ee ee ee at ~ Phos TRansictoR me eee “We cameup with MOS when we requided a passive 3 Ltpymina 2-poxt n/w cwith a gain: Fox this, we vequived, {1 id | 10 ‘ 2 i Wy = Yo J 72 y,) = as large ab possib e & aie, Ya30 a k wet Mes, T,=0 and" t,*$(V))'and the chawadtes ‘Ietics weve ac “ell in (Z) quadyant. ‘ ty Fos passivity -the alibaatenists, Vv * Devices Like T/ UE quadzant Vs PIMOS “have ,, an only! 'be ‘in i u (same characteristics. —! aS wmos, but,in TI quadsant : 1g we deNiote Vi, and | Ty this way we an j plat the chabactexistics mL So We have fox PMs" bi S yk Sh “Ag long a5, Vip many Oo hot sufficiently ep Ty eet ee 4g rindspendinty Ofte o \ Yop Gatuzation er (o> alge I Veg < Vyp > deviée is off. squadyant TW - Vin) “Tp Aol (Vege Vp) . B/G whep Ven > Vig~ Vp D he dean can 90 only ve 1 Mp , abo’ - whan Vege Woe Vp, in ve che gate) = Mplax | Gece: Na LV} fel.nce PMOS hab got 5AMe eqAbiols a6 MMOS ye. may think iy have another device when we abacady have wins? The / answer 5 having bath NMOS Pas gives zis@ ta camplem- aesy behavior. Fox example xmas ciecurhs ~ ajcunsent mireox5 With WMO6 axe cusrent sinks oat oes Tp 15 gorng. (nko -the baansistas wheseas oom with aye cusvent Sources Lor in mos, the cuzaart be pushed out fyorn dwait) by the taansiete ool all signal Equivalent of PMOs iy= Mp Cox Vs6-Vrp) Use © Ip bhp on w Lop) UA _—Y In on "In the biasing clecuit, the source Is ata a W'S6 —highex potential te. the OC Voltage of ad D sauce IS high. But in the Ineemental= cixcult, the sousce is gyounded again, and dain and A= cate ave 2 higher potentials than source. 60 we have *he incemental civuit as 6 » The masemental clacuyt IS 2 ey % Same as that of NMOS >comman-Seurce Amplifies with PMoS:: Vez Vooki Vy W. eg-Vp) SG = Uy Co_ serv Rt Re Tp =o oY) Incremental CiRculr: S> TF we assume that UoCorQt) = MpCox(th) ano Vep=V Then if we have Mops we an replace Mos vos ; a A with’ emMos ™m this 7 AL, V2’ civcuit if we have ~ “bp ‘ Ro - ak the top, instead of is ett Ps \ -V, -Now @the quiescent voltages of all 7) che nodes im the biasing circuit axe” 8, sign-weversed. So we have: Ru SSiese we axe having —Vpp- we azen’t usually comfortable \, with negative voltages. So na we add) Vpp to all the node g in the. Pmos’s biasing Cut pa 7 \ a sedsaw —o IS WY Ry og Ry BR S Np +500 comverrt an NMOS Ciacuit, toa Pros Chrewlt « ; ie Lo Lv a Replace all NMOS with PMOS devices. And xeplace Gi) Add Vy, to au the nodes. with Bivitg ee arene Cll) Thayn ‘the cescuit upside down (on paper).ging Stabilization PMOS CS civcults. 2 1 tant, meaguae the drain curyent- any jve feedback is too high, «keep sousce voltage cons W gccosdingly vaxy gate voltage vA negat| Vop “Lf Ty Leek, yh Vense So we must increase V, 6 {Ho tly, IF Iplp. yt, Vou is too low, we R Olver’ must ineease Veupit Ve increases Ws automatically because’ heve Ve e. V, also deaeats “Ully if Ty>Treg, Yeh i . : ef, Mab Caubtomatial/y) | ‘Fax discxete components) we can aeplace the “I cursent Souxce with a lage Rx >>gt same 25 in NMOS,case. fn I ; " Voor |} j 5 pilesClil) keep the gate voltage fixed, measure the dealn current and vayy Vy accoadingty Civ) keep the souxce voltage Fixed, ymeaguxe the souxce usaent and vayy Vg agardingly- Vpp L | uF Ip MA = Veet ef Vip ace Ca ae ace) In Yatusat Ion wegen, \ ' Ty Cox W. w Vest) >Ingwemental = wit PMoS: * 00) sat iat Y Nee EC | NM os— mt Vt 1 common-peain j , wean just veplace nwo vo with pmas boz the in mena. ta PMos equiv art se t Mo Cannio axa coMMON-DRAM AMPLIFIER“ Tperemental ves with PMO% wi Ink i | Vo opel aa Uy | yer | oF 1 nfh te, re Veg [ Che “| 20 sy [ ea 7% be [ 2Tncvemental m4 with PMOS 1 § | , = my 5 i, sfrcremental CCS with PMs: Vb ——{e CO wis >Fited Teansconductance plas cizcuits . Veg BE ‘Th ouw bias stabilization techniques, ve changed Mats change I) Tp due +o change in Syn: but when we change Ves ox incsease Ves with; Ip zaising, the me = life keeps on decseasing. To avoid this, verte ‘os he Yap fized. This can bedore using Fized- Im Fox this, we vazy Ip +o keep “gn fixed“In othey words, in the psevious bias stabilization techIqu, We biased the -tyansistox for a constant cusvent. NoW the tyanscondyctance will vasy with temperature. But 0 Fixed'-9,,, bias drauits, we vaxy Ip t0 keep’ gp, $1%° " pather “Han biasing -the taansistox with 2 constart, cugaent, we bias the taansiStor wrth vasying 22 i i stank. gip=—a (lets say) that teansconductance |S constant. Im""R + Fox this discussion, we take 9, = AT Gince we aD aasily fee eee V,-Ve measuse Tp, TE G0£Im it Im <, ee tal Yes 4 ing ~tthen we inevease cuxveMt Hlow| ng Set -tha~ ean distor. ling -thaough +To measuye I, and’ Veg-Vy, we have: TFT 4 ie, if “1,9 Met Vet : aR je qn dt jit I, 18 409 much. So we mM? | -must™ decease Ip- — Meg) mt) Vo» | A : a | Given a voltage Voc, iz we axe genesatin r= V65Me5 Vee-Vp gone GS" "T . This can be o 2R. done wrtha VES. 2R But wewant T= Ves,- Ves f Ey Aoet O32 COM eee, 2R We have. Veg= V4 ee (n isha be V, JG w (AN saturari ion Lia wake ye ee nO i 6S) = Vy, 4S LAw.we hs fii Zo> Es -* must veduce p 2P¢ 'F Ty< Ty we musi $0 J I, Ww : incaease Ip: So 0 compare I, ad Bue bave rf VyI, Ipis ws 50 we must yeduce T, and Wy, CV if Mel, Ip ict be incseased swe can vaxy Ip by usiog | (t simple PMoS adinsistors and vasy ing theis gate voltages. G, aR we use’ PMos transistors beoz theix gates cai be divectly conmected to x’ B02 if Vg incyeases, Ty Limitations of a Resistive’ RIN as lavge as possible. i From all the configurations, tne common ~Sousce amplifies allows us 40 have highest inczementa) gain. So let’s loak at cs amplisle® with: PMOS. 2 Vop 4,3 + Mp Corte (o0- Ve-Vrp) yp To Find Vy, Jers plot Tp vs Vy and Ts : P 0 VS Vy Ney Ey! Their point of intersection gives us Ty, i ey : aii \ aes Ay Mi ee i ee Vz fora change jy) gate potential. ih IS Infor Inf: ial Y;- But i ‘Also, “the change in the dzaln potential AY « BOi- Out iF ok to sigtoy .wilLemter trade we inesease “R too Tmuch the tzan: pian cp we should Tmake 'k’ lage enough such that the teansistor is operating at the edge of gatunation xegio?. & - > But for the cacuit to adi we can inczease R jeve higher ain Oe ey the same. Fox with current through the teansistor belng Hunts this, we need to incsease Vo and Vo ou 7 . R>R & bean th : MV Nop. Ve Swe aan get higher mayemental. gains. by meaveasin' RY such that tyansistor still opexates in! sa warid Gio. This 1S possible by meseasing Voy and Ve by Same amount. smd if we want voughly 10 times incxease in the gain, we will need 10 times incyeas¢ in esistov. With IOR, for the FET tobe stil 0 satuzation, we Need to ies Vg and Ve by 10 times. (If iNov-VetV2<Now the ‘question IS can We 3e place the resistive load with something such that we ¢ an get incvease the,g2! by still keeping he supply voltage small 8 it € Foy highes inegemental. ga!0S, the i dine ‘c’ should intersect. VY Cave at edge of saturation and the Vatav curve, Vjt av close to y-2x's + But +he Line Y ean go Into T-quadsant because then < NG Tey it will be active device. Yoo’ ey the Line showld fall off. t0 ae ~“zeyo just aftes interse 19 "The device which fas this ¢ with the cusve, Vg AV. NMOS -baansistow. (1, ye yer mmaceenitics of Line Xe ig an . os chaweacteyistics) © TET pipe qubstion is kim 2 the gate voltax i ° Ve aa: \ Ve. such that when mr opewartes (n satwe- z ton, che’ dxain cusyent is I, Vy { a { ‘ “If ACM) =0, Ve mis yy, Te i) the mexemen- tal gain is? To get Io at mw ted “paansistoy” We @n use a” giode-conte \ i: ' \n “IF A=0; the Inesemental gan is imsfinrs Tae Sp RO — 4a? \ 7 x Lede 3, 9) ee by i SAK s i ca Map [FY setae maaee RP os _jncsemental gain. Non-lineax load.Eyam ‘the graph CL), if Vjo is inexeased by infinitesimally small U;, the opesating point (hanges to CP) Foy small 0;30, pads is still in saturation, but the NMOS goes into tylode yegion. Y—-> Vom) «For small 0j<0, the opesating point shifts to (A) where “Prxhe NMOS. is in saturation ¥eg!o”, but the Pmos enters Sig Rede EN WE Loy, Ceince for PMOS hewe, Viz Nv mee een Ve=Voy, V0 AF AV —> Ove Vv aN = eee a imeinitesimally smal] change ™m Th the a Aes, ges by a Finite amount. So che incsermnental gain isez. Me is iS when the opexating point is seb at Vo. $0 we aie) have: Nz oe iy voit oR yes es ee Py S oh POE t Vi d Nor V, Vio % CE) Veg Von V te " 14 (M2) inceeases, but since "Now aS Vz decreases foom Ve, Ty M is built to axey only I, Cie @ Tod at Veo), the Valt- until age of X, Vy inceases but it can only incvease the phos (M2) entess tyfode yegiod. Tn yiode segion, 7 ene ee ee the usve Mptox™ (vor VerV1t) y-aris, Veg 1 2% -~— | _ Hyox-(Voor V1) E Mr)! ig curt When Vg 18 Vop the emos( 2) is rH, 20) The pmdsS \s cut-off until, Veg> Veo" Vie (or Vo Vea it) «Fos V,(M2) in vange, Veo Yg< Yoo “rp. the PMoS Is is tyiode zeglIn- satuzation wegion and the NMss ing that’s possible without + The peak-to-peak output SW distostion is -A CMOS INVERTER : “In co amplifier with active oad, we wequie a Sep connected P aansistor. That's a disadvantage. of "the CS amplifioo™ wl both mect she gates of om wings. ayate diode. * The cmall-signal aquialat load @ an bes CF we con op iil! o jh ; ri Se € a Hence: Se deans of PMOS and ames oo Ss ame PY The gates of PMmos and NMOS axe! ay boxe [—V, * The Source of Pmas is mcementally gzounded Yo (r, but: comected a Vpp i? oxiginal dycurt., vs The source s NMOS ig grounded i TpsIyalways ~ + f° uy im ‘axe in satusation, then the inezemental gain Is =(amp* y& all %) LTF AO, they M1, WO! both Wash TEATS: It, IS oe wil only fax a ceataiN value of in Uae 1. Mp Cox), Voor Coy{ W- 3 ate ete) 2is im Lineay wlis in satuxation i iy 1, M2 in sabato ML in Jineas 22. eatwe se ait TF we mncaease VY, from Veg, From graph CL) in pweviaus PAIRS ME IE (TR triode wegion and M2 is still m Jp sakuxation region. But when V,> ? eV, if I Vieus, Mie: p J) he. M2 will be, cut-off es Bp TG ole TF we prcmase decaease Ve from Wad seam geaph a the pMas (ox M2). gpeS into “triode wegion- Gut when Vig Vane 7° >rmos(ex MI) Is cut-off. 5 the Slope of Vi, V5 Y, pewmnes Ar ¢, Ze%0 Cno tnaxe merrta } gain) ' | *Also im vegions (B) and C0), -the slap bcoz the ingremertal gain dewease \\ \ twansistoss enters txiode zegion: Nou Ve>Veo, Vag decreases, $0. Lp decreases. But-Ty ~ meweases, @ Vy, Keeps Falling» Cet) SO. Ip incgeas® ec decaeases fom 5 as one of the Ri ; SIF Ve HpCox¥. (Vop™ Vip Veg) gm a 1 and fox NMOS to be also ON V~>Vy — a Tp =p Ox tt Moo-Vrp- eS dO wien lt) % tae ang OSD sat>The symbol fox ad inveates’ (bs — [yo “Lebls gay welam ipa lab and we want ‘to find the magic voltage Vio Sos which both PMO and NMOS age In satusakjon row tht, wy Voltage Vy — [~ [ntl and we an put some axbitya the ofp voltage \ will ve ¥ putin Vy > Yaoz,n0e" F close, to 26%: “TF Vy\gq, Wy, 6 tno laws So we, must decotist Ve Vy 750 we obsexve that Vyand Wy should change iii came diyection and bence we 2D simply connee and output. But wheneves we connec! divectly this war wh mage ensuze_ that the qulesce- Vat TE points axe nok distuabed. 1¢: If the nods mj 8WS cnssent, then the pstertal of node y° gees distuybed, But inthis @Se, the node vy does ~ dyaw any Cussent, So we can connect: * and Y” here, = once we get the Taagic valtage Veo Ray ,we an Gi apply this as biasing valtage to a: 2 uscd amplifies with active load (hich is adam hy Ssatlcal investex) ta get Lave inevemental. gain. But we must alco add an inceemental voltage 0} on top of this /V, “ts -the Input oF “this second vertex, 6° dy so find ‘the incuemental voltage Py, imply. replace allcthe devices with thels: inasementad equivaler Si:yy Const me) onl )%ep Gni'9n) de bx we | Very high, $9 We can ‘neglect i eee ‘aaFiny) Dye + Vy (Gost Sinp)x 1 ape enll?4) { StF Jetipie- | ie “Also BP Smit Sin i lage, then VxS0j @ ally) | ; “50 we “need to make D, inde endent of. Imm Imp coe Rx D> Rg 2S Fox this, we connect a lage, 2s! * follows: = Vy (wher 82>%)STE we have only one inverter, then just Like in xobust — biasing of cS amplifiey, we, can, connect ‘Ry as: a . a3 connect gate and ‘ a7 Tain though ¢ = s oo Laxge resistance Ru Ry >a 8y Veo is Still the quiescent Voltage heve because there |S _ no curyerrt flowing Ffeaence gules Voltage dl ques™—theough hn | dyain [s 7220: between 92 but for the incwementaLase, Ry >Re such that Yo Mo and olf voltage almost d¥opS “fully acrory nf > These are some jntexesting this thak we can go with (MOS invertes. Foy example, gpl ot. q » Ris large and Bops%on What is smaLl-sianal. vatag 1 The small-signal equivalemt of above clxcuit is eta, : j ate and dvain of vy i Se i tea ond invey tee axe Shovted, @ soit Smit Imp), 1S) Vai DE¥e i Met 4 W% Grime Sup), amr np = a s + Rat ; a 7 i if we hae wltiple Tis in paralle) F , mult 1 Fox examp Je Nol P pre, I : v ap 6 VeVi : “TE we had 10 T's, Vp=—100) AoA* ’ a Pert etree asetiar Meant «pax making’. good voltage amplifies, we use Feedback “to make the i/p & 9/p properties of amplifies in depen goers, paopérties of -the txansistox, = A “V, go iF 'A isslarge enough, Yo. me , we cam choose a fle ; \; apilt A~,, _ clsaabit bo get the Beguiived gal. vs one of the cixcuits sto get laxge ‘A’ in forward path is sche opesational amplifier, 4e—P Vv, re tes i V1 . yzAYY) ' Man. v A> + TO get such laage gains. as. ‘A’ we aD Use cascade comm | \ M=Souxce amplifiers with active’ loads. Howevey, che Op-amp amplifies: only the diffesence bjw the i/p voltages but 4 CS amplifiess amplify. only a, single, i/p..so we Need a building block which amplifies only the dl penance b/w tivo Voltages val EG 1 ie may ‘think’ that. tb a whos taansistow, weave ampifure \the; diffeaence between gate and source (M9 | vi. but \\\ in ai negative, feedback “loop|of an opamp, * mM the distfevence blw \Y and Vy IS ‘Zeno (vivtual showt)-Ihe \) Negative’ feedback foxes the disfevence to be zexa. Now ff we short “Yand sowxce in NMOS, the teansistor WILL be: @tt-o fF .-Henice when '\y=Vy the exansistox eA ee L tion wegion | \“inast not be cut-off but should be ™ sakuzatlo fox ous yequisement. Voz Vet ay when Ves ¥y- Hence Swe ‘have: ‘ f overdrive 5 ar yell Ta yor! Ceney SSL SS ye uptav) Ta Laycortt Cura) y os Veo" Vt) = PE = Mfr ( fas Vt) =Im |*Fyom the previous page, a i lgfos (vewyt ut Yy cog ms dive) r4 gis f aBery A Vos SALA uf 2WaNs) nsistox still sespom: + Hence the tar” +o Vy-Vy. Cin Incoe mr eu ) even if we attach Yy -(y, av) ak source instead of just Vy fo * which is equal to Vy» So we need to get Vy-(Vy+4U) from Vy. A ; “y-ay. The inceemental galn a oe of x iS 'Y! since IF Wer change Vy, the olP changes by same amoul : 14 Hence “x” can be a VCVS (ox) common-dxaiD aynphif lee. Maa y yor R 4 B27” Choose I; such that Q wiz {fos Vg00) = Vy~ (Vpta¥) MI DMMB och oy VegC™2) = Vet OV (#) i _Now the inczementa). o/P L (MM ~FmR i { Pte TL we wank +9_R atolp, i we take ofp at 4” since Bfaz a ‘A, the input is ansidexed as Re (Mgr), but Tot a) Fe Vo o oA J we get Vg - Camf) by ver Ly Gonsideaing pas (e-Y) (e. Voz -a,R Vz-W) Qua A ~Sy8CM~Vy) V4 =9mB CYe-Vy)“since Vj, and Vy axe almost equal, we can expxess them as” vie Vet vey ys et Merl = Pe, 2 2 ai cman if fevered Vy = Vem # Uy , Vy = Vem Ya representing VizW py small Ug to “He insist that jx? is too S74" MCE YN, only depend on “Yy: - SOF we ansider “Yas cmall signal tial amplifiez, for alaaring the °F ifp £0 the differen paring paint the cizcuit, we an neglect ‘yy. Vg 2 it R im WE Can [NCzEIge Ip’ Bub when we incvease RV, faa Re ZL decreases and, hi Y MA Vg-IoR Gain fox sop ee PERCE ML Ma etrtey triode — difFexence of FeGhON. So fox bj : _ Inputs. load lug gl per gains, we ca achive ce active W we have done +o Inczease the galn OF 2 common~source amphifiex. so hexe we cap us 2s active load fos the NMOSS here, Befoze that : fundamentally Jets analyze with cuxyent Source’ TL, 204) “So\when 245% cuasent thaough M2 &M2 is J, But when vy#9 and even iF it IS infinitiseray positive, V,.Cmt) >Vec(m2) and hence ~ Ly Guy) >TyCmz). But the total cusyent should be 21: 1,() + yg) =27,) "id | And Ty) I, Vogts Tyu2) Now when A,%o and Ap#o the ince mental ccure, To sind the gain, find Tee and Ryov'ton | *SiMCe WE have Yyy & Yop, Vp 16 NOt: ZeYO but j6 very small and We can assume It bo be 26%? » Y= Tm ' dy Oe ES mp + Tym) = TyCM) = gundd "Ty CMH) = Gundy (due to Cupvent Imlovoa) And TyCM) = ym Va (G09 up) \ Tg 2 Srp + Now to calculate -the ofp vesistance, We have: Sw ee ES Mae ; RO Swe Rat Ye C. Lt Gn¥o ‘ Tap + Tor 1+ Jmv%on diz, gi HN 1; Ri! mr eo ett Rayo = Rou OF CCS with % / M2 ‘nn g = 4m Ag %o FRst% Heze, fc= Ga ea ; a. “Ry = Soma Yort — + Yon 3 ly = “Ba? Sano V" 2Yop,. SR Don?* Rout(Mr) = 2%or Vout = 29mndy (ion || %p) Vout ») biffexentja), Mode gain “2 29m (¥on|) Sop with active vod . - and A #9- > Laxge signal. Behaviay of DiFFexerklal paly it Fay large 042% Ty can go upto 1221. & I,=0 (Ip 1,=21) $% Ts0 and G=21, : 1 For large y ) q Disfesertial PE ing ahreshald FunctionAV,-Av, = 20, (No gaice |S « lly Cox tt (avsav,)= ot, — AV + O\Vy~ 20V,AN4 = “a NO YI x ra =2aVal, Infor ‘Hy y Aa 5) Fx QQ, Yur ee Teton AV 4 aV, = From @2@)- ® OF Ov, = Yt (ae ca ek Tyger 4 then ty Oe — _ | 2c I=L [@xw nV, Ver nox (tan a 7 = (V+ AV s) ~);, Sifoxe Hy Sorel +2, i) J t,= I. vt dh FE [ia TnCoxw “4 Tis I,+ Me eae poe (Uj Lncox ey “The maximum value of T, fora certain “Ke is: 27g oy