment such as rotoprobes
and pressure.
Maintenance in wastewater sewer systems should concentrate on the main collectors and
chambers, and within the latter in the chambers prior to special structures such as siphons
and relief structures.
In the case of storm sewers, it is necessary to clean the sand traps located at the foot of
steep slopes that constitute the beginnings of drainage collectors, after heavy downpours,
and establish the evacuation of sludge from incorrect sanitary connections.
Drainage channels must have access ramps for equipment such as loaders and dump
trucks. In these sections the channels must be lined. To maintain natural drainage channels
that receive urban stormwater runoff, it must be carried out with a dredge.
Final outfalls may require permanent dredging, as well as cleanup.

permanent in the case of spillways, which must be explicit in the maintenance manual.
The planting of trees with potential damage to collectors should be restricted to a distance
greater than 2 m.
8.5 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Flow measurements in the network of wastewater and rainwater collectors constitute one of
the most important elements for monitoring the behavior of the system, which is necessary
to know to correct any anomalies that may occur.
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present, to keep track of discharges and to contribute to a better estimation of the different parameters used in the
designs. These measurements must be made not only in terms of quantity but also quality of the water. For this, the
most appropriate measurement methods must be established for the particular system based on the available
technology and the economic capacity of the population.
Regarding water quality measurements, these must be governed by the requirements of current regulations on
discharges and discharges for the disposal of wastewater.
8.6 GAS CONTROL
Odors and gases from sanitary systems must be controlled by proper design, provision of ventilation and air relief,
and other methods.
Sulfides, volatile organic compounds and other odor problems usually develop in collector networks, especially in
warm climates, where flow rates are low and with long conduction times and where contact with air is
reduced and intermittent. The correct thing is to design systems where gas production is minimized by appropriately
selecting slopes and diameters, and establishing turbulence generation points for flow aeration. Likewise, it is
necessary
establish the need for location of ventilation chimneys.
Mechanical ventilation with aerators must always be provided every time workers enter for inspection and
maintenance, who must comply with the corresponding industrial safety standards.
8.7 CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL DISCHARGE
The entity providing the wastewater collection and evacuation service must grant the corresponding permits for
industrial water discharges and must establish control and monitoring measures for the corresponding discharges
based on current regulations.
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CHAPTER 9 - STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPES
9.1 PURPOSE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This chapter establishes everything related to the basic criteria and minimum design
requirements on the structural requirements of the different types of rigid and flexible pipes
for sewage systems, in order to guarantee their safety.
durability, functionality, quality, efficiency and sustainability.
This Chapter includes the following activities that are part of the structural aspects:
• Types of sewer pipe materials

• Effects of external loads
• Pipe design for sewage systems
Pipes for the construction of sewage systems are manufactured from different materials in
accordance with national and recognized product specifications.
internationally.
Normally accepted materials for sewage systems are those presented in table 9.1.
Table 9.1 - Types of pipes and materials accepted for sewage
Pipe Type Accepted materials
reinforced concrete pipe

simple concrete pipe
rigid pipe Cast iron pipe (*)
Ductile iron pipe
Steel pipe
Thermoplastic pipe
- Polyethylene (PE)
- High density polyethylene
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Flexible pipe - Simple and composite ABS
- Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
Thermo-stable plastic pipe
- Fiberglass (reinforced thermostable resin) RTR
- RPM reinforced plastic mortar
(*) Material replaced by ductile cast iron pipes.
The use of new materials and systems for the construction of sewers must comply with
technical standards.
The factors that must be considered in the evaluation and selection of the materials to be
used in the construction of sewers are the type of use and quality of the water, the runoff and
abrasion conditions, the installation requirements, the corrosion conditions, the requirements
of flow, infiltration and exfiltration requirements, characteristics
104
NB 688
of the product, cost effectiveness, physical properties, product availability on site and
handling requirements.
9.3 MATERIALS FOR PIPES IN SEWER SYSTEMS
The materials and corresponding standards are those presented in table 9.2 for rigid pipes
and in table 9.3 for flexible pipes. The quality must conform to
the minimum requirements provided for in the technical standards.
NOTE
Those pipes manufactured in the country or imported that are not supported by an NB, must guarantee their quality through
the Certificate of Conformity, issued by a verification laboratory (independent testing laboratory
accredited by a competent body).
Table 9.2 - Types of rigid sewer pipes
Material of the Rule International Technical Standards

pipeline Bolivian (selection at the discretion of the manufacturer)
ANSI/ASTM C 76
ANSI/ASTM C 506
ANSI/ASTM C655
ANSI/ASTM C 507
Reinforced concrete NB 687 ANSI/ASTM C 361
ANSI/ASTM C 443
ANSI/ASTM C 877
simple concrete NB 686 ANSI/ASTM C 14
ASTM A 74-72
cast iron ANSI A 21.6 (AWWA C106)
ASTM C644
ANSI A 21.4 (AWWA

C104)
ASTM A746
NB 645 ANSI A 21.5 (AWWA
ISO 4633
Ductile iron C105)
ANSI/AWWA C110
ASTM A 475 AASHTO M-36

Steel ASTM A760 AASHTO M-245
ASTM A762
105
NB 688
Table 9.3 - Types of flexible sewer pipes
Material of the Rule International Technical Standards (selection

Pipeline Bolivian at the discretion of the manufacturer)
Thermos - plastic
ASTM D 2239
Polyethylene NB 646 ASTM D3035
ASTM D 3261
ASTM F1248 ASTM F714

ASTM D 2122 ASTM F894
high polyethylene
NB 707 ASTM D 2412
Density
NB 708 ASTM D 2444
ASTM D3035
NB 888 ASTM D 1784 ASTM F545

NB 1069 ASTM D 2122 ASTM F679
NB 1070 (*) ASTM D 2412 ASTM F949
NB 707 ASTM D 2444 ANSI/ASTM D 2680
Polyvinylchloride
NB 708 ANSI/ASTM D 2564 ISO 4435
(PVC)
ANSI/ASTM D 3033
ANSI/ASTM D 3034(*)
ANSI/ASTM D 3212
ANSI/ASTM F477
Simple and compound ANSI/ASTM D 2680 ANSI/ASTM D 3212

acrylonitrile-butadiene- ANSI/ASTM D 2235 ANSI/ASTM F477
styrene (ABS) ANSI/ASTM D 2751 ASTM F545
Thermo-stable plastic
Fiberglass (reinforced ASTM D 2996 ASTM D2310

thermostable resin) ANSI/ASTM D 2997 ASTM D3754
(RTR) ASTM D 3262
Reinforced plastic mortar ANSI/ASTM D 3262 ASTM D 3754

(RPM)
(*) The Bolivian Standard NB 1070 and the international standard ASTM D 3034 establish the requirements and test methods
that PVC pipes and accessories must meet for the collection and evacuation of wastewater and rainwater.
NOTE
Pipes made of materials other than those included in tables 9.2 and 9.3 may be used, as long as it is demonstrated analytically
and experimentally through use in pilot projects that the new material for manufacturing sewer pipes meets the same
performance criteria established by the this Chapter, depending on whether they are rigid or flexible pipes.
9.4 PIPE JOINTS
In the design and construction of any sanitary sewer system, regardless of the type of pipe
specified, reliable pipe joints must be used,
impervious to infiltration and exfiltration, resistant to roots, flexible, durable
and safe.
The types of unions that can be used and some standards to which they refer are presented
in table 9.4.
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NB 688
Table 9.4 - Types of pipe joints
Union Type Standards of reference
ASTM C 443-94
Joints with Packing
ASTM C 505-95
Bituminous joints
Joints with cement mortar
NB 888
Joints based on elastomeric sealing compounds
NB 1069
NB 1070
Solvent-based cementitious joints ASTM D402
Heating fusion joints
Joints with putty or epoxy

ASTM C877
Joints with sealing bands
ASTM 990-96
NOTE
Every sewage system and especially the joints, joints, accessories and devices must undergo infiltration and exfiltration tests.
9.5 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
9.5.1 Generalities
The structural design of a sanitary sewer requires that the resistance of the installed pipe,
divided by a determined safety factor, must equal or exceed the concentrated and uniformly
distributed surface loads on it, due to the combination of the
soil weight (dead load) and any dynamic live load (originated by vehicles, or static (due to
accumulation of materials), on the ground.
It is required to know:
a) The maximum probable loads b)

The resistance of the pipe
c) The capacity of the terrain
d) The type of support that ensures the stability of the structure
e) An appropriate safety factor to be added to the strength of the sewer
The basic considerations for the design of rigid and flexible pipes are presented, for the
basic installation conditions, which are, in a trench in natural terrain and in a fill. The case of
flexible pipes of intermediate stiffness is not considered. For these special cases, the
The designer must rely on analysis methods that consider the soil-structure interaction or on
approximate methods making conservative considerations in the design.
The evaluation of the effects of external loads, whether the self-weight of the ground or live,
dynamic and static loads, must be carried out in accordance with accepted methodologies,
depending on the type of installation in a trench or in fill, and according to whether it is rigid
or flexible pipe. The load combination that is most suitable should be used.
critical in each particular case of analysis, using the stress design method
107
NB 688
and/or admissible deformations. Alternative design methods, such as the strength design
method, should be used if clearly justified by the designer and
Deformation and deflection conditions are verified when they control the design.
For the purposes of calculating the external load on the pipe, the cases of rigid pipes and
flexible pipes must be differentiated.
For the purposes of this chapter, a flexible pipe is defined as one whose section
transverse may deform or deflect by at least 7.5% of the diameter without showing
signs of overstressing, cracking or similar, so that the pipe derives part of its load capacity
from the passive pressure of the soil, on the sides of the pipe.
9.5.2 Safety factors in design and limit behavior
For the structural design of sanitary pipes, the conditions of

most severe limiting behavior for the material in relation to the proposed use or service or the
limiting design application. The limit behavior can be established in terms of resistances,
stresses, deformations, limit displacements, depending on the characteristics of the material
under consideration. The designer must select the safety factor that should be applied to the
maximum limit behavior identified for
calculate design values or performance values in service or admissible.
The safety factors selected in the design should relate to expected conditions at the
construction site, the mode or type of failure of the construction material, and the potential
cost of a system failure. The safety factor should not cover poor construction practices or poor
technical inspection.
The values of behavior in service or admissible defined with the factors of

Limit behavior and safety factors must be compared with the conditions corresponding to the
acting external forces.
9.5.3 Rigid pipes
The design performance limits for rigid sewer pipes are generally expressed in terms of
strength under load. Strength under service loads can be determined by two alternative
methods: Analytically or by testing.
The limiting behavior for rigid pipes determined by testing is based on the three-support
strength test (three-knife method), see ASTM C 497 standards for concrete and reinforced
concrete pipes.
The structural design of rigid sewer piping systems should be based on the strength of the
installed product. Reinforced concrete pipes manufactured on site can be designed based on
the design strength analysis method in terms of the bending, shear and axial effects produced
by the acting loads.
For prefabricated rigid pipes, the design strength must be determined from the three-
support strength test. For the design, the following relationship must be met:
Breakage load 3 supports x Load factor
Maximum acting load £
' F.S.
öf
æk= tan 45 - ÷
ç
÷
ç
2
÷
ç
and either
108
NB 688
The minimum safety factors to be used in the design should be 1.0 when designing for loads that produce a
crack of 0.3 mm (reinforced concrete) and 1.5
when designed for the ultimate strength of the element (plain concrete).
The support factor for pipes in trenches or in fills is defined as the relationship between
the resistance of a given pipe under certain loading and support conditions and its resistance measured by the
three-support resistance test.
a) Soil weight loads on rigid pipes
Loads on rigid pipes caused by the self-weight of the soil can be calculated by considering the weight of the soil
prism directly above the pipe, plus or minus the frictional shear forces transferred to this prism by adjacent soils.
The following assumptions are made for the calculation:
• The calculated load is the load that must be developed once the events have occurred.
latest settlements
• Rankine theory must be used to calculate the magnitudes of the pressures
laterals that induce shear forces between the soil immediately above the pipe and the adjacent soil
• Cohesion is negligible except in tunnel conditions
b) Trench installation conditions for rigid pipes
The load on rigid pipes under trench installation conditions must be calculated with the following formula:
2
Wd Cd r Bd = ÿ
where:
Wd Dead load of soil on the pipe, in N/m

CD Dimensionless load coefficient
ÿr Unit weight of filling material, in N/m3
bd Width of the trench at the top of the pipe, in m
The dimensionless load coefficient Cd is given according to the following formula:
-mH 2k'
bd
1e
-
c d
=
2k' m
where:

and
Base of natural logarithm, 2.71828
k Rankine ratio of unit lateral pressure to unit vertical pressure
dimensionless
µ' Coefficient of friction between the backfill material and the trench walls
dimensionless
h Height of fill above top of pipe, in m
109
NB 688
where:
F Angle of internal friction between the fill material and the soil, sexagesimal degree
µ' is calculated as tan f´.
In the absence of better data, the following values of kµ' should be used depending on the type
floor:
0.1924 cohesionless granular materials

0.1650 maximum for sand and gravel
0.1500 maximum for saturated surface soils
0.1300 maximum for ordinary clays
kµ'kµ'kµ'kµ'kµ'
0.1100 maximum for saturated clays
9.5.3.1 Pipes in trench
The support factor for pipes in trenches depends on the type of support provided to the pipe.
Four (4) classes of support structures must be considered, whose specifications

Details are defined in the corresponding ANSI and ASTM standards.
Table 9.5 defines the support factor for the different established support structures
for trench installations.
Table 9.5 - Load factor for different support or support structures
Class Type of supporting or supporting structure Load factor (Fc)

•
concrete support
- Simple concrete with slightly compacted fill 2.2

- Plain concrete with carefully compacted fill 2.8
- Reinforced concrete with amount ÿ = 0.40% 3.4
TO - Reinforced concrete with amount ÿ = 1.00% 4.8
•
concrete arch
- Simple concrete 2.8
B • Compacted granular support bed 1.9
C • Granular support bed 1.5
D • Flat foundation with loose fill 1.1
NOTE
The use of support factors different from the previous ones is possible, as long as the designer clearly justifies
the proposed value and present the corresponding technical support, in written form.
9.5.3.2 Pipes in landfills
In the case of rigid pipes placed in fills, the designer can include the active pressure of the soil
against the walls of the rigid pipes, as an additional factor of resistance to vertical loads.
However, it should be considered that over time, these pressures normally reach the resting
condition of the soil. For conduits with negative or positive projection and for backfill conditions
with induced trench, the
110
NB 688
Distribution and magnitude of lateral pressures are different from each other and these can control
the structural design of the sewer pipe.
9.5.3.3 Pipes in fills or trenches with positive projection
The support factor for rigid pipes installed in fills or in wide trenches depends on the support bed in
which the pipe is placed, the magnitude of the active lateral soil pressure against the walls of the
pipe, and the area of the pipe. on which active lateral pressure is effective. Four (4) classes of
support structures must be considered, whose detailed specifications are defined in the standards
corresponding.
For rigid pipes in positive projection, the support factor, Lf , is calculated according to the following
equation:
F
l F
= F
-
where: N xq
Lf Support factor for dimensionless rigid pipes

Fff Dimensionless Pipe Form Factor
N Parameter function of dimensionless support class
x Parameter that depends on the area on which the lateral pressure acts
dimensionless
q Relationship between the total lateral pressure and the total vertical load on the pipe
dimensionless
The pipe form factor, Ff , is calculated according to Table 9.6. The parameter N is calculated
according to table 9.7 and “x” is calculated according to table 9.8.
Table 9.6 - Ff values for circular, elliptical and arc tubes
tube shape Fff
Circular 1,431
Elliptical
- Horizontal elliptical and arc 1,337
- Vertical elliptical 1,021
Table 9.7 - N values
N value
tube shape
Support class
circular tube Horizontal Vertical
elliptical tube elliptical tube
A (reinforced concrete support) 0.421 to 0.505 - -
A (simple concrete support) 0.505 to 0.636 - -

b 0.707 0.630 0.516
c 0.840 0.763 0.615
d 1.310 - -
NOTE
Support classes A, B, C and D for infilled pipes with positive projection must be consulted in the corresponding technical
standards.
111
NB 688
Table 9.8 - Values of x
x
Bed of the
Portion of tube Pipeline Pipe bed other than Type A
subject to lateral Type A
pressure
Tube elliptical tube elliptical tube
(m)
circular circular tube horizontal vertical
0.00 0.150 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.30 0.743 0.217 0.146 0.238
0.50 0.856 0.423 0.268 0.457
0.70 0.811 0.594 0.369 0.639
0.90 0.678 0.655 0.421 0.718
1.00 0.638 0.638 - -
The value of “q” is calculated with the following equation:
ö mk H m
æ
q =
÷
ç
ç
+ç ÷
CDc 2
ç
and
and
÷
either
where:
q Relationship between the total lateral pressure and the total vertical load on the
dimensionless pipe
m Fraction of the sewer pipe diameter over which the lateral pressure is dimensionless
effective
k Rankine ratio of unit lateral pressure to unit vertical pressure
dimensionless
DC Dimensionless load coefficientCC coefficient values
h Height of fill above top of pipe, in m
Of External diameter of the pipe, in m
An average value of k = 0.33 is used when precise information is not available.
The loading coefficient, Cc , is calculated according to Figure 9.1.
112
NB 688
10
Incomplete trench condition

complete
trench
8
Kµ =0.13 -1.0
Condition 0.5
-
7
,3
-0
condition
Incomple
projectio 6
-0.1
+0.1
seulea/D
Hv
5 +0.3
+0.5
+1.0
4
+2.0
Full projection condition

3
Kµ =0.19
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cc coefficient values
Figure 9.1 - Load coefficient for rigid pipes under installation conditions in
fills with positive projection
ÿ is the projection relation defined for Figure 9.1.
9.5.3.4 Pipes with negative projection
For rigid pipes in fills with negative projection, the same support factors indicated for support
classes A, B, C and D, defined for pipes, can be used.
rigid in trench (see table 9.5).
For the cases of rigid pipes in fills with negative projection in which the perimeter soil is
adequately compacted and lateral support against the pipe can be guaranteed, the equations of
“Lf ” and “q” can be used, according to 9.5.3.3 using a value of “k” equal to 0.15 to estimate the
lateral pressures on the pipe.
9.5.3.5 Pipes in fills under induced trench conditions
For cases of rigid pipes in backfills under induced trench conditions, the support factors are
calculated using the Lf and q equations in accordance with 9.5.3.3.
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NB 688
9.5.4 Flexible pipes
9.5.4.1 General
The limiting behaviors that must be considered for the structural design of flexible pipes are:
Excessive deflection, collapse, buckling, cracking or lamination.
The behavior of the pipe must be regulated by its deflection, and the
deflection that is considered allowable depends on the physical properties of the material
used and the limitations imposed by the project.
The designer must consult the manufacturers of the different types of pipe who must specify the
allowable deflections, critical collapse and buckling forces.
in the walls of the tubes they manufacture, values that depend on the restrictive effects of the soil
structure around the tube and the properties of the tube wall and the stresses or deformations that
produce cracking, fissuring, lamination and
in general any effect that changes the appearance and behavior of the material with respect to the
original situation.
Likewise, the manufacturer must provide information regarding long-term deflections.

deadline for different installation conditions, so that the designer verifies
that the pipe to be installed does not present problems due to this factor.
a) Soil weight loads on flexible pipes
To calculate the external loads on flexible pipes, the case of

analysis in one of the following:
a) Flexible pipe buried in a narrow trench: Bd < 2De
2 ÿ
d ÿ
WCB=ÿ
ddrd
ÿ
and
ÿ
where:
ÿ
bd ÿ
ÿ ÿ
Wd Dead load of soil on the pipe, in N/m

ÿr Unit weight of filling material, in N/m3
Of External diameter of the pipe, in m
The load coefficient Cd is based on H/Bd, and in fills it is calculated as established according to
9.5.3.
b) Flexible pipe buried in a wide trench: Bd > 2De
2
Wd Cc r De = ÿ
where:
DC Load coefficient, dimensionless
Cc depends on the conditions of the embankment and is a function of the properties of the soils.
Cc = H/De for flexible pipes when considering only initial deflections.
114
NB 688
The load coefficient for flexible pipes Cc is calculated as established in accordance with 9.5.3.3.
9.5.4.2 Design of ductile iron pipes
The design of ductile iron pipes must be based on stresses and limit deflections, to
that condition that is most critical. The determination of the pipe thickness must be carried out in accordance with the
corresponding technical standards and with the recommendations of the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association.
The net thickness calculated as specified must be increased by at least 12

mm for considerations of corrosion, imperfections and the like. Additionally, a tolerance for the casting must be
included, which is proportional to the diameter and must be calculated according to table 9.9. The formulas given for
this purpose by the ISO 2531:1991 standard and the AWWA C150 standard of 1996 can also be used for thickness
tolerance.
Table 9.9 - Tolerances for casting ductile iron pipes
Diameter (mm) Tolerance

100 to 200 1.3
250 to 300 1.5
350 to 1,050 1.8
1 200 2.0
1 350 23
9.5.4.3 Steel Pipe Design
The design of steel pipes should be based on limiting stresses and deflections, to
that condition that is most critical. Applicable requirements in international standards may be used.
9.5.4.4 Minimum required stiffnesses for flexible pipes
The minimum stiffnesses required for plastic pipes are presented in table 9.10.
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NB 688
Table 9.10 - Minimum required stiffnesses for flexible pipes loaded by means of the parallel plate
test*
Minimum stiffness required

Nominal diameter for 5% deflection
Material Specification
(mm) (in) (N/m2) (lb/in2)
ASTM D 2751 114 and 168 4 and 6 26 388 1 to 50
SDR 23.5 88 3 8 796 fifty
simple ABS SDR 35 114 and 168 4 and 6 7 917 Four. Five
SDR 42 219, 273 and 8, 10 and 3 519 twenty
323 12
ABS composite ASTM D 2680 219 to 381 8 - 15 35 185 200
ASTM D 3262 219 to 457 8 to 18 17,417 to 13,546 99 to 77

208 to 2 743 20 to 108 1 759 10
RPM
ASTM D 2729 (PVC-12454) 60 10 380 59

88 23 3 343 19
114 4 1935 eleven
127 5 1 583 9
168 6 1 407 8
ASTM D 2729 (PVC-13364) 60 13 019 74

88 23 4 222 24
114 4 2 287 13
PVC 127 5 2 111 12
168 6 1 759 10
ASTM D 3033
SDR 41 168 to 381 6 to 15 4 925 28
SDR 35 114 to 381 4 to 15 8 093 46
ASTM D3034
SDR 41 168 to 381 6 to 15 4 925 28
SDR 35 114 to 381 4 to 15 8 029 46
* ASTM D 2412 Standard

**
No other materials have been listed, for which there is not enough data available
NOTE
1 inch = 25.40 mm; 1 psi = 6.89 kPa
9.5.4.5 Design of flexible pipes
The rigidity of flexible pipes, the load and deflection characteristics must
determined by the parallel plate test according to ASTM D 2412 and according to the following formula:
F EI
kt ==
3
where: d yp 0.149 r
kt Pipe stiffness, in N/m

F Force on the tube, in N/m
AND
Modulus of elasticity of the pipe material, in MPa
Yo
Moment of inertia of the cross section of the tube wall (t3/12), in m4/m
r Average radius of the tube, in m
ÿypPreset deflection during the test, in m
116
NB 688
The deflection level to find “kt ” is determined in the parallel plate test.
Based on the previous formula, the EI value is calculated. To estimate the approximate deflection
Under field conditions, the allowable limit on deflections must be established
based on the test results and the recommendations and data provided by the manufacturers.
The structural design of flexible plastic pipes is based on the maximum deflection
under long-term load is not greater than the allowable design limit deflection, which at
in turn it is calculated as follows:
Low maximum deflection
Critical limit deflection

long term charging £ Allowable design limit deflection £
F.S.
The safety factor, FS, must be estimated based on soil characteristics, the expected degree of compaction,
available load test results, and practical experience. Typical values are between 1.5 and 2.5.
9.5.4.6 Installation of flexible pipes
The construction of the filler material around the flexible pipe should be carried out
way that guarantees the adequate soil-structure interaction assumed in the analysis.
In addition to the requirements established in standards ASTM D 2321 and ASTM D 3839, the standards
corresponding to each type of material must be met.
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NB 688
Annex A (Regulatory)
Topographical work
A.1 INTRODUCTION
a) Topographical work intended for the design and preparation of collection projects
and evacuation of waste and rainwater must comply with and be governed by the provisions
of this Annex.
b)To carry out topographical work in areas where construction projects will be implemented.
collection and evacuation of wastewater and rainwater, basic information must be previously
collected from public and private institutions (Mayors, Prefectures, Subprefectures and
others such as the Military Geographic Institute IGM), such as planimetry,
leveling, aerial photos, geographical maps, regulatory plans, cadastral and all
information necessary to interpret and develop topographical works.
c) When there are aerial photogrammetric surveys and restorations, this information must be
used, for which the control points used in their preparation will be established and formed.
d)All surveying work must be started with reference to a Bench Mark (BM) of the
Military Geographic Institute (IGM). The topographic stations of the project must
have elevation levels compulsorily obtained by direct leveling, dragged from the BM.
e) If there is no BM in the project area, or the BM is at such a distance that it prevents easy
access and/or hauling, or is incompatible with the magnitude of the project, work must
begin by defining and locating a fixed and permanent point (Bank of
Level), whose elevation and coordinates will be assumed in accordance with the basic
information and/or determined in the field (using an altimeter or a GPS navigator). This
point (Ec) will be the starting station and may be located in places that are difficult to
remove or deteriorate (vehicular bridges, the base of a statue, plaza, public buildings and
Similar).
f)Preliminary studies, final design studies required in the preparation of

Design projects for wastewater and rainwater collection and evacuation systems in all their
components must be carried out with the precision indicated in section A.6, indicated in
this Annex.
g)To represent the physical configuration of geographic sites on a plane, you must
employ a topographic survey method and have appropriate equipment
to the project to carry out: Polygonation, triangulation, trilateration, direct leveling,
tachymetric radiation or combined methods that are complementary.
h)All information and topographic surveys must necessarily be verified

in the ground.
i) For the subsequent rethinking of the project, the person responsible will leave in the locality,
auxiliary BMs and/or stations of the basic traverse in fixed places, or permanent markers.
of concrete (with a 1:3:6 dosage mix), cylindrical in shape at a total height
40 cm and 15 cm diameter, buried a minimum depth of 30 cm and protruding 10 cm. They
must be anchored to the ground through metal bars,
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NB 688
driven before pouring the mortar. If prefabricated boundary stones are available, these will
be 25 cm high, with 15 cm buried and 10 cm protruding, which will be embedded in a 25
cm x 25 cm mortar platform with a concrete mixture whose dosage is 1: 3:6.
j) A metal element (plate) must be inserted in the center of the upper face of the cairn.
bronze) to mark the point of the station.
k) The previous indication will be followed for polygonals that cover the components
principals of the project. In secondary traverses the stations can also be wooden stakes,
covered with paint and suitably protected.
l)The boundary stones and stakes must be identified and located with oil paint.
color that contrasts with the medium (yellow, green, red or others). The marks must be
indicated with legible letters and followed by the number corresponding to the station (for
example E 30), in dimensions of 50 cm x 50 cm and in a visible place; The numbering
should not be repeated in the same project.
A.2 PLANIMETRY
a) One or more closed primary polygonals can be defined, according to the extension
of the project area, with at least two (2) geodetic points (one starting point), with points of
known absolute coordinates determined through topographic GPS.
The link or link to the geodetic points must be carried out by one of the methods of
measuring horizontal angles to improve their precision.
b) The main polygonal line can be measured by the theodolite - metal tape method.
c) The main polygonal line can be measured with a Total Station, by electronic tachymetry,
requiring two (2) mandatory readings and a third optional verification.
d) In cases where it is required to make a closed polygonal to obtain the representation of the
town, it must be on the outer perimeter of the urbanized area and attached to the expansion
areas. The remaining polygonals must be located according to the engineer's criteria.
designer; You must take the angles by double reading and use the average for verification
and graphical representation purposes. Every polygon must
be closed with the tolerance indicated in point A.6 of this Annex.
e) In the polygonals, the summary values of angles and distances must be noted, as well as the
link or link values to the network and the coordinate calculations will be carried out.
f) In secondary polygonals (open), lateral strips with a width of no less than 25 m on each side
must be erected in non-urbanized areas and dispersed populations; In urbanized regions,
the width of the strip must be up to the limits of the properties.
B.3 ALTIMETRY
a) The starting point for the necessary leveling must be taken with reference to a BM of the
IGM, or what is established in point A.1, section e).
b) The leveling of the traverse in relation to the BM must be direct and closed, dragging the
elevation of the starting BM to the next one or to the point of the base traverse.
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NB 688
c) Leveling must be carried out at the engineer level.
d) Exceptionally, in works whose extension is not greater than 5 hectares and do not require
precision due to the nature of the work, leveling may be carried out with theodolite by
means of reciprocal trigonometric leveling with double reading. The implementation of
this leveling method must be approved by the project manager.
e) The leveling for the connection of the main polygonal line to the BM and the secondary
polygonal lines to the main ones, must meet the requirements indicated in point A.6,
subsection g).
f) Reference points or stations of known elevation must be defined, at distances

intermediates of approximately 500 m, so that there are two for every kilometer
of traverse, using as a reference and if possible, permanent sites and locating them
with respect to the basic traverse.
g) The sight reading will not be done at more than 50 m away.
h) In areas intended for the construction of wastewater treatment plants and pumping
stations, leveling must be carried out throughout the projected area, raising transverse
profiles at least every 50 m.
Leveling markers will be left distributed around the perimeter of the area intended for
infrastructure at distances no greater than 50 m.
i) The transverse profiles of each and every one of the existing roads must be raised
or future in urbanized or to be urbanized areas, which are included in the project area.
A.4 TACHYMETRY
a) The tachymetric method must be used to raise the points in such a way that they serve
to obtain the best representation of the details necessary for the development of the
projects. For this purpose, starting from a main or secondary polygonal, the survey must
be carried out taking the most representative points, points of changes in direction of
roads and similar, changes in slope, mounds, depressions in the terrain and plan-
altimetric details in general.
b) The generating number of all points must be calculated after recording the stadimetric
reading. All points representative of the physical characteristics of the area must be
identified in the first box of the notebook.
c) If the radiation tachymetry method is used, it must be carried out with angular readings
from traverse stations. Single or double readings must be recorded, depending on the
precision required, for the proper horizontal angles, using the average as well as
measurements in the direct and inverted position of the instrument.
d) The most important details must be raised with metal tape and the horizontal and vertical
angles with theodolite.
e) The targeted points must be at distances no greater than 150 m from the
instruments.
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NB 688
A.5 DATA RECORD (FIELD NOTEBOOK)
a) In the field notebook, explanatory sketches must be drawn as closely as possible to the
reality.
b) Notes must be made about the type and/or quality of the land in each area, and the
boundaries of properties or plots must also be indicated, indicating whether they are
walls, barbed wire fences or others.
c) Annotations that are incorrect, at the time of carrying out the surveys, should not be
erased but marked with an overlapping diagonal line, noting the correct one again. In
the event that the entire page or a sector of the work is found to be incorrect, it will be
completely crossed out, also indicated with the word NULL OR CANCELED and
beginning next line to write down the correct work; If this occurs, it must be indicated
with the corresponding note and will be noted in its index.
d) Leveling notebooks marked with an ordinal number on the cover, name and title of the
project, name of the designer, surveyor and supervisor, as well as the date and
equipment used, must be used for notes. All pages must be numbered. Each notebook
must have on its first pages an index of its contents as well as its complete numbering.
e) All points representative of physical characteristics of the area must be

identified in the first box of the notebook.
A.6 REQUIRED PRECISION
The precision of topographic surveys must conform to the following limits:
a) Permissible angular error for closure of main polygonals:
=
Eap 15"N
where:
Eap Allowable error, in seconds

N Number of angles in the polygon
b) Permissible angular error for closure of secondary polygonals:
= "N
Eas 25
where:
Eas Allowable error, in seconds

N Number of angles in the polygon
c) Permissible longitudinal error for closure of main polygonals:
Elp = 1:5,000
where:
The p Allowable longitudinal error
121
NB 688
d) Permissible longitudinal error for secondary traverses:
Els = 1: 3 000
where:
els Allowable longitudinal error
e) Allowable error of direct leveling of main polygonals:
= mm L
Enp 10
where:
Enp Allowable direct leveling error, in millimeters

l Leveled length (No. of km)
f) Allowable error of direct leveling of secondary polygonals:
= mm L
Ens 20
where:
Ens Allowable direct leveling error, in millimeters

g) Permissible leveling error for traverse link with BM:
=
Jan 10mm L
where:
Jan Permissible error in leveling, in millimeters

A.7 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
a) The equipment to be used must be suitably calibrated and in good condition.

maintenance.
b) The surveyor must carry out the survey according to the instructions issued by the person
in charge of the project, who will indicate which are the collection and evacuation
networks of waste and/or rainwater, possible lines of interceptors and outfalls, station
sites. pumping and treatment plants, with their location alternatives and suitable places.
c) The sites of the treatment plants and sites of the wastewater pumping stations must be
surveyed in detail, so that the terrain can be graphically represented, its location and
configuration accurately known, with
polygonals whose closing tolerances are indicated in point A.6 as appropriate.
d) The possible lines of interceptors and emissaries must be raised by means of open
polygonals that have the precision of the main polygonal of the town and are linked to
it, taking intermediate points that indicate the unevenness or profiles of the terrain.
122
NB 688
e) According to the assessment or superior instructions, in the place where it could be convenient
to locate a treatment plant, pumping station and works of art, an area of a certain width that
allows the drawing of curves must be carried out. level with enough precision and the choice
of the final elevation.
F) The layout of sewer networks must be carried out with preference on public roads, avoiding
expropriations and rights of way on private properties. If these steps cannot be avoided, the
affected area must be measured (marking the vertices with stakes or milestones), adhering to
the legal provisions of the local mayor's office.
g) Variants of public roads will be justified when there are inaccessible steps.
(existing infrastructure, rivers and deep channels), avoiding direct crossings with overly
expensive works.
h) In the event of crossing water courses, cross sections will be obtained every 20 m in a 50 m
length of the river, determining the water level and recording the date.
i) Plani-altimetric details (transverse and/or longitudinal profiles) must be obtained from

Crossings of public roads where there are vehicular and pedestrian bridges, canals, ducts and
other civil works, which can be used for the passage of the projected pipeline.
j) The work must be completed, measuring with a tape measure the width of roads, paths,
streets, avenues and other representative points.
k)When the existing infrastructure in one or more is considered usable

components, a survey must be carried out.
l) For wastewater and/or rainwater collection and evacuation networks, data will be obtained on the
axes of the collector network, depth of sills, location points of inspection cameras (with and
without fall), changes of direction or slope, material, length, diameter and condition of pipes.
A.8 TOPOGRAPHIC CALCULATIONS
a)All topographic calculations must begin by verifying that the polygonal surveyed in the
field is within the error limits indicated with the formulas already expressed, referring to angle
closures, distances and altimetry. If the traverse is open, the azimuths must be reviewed,
comparing the drag or conservation azimuths with those of the geodetic points at a given
station.
b) If the previously indicated conditions cannot be met with the values recorded in the booklet, the
survey must be re-done in whole or in part, depending on the case.
c) The coordinates must be calculated in accordance with the practices

topographical.
d) The angles recorded in the notebook must be compared with the angles resulting from the
calculations, determined from the coordinates of the stations of the main traverse. The
coordinate calculation form must be presented attached to the project, indicating the calculation
method and name of the person responsible.
e)In case of carrying out the topographic work with a Total Station, the
memory and supporting information on magnetic media.
123
NB 688
A.9 DRAWING
After carrying out the calculations, you must proceed to draw the polygonals using the
coordinate method. The topographic plan of the project must be drawn to scale
corresponding, with equidistant curves of one meter or every 50 centimeters depending on
the slope of the terrain (flat, undulating, irregular, etc.). The interval between the contour
lines must be established according to the following conditions:
Table A.1 - Contour curves
Average slope of the land Interval in meters

Less than 2% 0.50
From 2% to 5% 1.00
From 5% to 10% 2.00
From 10% to 20% 2.50
Greater than 20% 5.00
Source: National Regulations of Bolivia. Regulations for the Presentation of Drinking Water and Sanitation Projects.
Vice Ministry of Basic Services. Ministry of Basic Services and Public Works. First check. December 2004.
Street intersection levels and slope changes must be indicated to the centimeter: name or
number of streets and surface currents, indicating the direction of
runoff.
The topographic plan of the project must be drawn at scales 1:1,000; 1:2,000 or 1:500
124
NB 688
Annex B (Regulatory)
Presentation of plans and calculation reports
B.1 PLANS
All architectural, hydraulic, sanitary, structural, electrical, mechanical and special installation plans
must be signed and labeled by professionals.
duly empowered to carry out the respective designs.
The plans to be prepared in each of the above specialties must include all the basic information
necessary for construction, such as:
a) Planimetric and altimetric referencing by the IGM or, failing that, by geodetic or satellite positioning
systems
b) Quality parameters for construction
c) Minimum characteristics and properties of the materials to be used in construction
d) Specifications and installation instructions for machinery and equipment
e) Details of connections, splices, joints and other cases that deserve explanation
particular
f)Identification of existing water, sewage, gas, fiber optic, and energy networks
and telephones
g) Basic assumptions used in the design and that may affect the future use of the construction, such
as loads assumed in the analyses, type of use assumed in the design, maximum and minimum
use pressures, special precautions that must be taken into account in the design. construction or
installation of elements
h) Other instructions and explanations that are required to carry out the construction
and installation of machinery and equipment in accordance with the planned design
In addition, the plans must specify some aspects that facilitate the understanding of the
operation and maintenance manuals.
Those plans that contain errors in arithmetic, drawing, dimensions, axes, coordinates, transcription,
copy or other failures attributable to carelessness or lack of review by the signatory thereof, must be
corrected in the original, if possible, and this must remain
recorded on the same plan with the date and signature of the person responsible for the correction or
modification. Copies taken from defective originals must be destroyed to
be replaced by new ones taken from the original corrected plans. The plans must be prepared on
magnetic media to facilitate their correction, updating and immediate editing, additionally allowing
different printing scales to be established according to the construction procedures.
NOTE
See also the Regulations for Submission of Water and Sanitation Projects. Vice Ministry of Basic Services.
B.2 MEMORIES
The architectural, hydraulic, sanitary, structural, electrical, mechanical, special installation plans and
others that are necessary for the execution of the work, must be accompanied by detailed design
and calculation reports that describe the procedures by which made these designs.
125
NB 688
The reports must include, among others:
• Assumptions used in designs

• The methodologies used
• Verification of compliance with the minimum requirements established herein
rule
• Reference to national or international technical standards for materials, equipment
and specific procedures
• The schemes based on which the construction plans are made
• Detailed specifications and installation instructions for machinery and equipment
• The descriptive reports must specify in forms for this purpose, the procedures
detailed instructions for start-up, operation and maintenance of each of the systems
• Reference to national codes

• In the case that automatic information processing is used, a detailed description of the
principles on which automatic processing is based must be provided, as well as a
description of the input and output data in the process.
• Start-up, operation and maintenance manuals
• Detailed budget, supported by an analysis of unit prices with the precise date of its
preparation
Like plans, descriptive reports must clearly indicate the population size of the system used in
the designs, detailed procedures and other project activities.
Reports that contain arithmetic errors, dimensions, axes, coordinates, transcription, copy or
other failures attributable to carelessness or lack of review on the part of the designer, must
be corrected in the original, if possible, and copies from the defective document must be
destroyed. .
NOTE
See also the Regulations for Submission of Water and Sanitation Projects. Vice Ministry of Basic Services.
B.3 FOLDER PRESENTATION FORMAT
The folder presentation format must follow what is established in the Regulations for the
Presentation of Water and Sanitation Projects. Vice Ministry of Basic Services.
126
NB 688
NB 688 IBNORCA: Bolivian Institute of Standardization and Quality

2007
IBNORCA created by Supreme Decree No. 23489 dated 1993-04-29 and
ratified as a component part of the Bolivian Quality System
(SNMAC) by Supreme Decree No. 24498 dated 1997-02-17, is the National
Standardization Organization responsible for the study and development of
Bolivian Standards.
He represents Bolivia before the Subregional, Regional and International

Standardization Organizations, currently being an active member of the
Andean Standardization Committee CAN, of the MERCOSUR Standardization
Association AMN, full member of the Pan American Technical Standards
Commission COPANT, member of the International Electrotechnical
Commission lEC and corresponding member of the International Organization
for Standardization ISO.
Revision
This standard is subject to permanent review in order to

that responds at all times to current needs and demands.
Application characteristics of Bolivian Standards
As technical standards are instruments of technological organization, aimed

at applying quality criteria, their use is a conscientious and responsible
commitment of the productive sector and demands of the consumer sector.
Information on Technical Standards
IBNORCA has an Information and Documentation Center that makes

International, Regional, National and Standards from other countries available
to interested parties.
Property rights
IBNORCA has the right of ownership of all its publications, consequently the
total or partial reproduction of the Bolivian Standards is completely prohibited.
Copyright
Resolution 217/94
Legal deposit
No. 4 - 3 - 493-94
Bolivian Institute of Standardization and Quality
Av. Busch N° 1196 (Miraflores) - Telephones (591-2) 2223738 - 2223777 - Fax (591-2) 2223410
info@ibnorca.org; www.ibnorca.org - La Paz - Bolivia
Standardized Format A4 (210 mm x 297 mm) In accordance with Bolivian Standard NB 723001 (NB 029)
127

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Machine Translated by Google

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Bolivian Standard NB 688

Design of sanitary and

ICS 91.140.80 Water evacuation systems

Bolivian Institute of Standardization and Quality

The institutions and representatives that participated were the following:

Reynaldo Villalba UNI/VSB (Coordinator)

Date of approval by the Technical Committee for Standardization 2007-02-12

Date of approval by the Governing Council of Standardization 2007-03-29

Approval date by the IBNORCA Board of Directors 2007-04-13

FINANCER: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida).

The fundamental objective of this Standard is to govern the

This Standard constitutes an instrument that must be known

This Standard has included new concepts and design criteria

The updating of this Standard was possible thanks to the

CHAPTER 0 GENERAL REFERENCES................................................ .. 19

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK................................................ ........... 27

EPISODE 2 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS.................... 42

CHAPTER 3 INTERCEPTORS AND EMISSARIES OF

CHAPTER 4 STORM SEWER SYSTEMS ................................... 68

CHAPTER 5 COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS...................................85

CHAPTER 6 COMPLEMENTARY STRUCTURES FOR

CHAPTER 7 PUMPING STATIONS................................................ .......94

CHAPTER 8 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL.................... 101

CHAPTER 9 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS

Annex A (Regulatory) - Topographical work ........................................... ................... 118

Annex B (Regulatory) - Presentation of plans and calculation reports.................. 125

CHAPTER 0 - GENERAL REFERENCES............................................... ................... 19

0.1 UNIT SYSTEM............................................... ................................ 19

0.2 VARIABLES................................................. .................................................. 19

0.3 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................. ...................... twenty-one

0.4 REFERENCES ................................................. ............................................ 22

CHAPTER 1 - CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................... ........................... 27

1.1 OBJECT AND FIELD OF APPLICATION............................................. .............. 27

1.2 DEFINITIONS................................................. ................................................ 27

1.3 WASTEWATER AND/OR RAINWATER COLLECTION AND EVACUATION

1.4. BASIC DESIGN STUDIES................................................ ................... 39

1.5 PROJECT AT THE LEVEL OF PROFILE, PREFEABILITY,

CHAPTER 2 - SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS................................... 42

2.1 OBJECT AND FIELD OF APPLICATION ............................................. .............. 42

2.2 COMPONENTS OF A SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM... 42

2.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS................................................... ............................ 42

2.3.2.4 Project area................................................ ................................................ 44

2.4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES ............................................... .................................... 51

2.5 CONSTRUCTION PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN................................... 58

2.5.11 Construction stages ........................................................... ....................................... 63

CHAPTER 3 - WASTEWATER INTERCEPTORS AND EMISSARIES......... 64

3.1 OBJECT AND FIELD OF APPLICATION ............................................. .............. 64

3.2 SUPPORT STUDIES................................................... .................................. 64

3.3 DETERMINATION OF FLOWS ................................................ ................ 64

3.4 HYDRAULIC SIZING ................................................ ............ 64

3.5 LAYOUT OF GUIDELINES................................................. ......................... 65

3.6 SPECIFIC CONDITIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THE PROJECT .... 65

3.7 BACKGROUND IN INTERCEPTORS................................................... ................... 66

3.8 MATERIALS USED IN INTERCEPTORS................................................... 66

3.9 ENERGY SINKS................................................. ........................... 66

3.10 INSPECTION CHAMBERS................................................ ........................... 67

3.11 INTERCONNECTION OF WASTEWATER COLLECTORS LOCATED AT

CHAPTER 4 - STORM SEWER SYSTEMS ................................................... 68

4.1 OBJECT AND FIELD OF APPLICATION ............................................. .............. 68

4.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS................................................ .............. 68