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‘Design of wind blades for the development of low-power wind turbines using
Betz and Schmitz methods.’

Article in Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies · October 2020

DOI: 10.1080/2374068X.2020.1833605

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ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2020.1833605

‘Design of wind blades for the development of low-power

wind turbines using Betz and Schmitz methods.’
Raghavendra sa, Ravikumar trb, Gnaendra Reddy gvb, Manjunatha knb
and Madhusudhana svb
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saividya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India; bDepartment of
Mechanical Engineering, SJC Institute of Technology, Chikaballpur, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

This paper deals with wind turbine design and production for low Accepted 5 October 2020
power generation, and is tailored for residential usage constraints.
Key words
The design process involves choosing the type of material for wind wind; turbine; power;
turbine and deciding the distribution of the blade aerofoil, pitch generation; low cost; blade
angle, and chord length along the radius. The distributions of the
pitch angle and chord length are calculated based on the conserva-
tion of angular momentum and the theory of aerodynamic forces
on an aerofoil. Blade Element Momentum theory is first developed,
and then used to perform a parametric analysis to decide if the
optimised blade pitch and chord length values establish the most
effective blade geometry. Finally, two separate approaches are
evaluated to decide which one produces the most effective blade
of wind turbines and also provides a discussion of the most critical
parameters in the design of the blade of wind turbines to optimise
effectiveness. The performance of wind turbine can be improved
using this theory in designing of wind turbine blades.

1. Introduction
Renewable energy technologies (RETs) are powered by resource self-producing and self-
preserving, these technologies can substitute and improve the basic end-use of many
energy-requiring uses, resolve the limitations of conventional usage and decrease fuel
dependence.
Since they are environmentally friendly these systems are beneficial. Like conventional
technologies, which have higher operational costs, the technologies have high capital cost
but lower operating costs� [1]. The cost of making RETs decreases due to technical
advances, economies of scale, declining prices and government support, making them
more desirable and more cost-effective�[2].
Now a day’s many researchers around the globe are working in energy sector, due to
high demand for energy. Sources like wind, solar are getting much attention because
�[3]. Lambert et al. investigated on development
these are renewable and easily available
and damage characterisation of wind turbine blade materials, Glass-epoxy materials were
used for detecting voids and fatigue damages [1�,2,3].

CONTACT Raghavendra S rvs.sdly@gmail.com Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saividya Institute of

Technology, Bangalore, India�
© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2 R. S ET AL.

Many of the RETs that can help are biogas digesters, micro-hydropower, solar thermal
cookers and heaters, solar photovoltaic (SPV) panels, wind energy etc. as a solution to the
rural energy issue in India SPV and wind energy systems have been marketed on a wide
scale across the globe in the current scenario. In this paper the construction of a wind
energy system is considered for a house to meet the demand. The amount of energy
needed to afford basic Rural populations around the world are comparatively small and
appropriate technologies are available, but the growth of access to modern energy
services is limited by extreme poverty, particularly in the least developed countries.
Living standards can be achieved in rural areas Improved significantly by implementing
this new system of SPV and wing energy [4]

2. Wind blade material

The wind blades are designed based on aerodynamic consideration and to keep blade strong
and stiff researchers around the globe worked on different materials like wood, aluminium,
Glass-carbon fibres reinforced plastics etc. final choice depends on strength, stiffness and
weight of the materials. Most importantly blade requires fatigue strength. There should be
the balance in aerodynamic and structural considerations when designing wind blade. The
blades were tested for static, fatigue loads and other simulation data before implementing.
The resin infusion technology is the most widely used technology in manufacturing wind
blades, especially longer blades. Commonly, glass/epoxy blades. Current Wind blade com-
posites contain up to 75 percent glass by weight. Carbon fibres are considered a very
promising alternative to glass fibres. They have much higher stability and lower density
than glass fibres, enabling thinner, stiffer and lighter blades. However, they have relatively
low tolerance for damage, compressive strength and ultimate strength [5,6].
Souada et al. [7] investigated on light materials suitable for wind turbine blades. Rice
straw fibre reinforced polypropylene matrix composites were developed and mechanical
properties like Tensile, flexural and impact strength were measured and from the results
it is concluded that natural rice straw fibre reinforced polypropylene matrix composites
were suitable for light weight wind blades.
Garcıa analysed [8] on basalt epoxy composites using finite element method. In their
investigation horizontal axis wind turbine model were developed and Computational
fluid mechanics (CFD) analysis were conducted along with experimental work. Work
suggested to use carbon fibre composites instead of basalt fibre composites blades.
Similarly, there are many literatures on wind blade materials and in most of the works,
Glass- carbon fibres plastic materials were identified since it satisfies all the important
requirements for wind Blade. OL et al. [9].�
In recent advancements Liang et al., [10] worked on carbon nano paper coatings on
glass fibre laminates. These coatings increased structural stability of the material which
involves lightening and erosion protection.

3. Design of wind turbine

The first aspect of the design of the turbine is the awareness of the power requirements to be
supplied. The design is not only in terms of power, and also in terms of the amount of wind
 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 3

resources available, and this is why the implementation of this type of wind project should
first know the frequency, strength and direction of the wind to know where our wind turbine
will be installed [11].

As a prototype model, it can be assumed that the turbine will be installed at a location where
500 watts of output is needed, i.e. the absolute power produced by the turbine (PMax).

Calculation and construction of wind turbine blades is a complex process when it comes to
industrial equipment, but can be streamlined using approximate methods for utility
applications.

There are two methods used, one is Betz Theory and the other is Schmitz Theory. The
technology is based on the Betz limit theory, which states that “the maximum power that can
be obtained, theoretically, from an airstream with an ideal wind turbine can never exceed
59.26 per cent of the energy carried by the wind.” On the basis of this criterion, it is
necessary to formulate a mathematical model for the rotor’s design. The Betz theory
considers only the axial interference factor to be the loss of wind speed as it reaches the
turbine blade. The Schmitz theory considers the tangential interference factor and raises the
tangential velocity of the blade due to wake.

The design of the blade is based on the ‘Evident Principle,’ while the mechanical design and
system element parameters were used for the design of other components [12]. The “Evident
Theory” would be used to estimate both the power delivered by the turbine and the
optimum design of the turbine. This is based on the convergence of three separate concepts,
such as Axial Moment Theory, Angular Momentum Theory and Blade Component Theory.

3.1. Axial momentum theory

The basic principles applied in this theory are the law on the conservation of time,
momentum and energy. This theory considers a rotating porous disk rotor experiencing
an axial force or a wind-carrying force called axial momentum theory.
As seen in Figure 1 wind has a speed V1 and a pressure P1 before crossing the porous
rotor. When wind approaches to the rotor, its speed decreases and its pressure increases
under the Bernoulli principle, reaching a velocity V at the rotor plane and a minimum
value of V2 away from the rotor.

3.2. Angular momentum theory

According to Newton’s equation of equilibrium, there must be a reaction in the air
flowing through the rotor to compensate the rotor’s torque, manifesting a change in
momentum’s current movement with respect to the axis torque. Upon moving through
the rotor, it will achieve a steady rotation around the axis with a ω radian/sec, given the
moment of the flow relative to the axis of the current and opposite to the torque.

3.3. Blade element theory

This theory measures the drag of the blade considering the forces acting on a small
differential thickness of the blade�as shown in figure 2, and then performs an integration
to find the resulting forces acting on each blade and multiplying the number of blades to
determine the total resulting force. While this theory is closer to reality than that which
4 R. S ET AL.

Figure 1. Axial momentum theory.

Figure 2.�Blade element theory.

considers the blade to be a disk whose surface is a constant pressure change, it is still an
idealisation since factors such as loss of efficiency due to blade turbulence are not
considered.
 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 5

3.4. Blade design

Blade design is the core of an effective wind turbine, with its profile and aerodynamic
shape providing the starting rotor torque and optimum power generation efficiency. The
design of the blades requires an aerodynamic analysis to select the appropriate shape,
width along the shape, the number of blades, angle of rise, angle of incidence and angle of
inclination. The blade has an aerodynamic profile and such profiles have a blunt end,
which is the leading edge, while the trailing edge is so smooth at the other end. Such
blades are made of aerodynamic structure along its cross-section and provide maximum
efficiency.

4. Study of wind speed

The selected location is the R&D Hub, S J C Technology Institute Chickballapur,
Karnataka, India-562101. The latitude is 13.356°N (13° 25 × 48||) and the longitude is
77.7269°E (77° 43 × 12||) the height from the sea level is about 822 m.
The type of wind turbine is defined by the available wind potential of the construction
site. Each wind turbine is constructed according to the types of wind turbines defined in
the International Electro technical Commission (IEC 61400–1) standards for installation
in locations with particular wind potential. For example, class I wind turbines can be
installed at sites with an average annual wind velocity of more than 8.5 m s-1, while class
II wind turbines can be installed at sites with an average annual wind velocity of between
7.5 and 8.5 m s-1 [13].
On this site, an annual average wind speed of 4.07 m/s is recorded using the
Mechanical cup counter anemometer positioned 10 m above ground level as shown in
Table 1.
From the Table1 and Figure 3, it is observed that the more wind speed is occurred in
the month of Jun, July and August in every year and an annual average wind speed is
4.07 m/s.

Table 1. Average wind speed in m/s for the past five years.
Monthly average wind speed in m/s
Month\Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Jan 4.22 3.41 3.09 3.52 2.96
Feb 3.52 3.77 3.81 3.77 3.43
Mar 4.3 3.94 3.35 3.28 3.47
Apr 3.57 3.08 3.49 3.08 3.48
May 3.59 3.68 3.82 3.49 2.7
Jun 5.53 6.06 5.54 5.8 5.78
Jul 7.6 6.48 5.52 6.06 6.68
Aug 5.49 5.29 5.59 4.4 6.60
Sep 4.54 3.61 4.77 3.12 3.28
Oct 2.87 2.91 2.8 2.57 3.08
Nov 3.42 3.74 3.24 3.38 3.21
Dec 3.53 3.48 3.57 3.21 3.81
Average 4.36 4.12 4.05 3.81 4.02
Average of Last Five Years 4.07
6 R. S ET AL.

�Airfoil Performance of NACA 4412 [8].�

Table 2.
Air foil performance
NACA 4412
CL CD
K0 0.4013 6.40E-03
For 0° < α < 20° K1 0.0935 −9.00E-04
K2 0.0052 2.00E-04
K3 −5.00E-04 −5.00E-06
K4 4.00E-06 −2.00E-07
αst 16 deg
For 20°< α < 90° C_Ls 1.44
C_ds 6.40E-03
B1 1
B2 −7.24E-02
A1 0.5
A2 0.3513

Table 3.�Blade geometry and wind characteristics of NACA 4412.

Blade geometry and wind characteristics
Radius R m 1.2
Wind speed V1 m/s 5.8
Rotational speed n rpm 323
Density of air ρ kg/m3 1.225
Number of blades B 3
Angular speed ω rad/s 33.8
Thickness (1 element) dr m 0.12
Inner Radius RI m 0.12
Swept surface A m2 4.479
Max Power PMax W 317.171
Tip Speed Vtip m/s 40.6
Tip Speed Ratio X 7.00
Angle of attack α deg 6
Coefficient of Lift CL 1.05

6
Wind speed in m/s

3
Wind Speed in m/s
2

0
Jan
Feb

Jun
Jul

Sep

Nov
Oct
Apr

Aug

Dec
Mar

May

Months

Figure 3. Average wind speed in m/s for the year 2017.

 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 7

Figure 4.�NACA 4412 aerodynamic profile.

4.1. Blade diameter

It is known that, Power in the wind is, PWIND ¼ 12 ρAV3 inW(1)
Whereρ = Density of air in kg/m3 = 1.225 kg/m3 for the selected site
A = Area Intercepted or Swept area in m2

V = Velocity of wind in m/s= Designed wind velocity

= 1.4 X annual average wind speed = 5.8 m/s

2
A¼ �D
Considering a Horizontal axis wind turbine, the swept area of the turbine is 4¼�R 2
inm2
, and

PWIND ¼ PMAX ¼ Designed power ¼ 500W

So the amount of energy depends on the radius of the blade. Substituting above values
into equation (1) and solving for R yields the following equation, i.e.
Available wind power,PWIND ¼ PMax ¼ 12 ρπR2 V3 inW(2)
Based calculation using equation (2), the rotor radius will be 1.2 metres.

4.2. Calculation of the blade section and selection of the profile and angle of
attack
The profiles of the NACA are chosen and these profiles are of the aerodynamic form of the
blades of the aircraft developed by the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics
(NACA) and are specified by a type of variable that describe its geometry�(figure 4). The
NACA 4412 airfoil has a maximum camber of 4%–40% of the leading edge with
a thickness up to 12% of the trailing edge. The profile of the blade should be those with
the highest aerodynamic efficiency (CL/CD) [14]. Those with the following conditions
should be looked at.
Firstly, the increase of CL to its maximum value with increasing angle of attack must
be gradual and not break abruptly.

(a) A situation of compromise between the maximum cross-sectional area and

a minimum is necessary for an optimal aerodynamic performance.
(b) Simplicity of manufacturing closely linked to the cost of it.
8 R. S ET AL.

Figure 5. Velocities and angles of wind turbine blade aerofoil.

4.3. General procedures for the design of the wind turbine blades
Figure 5 shows the velocities and angles in a given distance r, from the rotor axis. The
rotor shown in the Figureure is with two blades, i.e. B = 2. To design the rotor it is to
define the pitch angle β and the chord length c. Both of them depend on the given
radius, r [12].
The following procedure is uses to calculate the axial force and power of one ring
element in the rotor. Figure 6 shows a flow chart outlining the process of calculating the
axial interference factor ‘a’ and the tangential interference factor ‘aˈ’ for a single ring
element. In order for the relative wind speed angle Ψ to be calculated in the third step the
following equation must be used.
Step 1- Input values
V1 -Velocity of wind in m/s, this data is obtained from measured value of the wind

ρ -Density of air in kg/m3, this data is obtained from the selected site

Airfoil selection-NACA 4412

B -Number of blades, take B = 3 for optimum design value, because for both dynamic
structural stability and efficiency.

R -Length of the blade in m, it is calculated from the power equation by taking P = PMAX =
500W

dr -Elemental length or width of the blade in m

X -Tip speed ratio, dimensionless number

Vtip Rw
X¼ ¼ (3)
V1 V1
 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 9

Figure 6. Flow chart of the iteration process used to solve for ‘a’ and ‘aˈ’.

ω -Angular velocity of the blade in rad/s,

W.K.T Tip speed ratio is

Vtip Rω
X¼ ¼
V1 V1

XV1 2�n
ω¼ ¼ in rad=s
R 60
a – Axial interference factor
aˈ- Tangential interference factor
10 R. S ET AL.

Figure 7.�NACA 4412 airfoil blade by Betz method.

αD -Designed angle of attack in deg, this value is taken from the graph CL v/s α, CD v/s α
and GR ¼ CCDL v=sαof the airfoil, choose α value having maximum GR.
Ψ(r) -Angle between relative wind speed and rotor plane, this can be calculated by using
Betz method or Schmitz method.

� � ��
2 R
ΨðrÞ ¼ arctan in°from Betz method (4)
3 rX

�� ��
2 R
ΨðrÞ ¼ arctan in°from Schmitz method
3 rX

β(r) -Angle between chord line or reference line of the blade to rotor plane or pitch angle,
this can be calculated by using Betz method or Schmitz method.

βðrÞ ¼ Ψ ðrÞ αD
 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 11

Figure 8. NACA 4412 airfoil blade by Schmitz method.

� � ��
2 R
βðrÞ ¼ arctan αD from Betz method (5)
3 rX
�� ��
2 R
βðrÞ ¼ arctan αD from Schmitz method
3 rX

C(r) -Chord length of blade in m, this can be calculated by using Betz method or Schmitz
method.

16�R 1
CðrÞ ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi inmfrom Betz method (6)
9BCL;D X X 2 ð r Þ2 þ 4
R 9

� � ��
16�R 2 1 R
CðrÞ ¼ sin arctan inmfrom Shmitz method
BCL 3 rX
Step 2 – Choose guess values for a and aˈ, i.e. a = aˈ = 0
Step 3 – Calculate angle between relative wind speed and rotor plane that depends
on ‘a’ and ‘aˈ’ i.e.
12 R. S ET AL.

� � � �
V ð1 aÞV1
Ψ ¼ arctan ¼ arctan indeg (7)
u ð1 þ a0 Þrω
Step 4 – a) Calculate angle of attack (α)
α ðrÞ ¼ Ψ ðrÞ βðrÞ (8)
b) Find CL and CD from the airfoil data corresponding to α
For the given aerofoil cross section CL and CD is obtained from ‘Theory of wing
sections’ by Abbot and Von Doenhoff [15]. That is for the given aerofoil selection and
Experimental data from wind tunnel or from the blade profile data sheet or the poly-
nomial approximation, find CL and CD [10]�(table 2).
For 0° ˂ α ˂ αst
CL;D ¼ K0 þ K1 α þ K2 α2 þ K3 α3 þ K4 α4 (9)
Where K0, K1, K2, K3 and K4 are polynomial constants for CL and CD
For αst ˂ α ˂ 90°
cos2 α
CL ¼ A1Sinð2αÞ þ A2 (10)
sinα

CD ¼ B1sin2 α þ B2cosα þ CD;S

Whereαst – Stall angle of attack, it is the angle of attack where the lift coefficient is

Drastically reduced due to flow separation.

CD,S – Co-efficient of drag at the beginning of stall ‘αst’

B1 ¼ CD;max

CD,max = Co-efficient of drag, maximum value at α = 90°, Assume CD,max = 1 or

From the graph, CL and CD v/s α.

1 � �
B2 ¼ CDS CD;max sin2 αst
COS αst

B1
A1 ¼
2

� � sinαst
A2 ¼ CLS CD;max sinαst cosαst
cos2 αst
Where CLS = Co-efficient of lift at the beginning of stall ‘αst’
Step 5 – Calculate Cx and Cy
Cx ¼ CL sin Ψ CD cos Ψ (11)

Cy ¼ CL cos Ψ þ CD sin Ψ (12)

 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 13

Step 6 – Calculate new values of a and aˈ

For a ˂ 0.2
1
a ¼ 4Fsin2 Ψ (13)
σCy þ1

1
a0 ¼ 4FsinΨ cos Ψ
σCy 1

Where F – Factor Prandtl

2 �
F¼ arccos e f
�

B ðR r Þ
f ¼
2 rsinΨ

Where σ – Solidity Ratio

CB
σ¼
2 r
For a ≥ 0.2
� qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi�
1
a¼ 2 þ K ð1 2aC Þ ½K ð1 2ac Þ þ 2�2 þ 4ðKac 2 1Þ (14)
2

Where ac = 0.2

4Fsin2 Ψ
K¼
σCy
Step 7 – Does new a and aˈ differ by more than the target percentage (1%) from
previous a and aˈ
If No- Finished
If Yes- Substitute previous a and aˈ from new values in the step 3 and continue.
Step 8 – a) Axial force and tangential force per metre of blade for any radius
When the iterative process is ended for all blade elements, then the axial force and
tangential force per metre of blade for any radius can be calculated as
Axial force, Fy ¼ 12 ρw2 CCy inN=m(15)
Tangential force, Fx ¼ 12 ρw2 CCx inN=m(16)
Where w- relative wind speed in m/s
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
w ¼ V 2 þ u2 ¼ ðV1ð1 aÞ2 þ ðrωÞ2 inm=s

b) Lift and Drag force (FL and FD)

Lift force, FL ¼ CL 12 ρw2 bCBinN(17)
Drag force, FD ¼ CD 12 ρw2 bCBinN(18)
14 R. S ET AL.

c) Co-efficient of Power (CP)

CP ¼ 4að1 aÞ2 (19)

Step 9 – The Thrust Th and Torque T for each blade segment is calculated by
Thrust, Th ðrÞ ¼ Fy ¼ 12 ρw2 CCy in N (20)
Torque, T ðrÞ ¼ Fx r ¼ 12 ρw2 CCx r in Nm (21)
Step 10 – The total axial force and power are then calculated using the following
summations:
Total axial force or Thrust

R
B 2
Th ¼ B ò Th ðrÞdr ¼ ρw CCy RinN (22)
0 2

Total Power

R R
B 2
P ¼ B ò T ðrÞωdr ¼ Bω ò T ðrÞdr ¼ ρw CCx R2 inW (23)
0 0 4
Step 11 – Efficiency of the wind turbine rotor
(a) According to Betz method

Efficiency of the rotor is ηrotor ¼ PProtor

max
(24)
WhereProtor = Power in the rotor shaft in W = P = PBetz

1
Pmax ¼ ρAV1 3 inW
2
(a) According to Schmitz method

Efficiency of the rotor is ηrotor ¼ PProtor

max
(25)
WhereProtor = Power in the rotor shaft in W = P = PShmitz

Step 12 – Co-efficient of Performance (CP)

P
Co-efficient of Performance, CP ¼ Pmax (26)
In order to start reducing the number of blade design variables, the constraints of wind
turbine to produce low power generation must first be translated to input values of the
Blade Element Momentum (BEM) analysis. The main constraint of a small wind turbine
is the allowable height of the wind turbine which constraints both the wind speed and the
blade length�(figure 7 , figure 8 shows the geometry of NACA 4412 for Betz and Schmitz
method respectively). Based on the assumption of blade element theory that there is no
interference between successive blade elements along the blade and Forces acting on the
blade element are solely due to the lift and drag characteristics of the sectional profile of
a blade element [15–17]. Based on those assumptions, the average wind speed at the
maximum allowable height of 10 metres is about 4.07 m/s and Design wind speed is
5.8 m/s with a corresponding blade radius of 1.2 metres� (table 3).
 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 15

Table 4. BEM calculation spread sheet for NACA 4412 by Betz method.
Main BEM calculation spread sheet for NACA 4412 by Schmitz method
Ring. No. N_r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Rel. Radius r/R 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95
Radius r m 0.18 0.3 0.42 0.54 0.66 0.78 0.9 1.02 1.14
speed ratio X’ 1.05 1.75 2.45 3.15 3.85 4.55 5.25 5.95 6.65
Angle Optimal phi deg 29.07 19.83 14.80 11.74 9.71 8.26 7.19 6.36 5.70
Pitch beta deg 23.07 13.83 8.80 5.74 3.71 2.26 1.19 0.36 −0.30
Rel. Chord Length c/R 0.151 0.118 0.093 0.075 0.063 0.054 0.047 0.042 0.037
Rel. Speed W m/s 8.19 11.55 15.25 19.09 23.01 26.95 30.95 34.94 38.95
Tang. Force F_x N/m 3.87 4.26 4.36 4.39 4.38 4.4 4.3 4.136 3.36
Axial Force F_y N/m 7 11.82 16.55 21.26 25.9 30.05 35.05 39.15 40.83
Power P_r W 8.49 15.55 22.28 28.88 35.2 41.48 47.17 51.38 46.6
Swept Area A_i m2 0.14 0.23 0.32 0.41 0.5 0.68 0.68 0.78 0.86
Tang. Force F_xi N 0.84 1.42 1.99 2.55 3.11 3.66 4.21 4.7 4.9
Axial Force F_yi N 0.47 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.5 0.4

Tables 4 and 5 contain the pitch angle and relative chord length for each of the 10
blade segment. The values is the table up to seventh row are dimensionless so that the
distribution of pitch and chord length can be applied to a blade of any size. Each segment
is assumed to have constant aerodynamic properties, pitch and chord length, so having
more blade segments creates a more accurate analysis.
From the Figure 9 it is recommended the NACA 4412 airfoil, having an angle of attack
of α = 7.1°, this with a value of CL = 0.8886 and CD = 0.0078 with an aerodynamic
efficiency of GR = 113.545.
From Figures 10 and 11 one can compare the optimised pitch angle and chord length
distributions calculated by both Betz and Schmitz method respectively. The difference in
pitch angle is small at the hub of the turbine blade; with a difference of about 3.34° here
the power produced is small because of the relatively small swept area. The difference
decreases until after 50% of the blade length when the two lines are within a degree of one
another. At the tip r/R = 1, the difference in optimal pitch angle is approximately 0.02°. In
the Figure 11 it is observed that at the hub two theories differ less of c/R is 0.053 and note
that near the tip there is no difference between theories.

Figure 9. Variation of CL, CD and GR with Angle of attack (α) for NACA 4412 airfoil.
16 R. S ET AL.

Pitch Angle (β) v/s Relative Radius (r/R)

30

Pitch Angle (β) in deg 25

20

15
Betz
10 Shmitz

0
0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95
-5
Relative Radius (r/R)

Figure 10. Variation of pitch angle with relative radius of NACA 441.

Relative Chord length (c/R) v/s Relative Radius (r/R)

0.25
Rel. Chord length (c/R)

0.20

0.15

Betz
0.10
Shmitz

0.05

0.00
0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95
Relative Radius (r/R)
Figure 11. Variation of relative chord length with relative radius for NACA 4412.

From Figures 12 to 16 it can be seen that, there is no difference in the tangential force,
axial force and Power on the blade at the root and the tip by using Betz and Schmitz
method.
From the Table 6 it shows that there are small differences between Betz and Schmitz
method in power production, efficiency and coefficient of power of the turbine blade
which are negligible.
Through using the Betz and Schmitz method in the wind turbine blade design,
the efficiency of the wind turbine can be enhanced. However, there are several wind
 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 17

Figure 12. Variation of tangential force on the blade with relative radius.

Axial Force (F_y) v/s Relative Radius (r/R)

45
40
Axial Force F_y in N/m

35
30
25
20 Betz
15 Shmitz
10
5
0
0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95
Relative Radius (r/R)
Figure 13. Variation of axial force on the blade with relative radius.

blade profile optimisation tools available, Betz and Schmitz method both of which
are analytical methods that provide fundamental expertise in the design of wind
blades.

5. Conclusion
All in, it is suggested from the literature review that glass fibre, carbon fibre reinforced plastic
materials are ideal for wind blades because they have a good structural capacity to withstand
18 R. S ET AL.

Axial Force (F_yi) v/s Relative Radius (r/R)

16
14
Axial Force F_yi in N

12
10
8
Betz
6
Shmitz
4
2
0
0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95
Relative Radius (r/R)
Figure 15. Variation of axial force on the blade with relative radius.

fatigue load, erosion resistance and other environmental factors. By comparing Betz and
Schmitz formulas for the design of the optimum pitch angle, it is observed that the two
theories differ only in the case of small r/R, and here the power produced is small due to the
relatively small swept area. At tip r/R = 1, the optimal pitch angle for each is approximately
0.02°. For optimum chord length, it is found that at small r/R the two theories vary from c/R
by 0.053 and note that near the tip there is no difference between theories and there is also no
difference in tangential force, axial force and blade strength at the root and tip using the Betz
and Schmitz theory There are minor variations in the power output, performance and power
 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 19

Power (P_r) v/s Relative Radius (r/R)

60

Power P_r in W 50

40

30
Betz
20 Shmitz

10

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Area A_i in m2
Figure 16. Power produced from the blade with area of the blade.

Table 6. Comparison between Betz and Schmitz method for NACA 4412 aerofoil blade.
Results of power calculation Betz method Schmitz method
Pitch control wind speed Design β deg 0 0
Design Wind speed V1 m/s 5.8 5.8
Rotational speed n rpm 323.085 323.085
Power P W 297.515 297.039
Efficiency η % 93.802 93.653
Torque M N-m 8.794 8.779
Axial Force T N 82.749 82.114
Tip speed ratio X_act 7 7
Mean angle of attack αm deg 5.558 6.153
Coefficient of Power Cp 0.556 0.555

�BEM calculation spread sheet for NACA 4412 by Schmitz method.

Table 5.
Main BEM Calculation Spread sheet for NACA 4412 by Schmitz method
Ring. No. N_r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Rel. Radius r/R 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95
Radius r m 0.18 0.3 0.42 0.54 0.66 0.78 0.9 1.02 1.14
speed ratio X’ 1.05 1.75 2.45 3.15 3.85 4.55 5.25 5.95 6.65
Angle Optimal phi deg 29.07 19.83 14.80 11.74 9.71 8.26 7.19 6.36 5.70
Pitch beta deg 23.07 13.83 8.80 5.74 3.71 2.26 1.19 0.36 −0.30
Rel. Chord Length c/R 0.151 0.118 0.093 0.075 0.063 0.054 0.047 0.042 0.037
Rel. Speed W m/s 8.19 11.55 15.25 19.09 23.01 26.95 30.95 34.94 38.95
Tang. Force F_x N/m 3.87 4.26 4.36 4.39 4.38 4.4 4.3 4.136 3.36
Axial Force F_y N/m 7 11.82 16.55 21.26 25.9 30.05 35.05 39.15 40.83
Power P_r W 8.49 15.55 22.28 28.88 35.2 41.48 47.17 51.38 46.6
Swept Area A_i m2 0.14 0.23 0.32 0.41 0.5 0.68 0.68 0.78 0.86
Tang. Force F_xi N 0.84 1.42 1.99 2.55 3.11 3.66 4.21 4.7 4.9
Axial Force F_yi N 0.47 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.5 0.4
coefficient of the turbine blade that are marginal. Finally, it is easier to use the Betz method of
designing a turbine blade that gives more energy to the root as it has more chord length and
 20 R. S ET AL.

higher power output compared to the Schmitz method.

Acknowledgements
The support of the Sai vidya institute of Technology, Bengaluru, SJC institute of Technology,
Chickaballpura and Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi is gratefully acknowledged.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest by the authors.

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