a mixture of gases that

surrounds the Earth. It

helps make life possible
by providing us with air
and shield, trapping heat
to warm the planet, and
preventing extreme
temperatures. These
Atmosphere
layers are
the troposphere,
stratosphere,
mesosphere and
thermosphere. A further
region at about 500 km
above the Earth's surface
is called the exosphere.
are formed from melted
Igneous rocks rock deep inside the
Earth.
are formed from layers of
Sedimentary
sand, silt, dead plants,
rocks
and animal skeletons.
 formed from other rocks
Metamorphic that are changed by heat
rocks and pressure
underground.
is the breaking up of
large rocks into smaller
Mechanical
fragments without
weathering
changing the rock's
mineral composition.
decomposes rocks
through chemical
Chemical
reactions that change the
weathering
original rock-forming
minerals.
Biological Caused by the
weathering movements of plants and
animals.
Takes place when rocks
are worn away by living
organisms. Trees and
other plants can grow
within the cracks in a
 rock formation. As the
roots grow bigger they
push open cracks in the
rocks making them wider
and deeper. Over time
the growing tree
eventually prizes the rock
apart.
The removal of the top
layer of land by water
from irrigation, rainfall,
Water erosion
snowmelt, runoff, and
poor irrigation
management.
Raindrops cause tiny
particles of soil to be
Splash Erosion
detached and to move
out
Sheet Erosion Raindrops break apart
the soil structure which
moves down the slope as
waterflows overhand as
 sheet
After heavy rain, water
flows in narrow channels,
Gully Erosion
eroding gullies into great
depth.
Continuous water flow
along side land and move
Valley Erosion
downward, which
deepens a valley.
Continuous flow of water
wears out stones along
Bank Erosion
the bank of streams and
rivers.
Waves from ocean and
seas crash against the
shore, pounding the
rocks into pebbles and
Coastline
reducing the pebbles to
Erosion
sand. Sand is also
removed from the
beaches , which changes
the coastline.
 The battering of the
ocean waves to erodes
seaside cliffs, forming
hales that create caves.
Seaside Cliff
Continuous pounding of
Erosion
waves may create an arch
that may fall, leaving
nothing but rock columns
called “sea stocks
a thick large mass of ice
formed hundreds or
thousands of years
Glaciers mostly in remote areas
like in the poles or in high
mountains. They move
very slowly.
Wind Erosion by wind is known
as “Aeolian or Eolian”
erosion. Aeolian erosion
of sand in the desert is
partially responsible for
the formation of sand
 dunes. The power of the
wind erodes rock and
sand

CRYSTALIZATION

VOLCANIC
MAGMA IGNEOUS ROCKS
ERUPTION

METAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCK ROCK

HEAT AND WEATHERING /

PRESSURE EROSION