ACHARIYA SIKSHA MANDIR

INDU INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL CAMPUS-ERODE

GRADE XII
PHYSICS VIVA VOCE

Q1. Name the factors on which the angle of deviation depend on.
Ans: Following are the factors on which the angle of deviation depend on:
 The angle of incidence
 The refracting angle of the prism
 Refractive index of the material used in the prism
 The wavelength of the light ray
Q2. Define angular deviation.
Ans: Angular deviation is defined as the ratio of the angular dispersion of the two colours to
produce the deviation by the prism.
Q3. Name the factor on which dispersive power depends.
Ans: Dispersive power depends on the refractive index of the material used in the prism.
Q4. Name the colours with the highest and smallest refractive index.
Ans: Violet colour has the highest refractive index while the red colour has the smallest
refractive index.
Q1. Define normal shift.
Ans: Normal shift is defined as the difference between actual depth and apparent depth.
Q2. What causes a normal shift?
Ans: Normal shift is caused due to the refraction of light.
Q3. What is the SI unit of normal shift?
Ans: The SI unit of normal shift is a metre.
Q4. What is apparent shift?
Ans: Apparent shift is defined as the difference between the object’s distance from the
refracting surface and the image distance from the refracting surface.
Q5. On what factors does the apparent depth depend?
Ans: Following are the factors on which the apparent depth depend:
1. Nature of the medium
2. Thickness of medium
3. Colour of light
Q1. Define energy level in an atom.
Ans: Energy level in an atom is defined as the energy value of an electron in the subshell of an
atom.
Q2. What are the different types of energy bands?
Ans: Following are the different types of energy bands:
 Conduction band (C)
 Valence band (V)
 Forbidden band (F)
Q3. What are the different types of substances?
Ans: Following are the different types of substances:
 Conductors
 Insulators
  Semiconductors
Q4. What is the SI unit of conductance?
Ans: SI unit of conductance is siemens (S).
Q5. Name the different types of biasing.
Ans: Following are the different types of biasing:
 Forward biasing
 Reverse biasing
 Question. 1. Define energy level in an atom.
Answer. Definite energy value of an electron in the subshell of the atom, is called
energy level of the atom.
 Question. 2. Define energy band in a crystal.
Answer. Broadened energy level (line) in a crystal, is called energy band of the crystal.
Question. 3. Name different types of energy bands.
Answer. Different energy bands are :
1. Conduction band (C), 2. Valence band (V), 3. Forbidden band (F).
Question.7. How are electrical conductivity and resistivity related?
Answer. Electrical conductivity is reciprocal of resistivity

Question. 8. What is S.I. unit of conductance?

Answer. S.I. unit of conductance is siemen (S).
Question. 9. What is order of conductivity of conductors, semiconductors and insulators?
Answer.102-108, 105-10-6 and 10-11-10-19 S m-1 respectively.
Question. 10. Define a hole.
Answer. A place vacated by an electron, is called a hole. It is associated with a positive charge.
Question.11. Define an intrinsic semiconductor.
Answer. A pure semiconductor material, is called an intrinsic semiconductor, it ne = nn
Question. 12. Which materials are commonly used as semiconductors?
Answer. Silicon and germanium are commonly used as semiconductors.
Question. 13. Which of the upper two materials has less energy gap?
Answer. Energy gap has value 0.72 eV for germanium and 1.12 eV for silicon.
Question.14. Define an extrinsic semiconductor.
Answer. A semiconductor material made deliberately impure, is called an extrinsic
semiconductor.
Question.15. Describe an n-type semiconductor (Ge).
Answer. An n-type Ge is obtained by adding a small quantity (one millionth part) of a
pentavalent impurity to its crystal.
Question.16. Name the pentavalent impurities which make Ge n-type.
Answer. The pentavalent impurities are :
1. Phosphorus (15), 2. Arsenic (33), 3. Antimony (51), 4. Bismuth (83).
Generally, Arsenic (As) is taken for this purpose.
Question.17. Describe a p-type semiconductor (Ge).
Answer. A p-type Ge’ is obtained by adding a small quantity (one millionth part) of a trivalent
impurity to its crystal.
Question.18. Name the trivalent impurities which make Ge p-type.
Answer. The trivalent impurities are :
1. Boron (5), 2. Aluminium (13), 3. Gallium (31), 4. Indium (49), 5. Thalium (81).
Generally Indium (In) is taken for this purpose.
Question.19. What is doping?
Answer. The process of adding a suitable impurity to pure semiconductor, deliberately, is called
doping.
Question.20. What is order of doping in an extrinsic semiconductor?
Answer. It is one part in one million.
Question.21. Why is n-type semiconductor so called?
Answer. Because it contains free electrons with negative charge, as charge carriers.
Question.22. Why is p-type semiconductor so called?
Answer. Because it contains holes with positive charge, as charge carriers.
Question. 23. What is a junction?
Answer. It is a common surface of n-type and p-type semiconductor.
Question.24. What is a depletion layer?
Answer. It is a layer with junction in the middle, having no free charge carriers. The opposite j
charge carriers have become neutralized. (It is shown shaded in Fig. 10.02).
Question.25. What is junction potential barrier?
Answer. The potential difference between junction ends of the two types of semiconductors, is
called junction potential barrier.
Question.26. Why is junction potential barrier so called?
Answer. Because it prevents free charge carriers from entering the depletion layer by
themselves.
Question.27. What is biasing of a junction?
Answer. Applying an external potential difference more than potential barrier on the faces of
the junction, is called biasing of the junction.
Question.28. Give names of the two types of the biasing.
Answer. The two types of biasing are :
(i) forward biasing (ii) reverse biasing.
Question.29. Why is forward bias so called?
Answer. Because it makes free charge carriers to move forward towards junction.
Question.30. Why is reverse bias so called?
Answer. Because it makes free charge carriers to move reverse away from junction.
Question.31. How does the bias effect the thickness of the depletion layer?
Answer. Forward bias decreases the thickness of depletion layer.
Reverse bias increases the thickness of depletion layer.
Question.32. How does the bias effect the junction resistance?
Answer. The forward bias makes junction resistance less.
The reverse bias makes junction resistance more.
Question.33. Define characteristic of a junction diode.
Answer. Graph drawn between bias voltage and circuit current of a junction diode, is called
characteristic of the diode. It reveals the character (way of behaviour) of the junction diode.
Question.34. Describe different types of characteristics of a junction diode.
Answer.
1. Forward bias characteristic. It is obtained by plotting a graph between forward bias
voltage and circuit current. Junction resistance comes to be about 10 ohm.
2. Reverse bias characteristic. It is obtained by plotting a graph between reverse bias
voltage and circuit current. Junction resistance comes to be about 10,000 ohms.
Question.18. Name the trivalent impurities which make Ge p-type.
Answer. The trivalent impurities are :
1. Boron (5), 2. Aluminium (13), 3. Gallium (31), 4. Indium (49), 5. Thalium (81).
Generally Indium (In) is taken for this purpose.
Question.19. What is doping?
Answer. The process of adding a suitable impurity to pure semiconductor, deliberately, is called
doping.
Question.20. What is order of doping in an extrinsic semiconductor?
Answer. It is one part in one million.
Question.21. Why is n-type semiconductor so called?
Answer. Because it contains free electrons with negative charge, as charge carriers.
Question.22. Why is p-type semiconductor so called?
Answer. Because it contains holes with positive charge, as charge carriers.
Question. 23. What is a junction?
Answer. It is a common surface of n-type and p-type semiconductor.
Question.24. What is a depletion layer?
Answer. It is a layer with junction in the middle, having no free charge carriers. The opposite j
charge carriers have become neutralized. (It is shown shaded in Fig. 10.02).
Question.25. What is junction potential barrier?
Answer. The potential difference between junction ends of the two types of semiconductors, is
called junction potential barrier.
Question.26. Why is junction potential barrier so called?
Answer. Because it prevents free charge carriers from entering the depletion layer by
themselves.
Question.27. What is biasing of a junction?
Answer. Applying an external potential difference more than potential barrier on the faces of
the junction, is called biasing of the junction.
Question.28. Give names of the two types of the biasing.
Answer. The two types of biasing are :
(i) forward biasing (ii) reverse biasing.
Question.29. Why is forward bias so called?
Answer. Because it makes free charge carriers to move forward towards junction.
Question.30. Why is reverse bias so called?
Answer. Because it makes free charge carriers to move reverse away from junction.
Question.31. How does the bias effect the thickness of the depletion layer?
Answer. Forward bias decreases the thickness of depletion layer.
Reverse bias increases the thickness of depletion layer.
Question.32. How does the bias effect the junction resistance?
Answer. The forward bias makes junction resistance less.
The reverse bias makes junction resistance more.
Question.33. Define characteristic of a junction diode.
Answer. Graph drawn between bias voltage and circuit current of a junction diode, is called
characteristic of the diode. It reveals the character (way of behaviour) of the junction diode.
Question.34. Describe different types of characteristics of a junction diode.
Answer.
1. Forward bias characteristic. It is obtained by plotting a graph between forward bias
voltage and circuit current. Junction resistance comes to be about 10 ohm.
2. Reverse bias characteristic. It is obtained by plotting a graph between reverse bias
voltage and circuit current. Junction resistance comes to be about 10,000 ohms.
Question. 19.What is the relation between focal length and radius of curvature of a spherical
mirror?
Answer.

Question.20.What is the radius of curvature of a plane mirror?

Answer.Infinite.
Question.21.Is mirror formula applicable for a plane mirror?
Answer.

Question.22.Can we find the rough focal length of a convex mirror? If not, why?
Answer. No, we cannot find the rough focal length of convex mirror. It is so because the image
formed by a convex mirror is always virtual and cannot be obtained on a screen.
Question.23.What type of mirror is used for dressing table and why?
Answer. A plane mirror is used for dressing table because it gives a virtual image of the same
size as the object placed in front of it.
Question.24.What type of mirror is used as shaving glass?
Answer.Concave mirror of large focal length is often used as shaving glass. Because when a
concave mirror is held near the face, i.e. face lies between its pole and focus, an erect and
enlarged image of the object is formed. An enlarged image of the face helps in having a better
shave.
Question.25.Why a convex mirror is used as a driving mirror in automobiles?
Answer. A convex mirror forms virtual, erect and diminished image for all positions of an
object. As the image is diminished in size, a wider field of view behind the automobile is
covered. The two characteristics of the image formed by convex mirror viz. erect and wider
field of view help the driver in driving the automobile with ease.
Question.26.Which mirror is used by a surgeon and why?
Answer. A concave mirror of small aperture is used by a surgeon to throw a narrow and sharp
beam of light into the eye, nose, ear and throat for medical check up.
Question.27.What types of mirror are used in search lights and in head lights of the vehicles?
Answer.Parabolic mirrors are used as reflectors in head lights of the vehicles. As the search
lights are meant for throwing light to very large distances. If a source of light is placed at the
principal focus of the parabolic mirror, after reflection from the mirror a beam of light can be
obtained which will be parallel to the principal axis of the mirror. Thus parabolic mirrors are
used in search lights.
Question. 28. Why we do not use a concave mirror for search light?
Answer. Large aperture of concave mirror will cause spherical aberration. Rays from sources of
light, kept at focus, will not be quite parallel after reflection from mirror.
Question. 29. How will you distinguish between a plane, a concave and a convex mirror,
without touching them?
Answer. We see our face in the mirror from a close distance. In all cases virtual images will be
formed. Judge the magnification of the image.
If the magnification is one, mirror is plane.
If the magnification is more them one (enlarged image), mirror is concave.
If the magnification is less than one (diminished image), mirror is convex.
Question. 30. What is the sign of focal length of a concave and convex mirrors?
Answer. The focal length of concave mirror is taken negative, while focal length of convex
mirror is taken positive.
f = +ve for convex mirror
f = -ve for concave mirror.
Question. 31. What is index error?
Answer. The difference between the actual distance between the pole of a mirror (optical
centre , of a lens) and the point object (or image) and observed distance measured on optical
bench is called index error. It is also called bench error.
Index error = observed distances – actual distance
Index correction = actual distance – observed distance.
Question. 32. What is the value of the radius of curvature and magnification of a plane
mirror?
Answer. Radius of curvature is infinity and magnification is one.
Question. 33. How is the parallex removed?
Answer. When two objects which are placed at different distances from eye, the nearer object
moves in a direction opposite to that eye and the farther one in the direction of the eye. Once
their relative positions are known, they can be brought to the same position by ; shifting them
suitably. When two objects occupy the same position in space with respect to the eye, then the
apparent shift disappears and parallex is said to be removed.
Question. 34. At what distance from the needle should the eye be placed while removing
parallel?
Answer. 25 cm.
Question. 35. What are paraaxial and marginal rays?
Answer. The rays which are very close to the principal axis or subtend a very small angle are
called paraaxial rays. The rays which are away or subtended large angle with principal r axis are
called marginal rays.
Question.36. How the spherical aberration is removed?
Answer. It is removed by taking small portion (aperature) of a lens or mirror or by using
parabolic mirrors.
Question.37. Which method is more accurate in the determination f for a concave mirror ?

Answer.

Question.38. Is chromatic aberration takes place in mirror? Why?

Answer. No. Since it arises due to refraction in which lens provides dispersion like prism.
Question.39. Write uses of mirrors.
Answer. Concave mirrors:
1. used as shaving or making-up mirror
 2. head mirror by doctors
3. in ophthalmoscope
4. as a reflectors in head lights of cars, torch lights etc.
Convex mirrors:
1. as a rear view mirror in automobiles
2. To produce erect image or smaller size.
Question.40. Is the focal length of a mirror change (i) due to change in medium (ii) or colour
of light.
Answer. No. Since focal length of a mirror does not depend the external medium and
wavelength of light.
Question.16. Describe the difference between the images formed by a convex and a concave
lens. .
Answer. A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image. Image formed by a
convex lens is generally real and inverted and on bringing the object near the lens the size of
image goes on increasing. However, when the object is placed in front of a convex lens between
its optical centre and principal focus, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified.
Question.17. Which convex lens has more focal length, thick or thin?
Answer. A thin convex lens has more focal length. ^ ..
Question.18. Can you find rough focal length of a concave lens?
Answer. No, because it does not form a real image to be obtained on a screen.
Question.19. What is the type of the eye lens?
Answer. The eye lens is convex.
Question.20. What are the practical uses of lenses?
Answer. Lenses are used in spectacles, microscopes, telescopes and other optical instruments.
Question.21. How can a convex lens be used as a magnifier?
Answer. For this purpose the lens is put very close to the eye in between the eye and the object
to be magnified.
Question. 22. How will you distinguish between a glass slab, a convex lens and a concave lens
without touching it?
Answer. The glass piece is put over a printed page and the virtual image of the printed matter is
seen. The magnification of the image is judged.
If the image has same size as the object, the glass piece is a glass slab.
If the image is magnified, the glass piece is a convex lens.
If the image is diminished, the glass piece is a concave lens.
Question. 23. Define optical centre of a len.
Answer. It is a fixed point inside the lens on its principal axis, through which fight rays passing
undeviated.
Question.24. What is the principal axis of a lens?
Answer. The straight fine passing through the centres of curvature of the curved surfaces of the
lens is called the principal axis of the lens.
Question.25. What is the principal focus of a lens?
Answer. It is fixed point on the principal axis of a lens where a beam of fight incident parallel to
its principal axis converges or appears to diverge after passing through the convex lens or
concave lens.
Question. 26. What is the focal length of a lens?
Answer. It is the distance between optical centre and principal focus of a lens. Its S.I. unit is
metre.
Question.27. Define S.I unit of power.
Answer. The Dioptre is the S.I. unit of power. One dipotre is the power of lens whose focal
length is one metre.
Question. 28. What are the sign for the power of a convex lens and concave lens?
Answer. The power of a convex lens is positive since its focal length is positive while the power
of a concave lens is negative since its focal lens is negative.
Question. 29. What is a lens maker formula?
Answer. It is relation between focal length, radii of curvature, refractive index of material of
lens and refractive index of surroundings.

Question.30. What are the factors affecting the power of lens?

Answer.
1. Refractive index of lens material
2. Refractive index of surroundings i.e., change of medium
3. Radii of curvature
4. Wavelength of light
5. Thickness of lens.
Question.31. How the power of lens charge w.r.t. the two surrounding medium?
Answer. The power of a lens is maximum for vacuum or air and it decreases with increase in
two refractive index of medium.
Question.32. How the power of lens charge w.r.t. to wavelength of light?
Answer. The power of a lens is different for different colour of light. The power of a lens is
maximum of violet and minimum for red colour light.
Question. 33. Does power depend upon aperature of a lens?
Answer. No.
Question.34. Under what condition, the nature of lens change?
Answer. The refractive index of surrounding medium is greater them that of material of lens.
The convex lens act as concave lens and vice-versa.
Question. 35. Under what condition, a lens does not show the refraction.
Answer.When refractive index of surrounding medium is equal to refractive index of material of
lens.

Question.36. Why goggles (Sun glasses) have zero power?

Answer. The surfaces are curved in same direction and of same radius

Question. 37. What type of lens is an air bubble inside water?

Answer. Concave lens.
Question.38.Define refractive index.
Answer.It is the property of a transparent medium which resist the propagation of light in that
medium. It is measured in term of speed of light in a medium w.r.t. speed of light in vacuum.
Question.39.What is relative refractive index?
Answer.Relative refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1 is the ratio of the speed of light
in medium 1 to the speed of light in medium 2

It does not have emit and dimensions.

Question.40.What is absolute refractive index?
Answer. Absolute refractive index of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to
the speed of light in that medium.

Question.41.Is the absolute refractive can be less than unit?

Answer. No.
Question.42.What is the power of combination of a convex and concave lens of the same
focal length?
Answer. Zero.
Question.43.Why is the rough focal length of concave lens not determine?
Answer. It makes virtual image for all positions of objects.
Question.44.How chromatic aberration can be minimized?
Answer. It can be minimized by taking thin and small aperature lens.

(ii)Define focal length of a convex lens

Ans: It is the distance between optic centre and principal focus

(iii) What is lens makers formula?

Ans: 1/f = (n — 1)(1/r1 – 1/r2) , where r1 and r2 are the radii of curvature of the two faces.

(iv) What is meant by power of a lens?

Ans: It is the reciprocal of the focal length expressed in metres, p = 1/f

(v) What is the unit of power?

Ans: Dioptre

(vi) Which type of lens is used in microscopes?

Ans: Convex lenses

(vii) What is the shape of 1/u — 1 /v-graph?

Ans: The graph is straight line with equal intercepts

(viii) Are the positions of the object and image interchangable

Ans: Yes, for real images only
(ix) In the displacement method we get magnified and diminished images for two postions of
the lens between the object and screen. If m1 and m2 are the magnifications in the two
postions what is the relation between these?

Ans: m1 x m2 = 1

(x) Can a convex lens form virtual image?

Ans: Yes, when the object is between F and C

(xi) What is the property of the optic centre?

Ans: A ray passing through the optic centre passes without deviation

(xii) Aim of Convex Lens Experiment

Ans: To find the focal length of the given convex lens

(xiii) Apparatus of Convex Lens Experiment

Ans: Convex lens, screen, illuminated wire gauze, etc.

(xiv) Theory of Convex Lens Experiment

Ans: If u ad v are the object distance and the image distance from the convex lens, its focal
length f = uv/(u + v). If D is the distance between the object and the screen, and d is the
distance between the conjugate positions of the lens,

f = (D2 – d2)/4D

(xv) Procedure of Convex Lens Experiment

Ans: The focal length of the convex lens can be found out by different methods.
1. Define refractive index?
It is defined as ratio of velocity of light in rarer medium to velocity in denser medium
2. What is the least value of refractive index possible?
One
3. What can you infer if someone says that he has a medium of refractive index less than
one? Through that medium light travel faster than its speed through vacuum
4. Define focus?
The point on the principal axis at which the parallel rays after reflection/refraction converge or
appear to converge
. Define optic centre?
It is the geometrical center of the lens.A ray of light passing through this point does not suffer
any deviation.
7. What is the type of lens in an air bubble formed inside water?
Convex lens 8. Is your eye is a lens? It is convex lens
9. What is the focal length of a lens?
The distance between the principal focus and the optical center of a lens is called as the focal
length of the lens
10How will you distinguish between a plane mirror, concave mirror and a convex mirror
without feeling its surface with your hand?
11.What is linear magnification of plane mirror,concave mirror,and convex mirror?
It is 1 for plane more than 1 for concave and less than 1 for convex
12.What are the differences between convex lens and concave lens?
Concave lens has diverging property and convex converging Concave is thin at the middle
whereas convex thick
13.What is dispersion?
The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours on passing through a
glass prism is called dispersion of light.
14.Why a glass slab does not produce dispersion whereas a prism does?
Since a rectangular glass slab is equivalent to two similar prisms placed with their base
inverted.the dispersion and deviation produced by the two prisms are equal but in opposite
direction so net deviation and dispersion are zero+`
15.Define refractive angle of the prism?
It is angle between two refracting surfaces
16.What is parallax?
It may be defined as the relative shift between the two objects placed at different distances
from the eye when eye is moved to and fro.
17.What is index correction?
It is difference between observed distance and actual distance because of sharpe edges of
needle 18.How is parallax removed?
By making two objects coincident
19.What are the practical uses of a concave mirror?
In tourches,search lights,reflector,reflecting telescope,shaving mirror,solar appliances,solar
cooker Concave mirror is used: i) in torches, search lights etc. as reflector, ii) In reflecting
telescopes, iii) As a shaving mirror, iiii) In solar appliances such as solar cooker etc.
20.In which situation ,a convex lens behaves as a concave lens? When a convex lens is placed in
a medium of refractive index greater than that of the material of the lens.
21.Why the reflectors used in search lights are paraboloidal and not concave?
22.Distinguish real image and virtual image?
Image which can be obtained on screen is real which cant is virtual
23.Why mirrors are silvered on the back surface?
24.Why a convex mirror is preferred as the rear view mirror of vehicles?
25.What is the principle on which the working of a simple microscope is based?
26.Define power of a lens?
It is ability of a lens to converge beam of light towards its principal axis
27.Define angle of deviation?
It is angle between incident ray and emergent ray
28.What are the factors on which the lateral displacement produced by a glass slab depends?
29.Which type of lens has negative power?
Concave
30.which lens is called as diverging lens?
Concave
31.What are the applications of total internal reflection?
32.What is angle of minimum deviation?
It is the angle at which angle of incidence becomes equal to angle of emergence so that the ray
of light will be parallel to the base of the prism
33.What are the factors on which the deviation produced by a prism depends ? 34.What is the
cause of dispersion?
Different color travel with different velocity when passes through the prism
35.Does refractive index depends on wavelength?
Yes the refractive index depends on the wavelength of light inversely proportional 36.What
happens to prism if it is placed in water?
It will remain unchanged
36 Why travelling microscope is called so?
Travelling microscope is called so because it can be moved in horizontal and vertical directions
to take measurements while seeing the magnified image of the object under study. It can be
used to determine the diameter of capillary tube, to determine the refractive index of the
material of a glass slab by measuring real depth and apparent depth etc.
37. When water is filled on the concave mirror ,then how will it behave ?
It will behave as a plano-convex lens
38.What is SI unit of refractive index ?
It has no unit
39.what is P-N junction?
P-N junction is a semiconductor device in which a P type semiconductor is joined with N type
semiconductor
40.What is depletion layer?
It is a thin region around the junction which is free from holes and electrons
41.can you explain me how we can join two semiconductor, is there any specific way?
Yes , we have various ways by which we can join P type semiconductor with N type such as
grown junction diode ,fuse junction diode.
42. What is ideal junction diode?
Ideal junction diode is that which conduct only in forward bias
43. Tell me why it is so that current is flowing so easily in forward bias where as not so easily in
reverse bias?
forward bias depletion region is thin so resistance is low hence current flow due to majority
carrier where as in reverse bias depletion region is thick so resistance is so high hence no
current flow due to majority carrier current only flow due to minority carrier
44. Is P-N junction is ohmic device?
No it is non ohmic devices; current is not vary linearly with potential.
45. What is knee voltage?
knee voltage is that below which graph in forward bias is non –linear or non ohmic and above
which it is linear or ohmic.
46. Which elements are used as intrinsic semiconductor?
Si and Ge are used as semiconductor. It is because it has four electrons in its valance shell and
form covalent bond
47. Carbon also has four electrons in valance shell then why it is not used as semiconductor?
Electricity can conduct through carbon, but carbon does have a significant resistance, and
much of the electrical energy will be lost as heat energy when it passes through carbon and it
forms diamond crystal structure so when we add impurity atoms it will not make any significant
change...+ Carbon is not used as semiconductor it has 4 valence electrons in it valence shell but
the energy gap is very small it will conduct electricity even at room temperature ,the size of
carbon is very small . It depends upon the structure of carbon. In case of germanium and silicon
they have d orbits in the outer shell and they have greater mobility.
48.Tell me various types of P-N junctions?
P-N junction is also called diode, such as photo diode, light emitting diode, tunnel diode, Zener
diode, varactor diode etc
49.What is value of the potential barrier of a silicon and germanium?
0.7V and 0.3 V
50. What is difference between P-N diode and Zener Diode?
Zener is highly dopped and work in reverse bias
51. What is Zener breakdown?
When a very high reverse voltage is applied across a semiconductor diode, a large amount of
current flows through it. This effect is called Zener breakdown.
52.What is charge on P type or N type semiconductor?
it is charge less
53. What is donor impurity?
The pentavalent impurity atoms like Sb, As
54. What is acceptor impurity?
The trivalent impurity like B, Al
55. What is doping?
Addition of impurity to pure semiconductor
56.How does conductivity of semiconductor varies with temperature?
The conductivity of the semiconductor increases with time
57.Why a large electric current flows, the semiconductor gets damaged?
It is because it gets heated
58. What are two important process involved in the formation of a P-N junction?
Diffusion and Drift , when a PN junction is formed due to concentration gradient , the holes
diffuse from P side to N side and electron diffuse from N side to P side . the drift of charge
carriers occurs due to electric field due to built in potential barrier an electric field directed
from n region to p region is developed across the junction. This field causes motion of electron
on p side to n side and motion of holes on n side to p side thus a drift current start which is
opposite to diffusion current.
1. Define Ohm’s law.
Answer. The current that flows through most conductors is directly proportional to the voltage
applied. The voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it,
provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain constant.
2. What is the formula of Ohm’s law?
Answer. Ohm’s law is given by the formula: V=IR
Where, I=current, V=volatge, and R=Resistance.
3. What is specific resistance?
Answer. The resistance offered per unit length and unit cross-sectional area when a known amount
of voltage is applied is known as the specific resistance.
4. What is the SI unit of the potential difference?
Answer. The SI unit of the potential difference is volt.
5. The current is measured in which unit?
Answer. The unit of electric current is Ampere.
6. What is the unit of resistance?
Answer. The unit of the electrical resistance is Ohms.
7. Does the resistance depend on the temperature?
Answer. Yes, the resistance depends on the temperature. As the temperature increases, the
resistance also increases.
8. What are the various sources of error while performing this experiment?
Answer: Various sources of error are:
 The instrument screws may be loose.
 Lack of thick connecting wires.
 Using rheostat of high resistance.
 9. What is electrical conductivity?
Answer. It is the measure of the ability of the material to allow the electric current to pass through it.
10. Define a rheostat.
Answer. A rheostat is a two-terminal electrical device. The rheostat is a variable resistor whose
resistance can be changed to change the current flowing amount through a circuit.
11. State true or false: The potential difference across the wire varies linearly with the
current.
Answer. TRUE. The potential difference across the wire varies linearly with the current.
12. Does the resistance depend on the dimensions of the conductor?
Answer. Yes, the resistance depends on the dimensions of the conductor.
1) What is meant by Ohm’s law?
Ohm’s law defines that the current across a conductor between two given points is directly
proportional to the voltage between the two points.
V/I = constant
2) What is meant by specific resistance or resistivity?
Specific resistance or resistivity is the resistance of one-metre length wire and the cross-sectional
area m2.
3) What is the difference between potential difference and emf?
The potential difference is the work done in displacing a unit charge from one point to another. Emf
is the potential difference among the terminals of a cell when no current is extracted from it.
4) Why is a connecting wire thick and enveloped with cotton thread?
Thick copper wires only possess negligible resistance, and covering them with cotton helps to avoid
short-circuiting.
5) What is the SI unit of resistivity?
Ohm-metre or Ωm is the SI unit resistivity.
6) What is the wire material used in a rheostat?
Constantan or manganin is the material of wire used in a rheostat.
7) How can we convert a galvanometer into (a) voltmeter (b) ammeter?
(a) By linking a high resistance in series.
(b) By linking a low resistance in parallel.
8) What is the influence of temperature on resistance?
Wire resistance increases with temperature.
9) Can we consider Ohm’s law as a universal law?
No, Ohm’s law is not a universal law. It totally fails on semiconductor materials and for resistances at
extremely low temperatures.
10) What happens when the voltmeter is linked in series in a circuit?
A voltmeter is a device used for measuring the potential difference across two points. So, the
voltmeter is linked between the two points. Furthermore, the voltmeter has a high resistance, and
therefore, the current in the circuit is drastically reduced.
11) What is meant by superconductivity?
In specific materials, the resistance completely vanishes below a distinct temperature. This is called
superconductivity.
1) What is a metre bridge?
A slide wire bridge, also termed a metre bridge, is an instrument that works on the principal
Wheatstone bridge. To find unknown resistance of a conductor, a metre bridge is used.
2) In a series combination of resistance, how do you find the equivalent resistance?
Since the same current passes through each resistor in series combination, the total resistance
RT can be calculated using the below equation:
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + …….Rn
3) What is Wheatstone bridge?
A Wheatstone bridge is a particular type of electrical circuit that is used in measuring the unknown
electrical resistance of the circuit by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit, where the unknown
component includes one of its legs.
4) What is the use of a metre bridge?
To measure the resistance precisely for a resistor, a metre bridge is used.
5) Which principle is followed by the metre bridge for its working?
The principle of the Wheatstone bridge is followed by a metre bridge for its efficient working.
6) Which material wire is used in a metre bridge?
The materials such as nichrome, constantan or manganin are used in making the wire of a metre
bridge because these materials have a high value of resistance, and the coefficient of the
temperature of their resistances is low.
7) What is the case when the metre bridge is in a more sensitive condition?
The metre bridge circuit will be very sensitive when all four resistors have the same resistance
values.
8) What is the balanced condition of a Wheatstone bridge?
When no current flows through the galvanometer, the Wheatstone bridge is said to be in a balanced
condition. By adjusting the known resistance and variable resistance, this condition can be achieved.
9) What is the working principle of a Wheatstone bridge?
It is the principle of null deflection which is responsible for the working of a Wheatstone bridge, i.e.
no current flows through the circuit, and the ratio of their resistances are equal.
10) What are the restrictions of Wheatstone bridge?
The resistance of the leads and contacts becomes important for low resistance measurement, but
the Wheatstone bridge shows errors while measuring them.
1. What is a galvanometer?
Answer: A galvanometer is a measuring device that measures a small electrical current or a function
of the current by deflection of a moving coil.
2. What is the formula to calculate the figure of merit of the galvanometer?
Answer: The formula to calculate the figure of merit of the galvanometer is
k=1ΘER+G
.
3. What is an ammeter?
Answer. An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to calculate the current in a circuit.
4. What is the unit to measure electric current?
Answer: Ampere is the unit used to measure the electric current.
6. Define ampere.
Answer: An ampere is a unit of measure of the rate of electron flow or current in an electrical
conductor.
7. How is a galvanometer converted to an ammeter?
Answer: A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance in parallel
with the galvanometer.
8. On the galvanometer scale, why is zero placed in the middle?
Answer: Zero is placed in the middle of the galvanometer since the galvanometer needle can deflect
on both sides.
9. How is an ammeter connected in a circuit?
Answer: An ammeter should be connected in the series pattern with the circuit. When the ammeter
is placed in series, the entire current of the circuit can be calculated when it passes through it.
10. Why is this method known as the half deflection method?
Answer: Here, the deflection is made half using a shunt resistance S. Hence It is known as the half
deflection method.
11. Are there positive and negative terminals in the galvanometer?
Answer: There are no positive and negative terminals in the galvanometer.