All Exams & Answers

Questions of Petroleum Company
1- Draw both of Western desert, Gulf of Suez and Nile Delta

stratigraphic Colum.
Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

(4 any Questions 0111822238)
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2- Draw a simplified map for Egypt with illustrating provinces and
cites.

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3- Define:
a) Porosity:
It is the percentage of pore volume or void space to the total volume of rock.
• Primary porosity: The porosity preserved from deposition through lithification.
• Secondary porosity: created through alteration of rock, commonly by processes such as
dolomitization, dissolution and fracturing.
• Total porosity: is the total void space and as such includes isolated pores and the connected
pores
• Effective porosity: The interconnected pore volume or void space in a rock that contributes
to fluid flow or permeability in a reservoir.
b) Permeability:
It is the ability of the rock to transmit fluids, to be permeable; a formation must have
interconnected porosity (Unit is Darcie)
• Absolute permeability: ability to flow or transmit fluids through a rock, conducted when a
single fluid, or phase, is present in the rock.
• Effective permeability: The ability to preferentially flow or transmit a particular fluid
when other immiscible fluids are present in the reservoir. If a single fluid is present in a
rock, its relative permeability is 1.0
• Relative permeability: is the ratio of effective permeability of a particular fluid at a
particular saturation to absolute permeability of that fluid at total saturation.
c) Sedimentary rock:
Is a type of rock that is formed by sedimentation of material at the Earth’s surface and within
bodies of water. the most important for the oil industry as it contains most of the source rocks
and cap rocks and virtually all reservoirs. Sedimentary rocks come from the debris of older
rocks ; and are split into two categories:
• Clastic rocks: Formed from the materials of older rocks by the actions of erosion,
transportation and deposition. (Mechanical process). Such as conglomerate, sandstone, shale.
• Non clastic rocks: are formed by chemical precipitation (settling out from a solution). Such
as Limestone, calcite and halite.
d) Formation:
- It is basic unit for the naming of rocks in stratigraphy: a set of rocks that are or once were
horizontally continuous, that share some distinctive feature of lithology, and are large
enough to be mapped.
- Is the fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy. A formation consists of a certain number of
rock strata that have a comparable lithology, facies or other similar properties. A
formation can be divided into member and are themselves grouped together in groups.

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e) Sequence:
A group of relatively conformable strata that represents a cycle of deposition and is bounded
by unconformities or correlative conformities. Sequences are the fundamental unit of
interpretation in sequence stratigraphy. Sequences comprise systems tracts.
f) Index fossil:
Are fossils used to define and identify geologic periods (or faunal stages). They work on the
premise that, although different sediments may look different depending on the conditions
under which they were laid down, If the species concerned were short-lived (in geological
terms, lasting a few hundred thousand years), then it is certain that the sediments in question
were deposited within that narrow time period. The shorter the lifespan of a species, the more
precisely different sediments can be correlated, and so rapidly evolving types of fossils are
particularly valuable. The best index fossils are common, easy-to-identify at species level,
and have a broad distribution—otherwise the likelihood of finding and recognizing one in the
two sediments is minor.
g) Unconformity:
Is a buried erosion surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages. There are
many type from unconformity surface:
• Angular unconformity: is an
unconformity where horizontally parallel
strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on
tilted and eroded layers, producing an
angular discordance with the overlying
horizontal layers.
• Disconformity: unconformity between
parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which
represents a period of erosion or non-
deposition. paraconformity is a type of
disconformity in which the separation is a
simple bedding plane with no obvious
buried erosional surface.
• Paraconformity: is a type of unconformity
in which strata are parallel; there is little
apparent erosion and the unconformity
surface resembles a simple bedding plane.
• Nonconformity: exists between
sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or
igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock
lies above and was deposited on the pre-
existing and eroded metamorphic or
igneous rock.

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h) Structure:
A geological feature produced by deformation of the Earth's crust, such as a fold or a fault; a
feature within a rock, such as a fracture or bedding surface; or, more generally, the spatial
arrangement of rocks.
i) Growth fault:
• A fault in sedimentary rock that forms contemporaneously and continuously with
deposition, so that the throw increases with depth and the strata of the down-thrown side
are thicker than the correlative strata of the up-thrown side.
• A type of normal fault that develops and continues to move during sedimentation and
typically has thicker strata on the downthrown, hanging wall side of the fault than in the
footwall. Growth faults are common in the Gulf of Suez and in other areas where the
crust is subsiding rapidly or being pulled apart.
j) Structure depth map:
A type of subsurface map whose
contours represent the elevation of a
particular formation, reservoir or
geologic marker in space, such that
folds, faults and other geologic
structures are clearly displayed. Its
appearance is similar to that of a
topographic map, but a topographic
map displays elevations of the Earth's
surface and a structure map displays
the elevation of a particular rock
layer, generally beneath the surface.
k) Clysmic fault:
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..

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l) Mud circulation:
m) Mud log unit:

The system integrates powerful computer network technique, highly accurate and reliable
sensor technique, analysis and evaluation technique of rock samples such as geochemical,
nuclear magnetic resonance and quantitative fluorescence, and it is the center of quick and
comprehensive interpretation and evaluation of oil and gas on well-site. The system can
discover and evaluate oil and gas reservoirs quickly, monitor drilling engineering parameters
and toxic gases such as H2S and CO2, thus to ensure drilling safety, enhance drilling
efficiency and reduce operation cost. The mud logging unit has served in domestic oilfields.
n) Lag time:
• It is the time between a chip being cut by the bit and the time it reaches to the surface
where it is then examined by the wellsite geologist or mudlogger.
• The time taken for cuttings sample to reach the surface. The term is also used in place of
cycle time.

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o) Attic oil:
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
p) Migration:
• In Geology: The movement of hydrocarbons from their source into reservoir rocks. The
movement of newly generated hydrocarbons out of their source rock is primary
migration, also called expulsion. The further movement of the hydrocarbons into
reservoir rock in a hydrocarbon trap or other area of accumulation is secondary
migration. Migration typically occurs from a structurally low area to a higher area
because of the relative buoyancy of hydrocarbons in comparison to the surrounding rock.
Migration can be local or can occur along distances of hundreds of kilometers in large
sedimentary basins, and is critical to the formation of a viable petroleum system.
• In Geophysical: A step in seismic processing in which reflections in seismic data are
moved to their correct locations in the x-y-time space of seismic data, including two-way
traveltime and position relative to shotpoints. Migration improves seismic interpretation
and mapping because the locations of geological structures, especially faults, are more
accurate in migrated seismic data. Proper migration collapses diffractions from secondary
sources such as reflector terminations against faults and corrects bow ties to form
synclines. There are numerous methods of migration, such as dip moveout (DMO),
frequency domain, ray-trace and wave-equation migration.
q) Muting:
• To remove the contribution of selected seismic traces in a stack to minimize air waves,
ground roll and other early-arriving noise. Low-frequency traces and long-offset traces
are typical targets for muting.
• Remove arrivals that are not primary reflections or make it zero.
r) Stacking:
• The stacking velocity is used to correct the arrival times of events in the traces for their
varying offsets prior to summing, or stacking, the traces to improve the signal-to-noise
ratio of the data.

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s) Common mid-point (CMP):
• Having the same midpoint between source
and detector, the location to which the
reflections are migrated (or gathered)
during seismic processing.
• The point on the surface halfway between
the source and receiver that is shared by
numerous source-receiver pairs. The
common midpoint is vertically above the
common depth point, or common reflection
point. Common midpoint is not the same as
common depth point, but the terms are
often incorrectly used as synonyms.
t) Common depth point (CDP):
• More correctly CMP where beds do not dip,
the common reflection point at depth on a
reflector, or the halfway point when a wave
travels from a source to a reflector to a
receiver. In the case of flat layers, the
common depth point is vertically below the
common midpoint. In the case of dipping
beds, there is no common depth point
shared by multiple sources and receivers, so
dip moveout processing is necessary to
reduce smearing, or inappropriate mixing,
of the data.
• point is the halfway point in the travel of a
wave from a source to a flat-lying
reflector to a receiver.
u) Pull up:
A phenomenon of relative seismic
velocities of strata whereby a shallow
layer or feature with a high seismic
velocity (e.g., a salt layer or salt dome,
or a carbonate reef) surrounded by
rock with a lower seismic velocity
causes what appears to be a structural
high beneath it. After such features are
correctly converted from time to
depth, the apparent structural high is
generally reduced in magnitude.

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Normal moveout (NMO):
• The traces from different source-receiver pairs that share a midpoint can be corrected
during seismic processing to remove the effects of different source-receiver offsets.
• The effect of the separation between receiver and source on the arrival time of a
reflection that does not dip, abbreviated NMO. A reflection typically arrives first at the
receiver nearest the source. The offset between the source and other receivers induces a
delay in the arrival time of a reflection from a horizontal surface at depth. A plot of
arrival times versus offset has a hyperbolic shape.
• A function of time and offset that can be used in seismic processing to compensate for the
effects of normal moveout, or the delay in reflection arrival times when geophones and
shotpoints are offset from each other.
v) Ghost multiple:
A short-path multiple, or a spurious
reflection that occurs when seismic
energy initially reverberates upward
from the shallow subsurface and
then is reflected downward, such as
at the base of weathering or between
sources and receivers and the sea
surface.

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w) Interval velocity:
The velocity, typically P-wave velocity, of a specific layer or layers of rock, symbolized by
vint and commonly calculated from acoustic logs or from the change in stacking velocity
between seismic events on a common midpoint gather.
x) Reflection coefficient:
The ratio of amplitude of the reflected wave to the
incident wave, or how much energy is reflected. If the
wave has normal incidence, then its reflection coefficient
can be expressed as:
Typical values of R are approximately -1 from water to

air, meaning that nearly 100% of the energy is reflected
and none is transmitted; ~ 0.5 from water to rock; and ~
0.2 for shale to sand. At non-normal incidence, the
reflection coefficient defined as a ratio of amplitudes
depends on other parameters, such as the shear velocities,
and is described as a function of incident angle by the
Zoeppritz equations.
y) Snell's Law
The mathematical description of refraction, or the physical change in the direction of a
wavefront as it travels from one medium to another with a change in velocity and partial
conversion and reflection of a P-wave to an S-
wave at the interface of the two media. Snell's law,
one of two laws describing refraction, was
formulated in the context of light waves, but is
applicable to seismic waves. It is named for
Willebrord Snel (1580 to 1626), a Dutch
mathematician. Snell's law can be written as:

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4- What is the difference between:
a) Reverse and Thrust Fault

Reverse Fault Thrust Fault
Reverse > 45◦ Thrust < 45◦

Compression Force Compression Force
b) Porosity and Effective Porosity

Porosity Effective Porosity
It is the percentage of pore volume or void The interconnected pore volume or void space
space to the total volume of rock. in a rock that contributes to fluid flow or
It is the ability of the rock to hold the fluid. permeability in a reservoir.
The percentage of pore volume or void space, The interconnected pore volume or void space
or that volume within rock that can contain in a rock that contributes to fluid flow or
fluids. Porosity can be a relic of deposition permeability in a reservoir. Effective porosity
(primary porosity, such as space between excludes isolated pores and pore volume
grains that were not compacted together occupied by water adsorbed on clay minerals or
completely) or can develop through alteration other grains. Total porosity is the total void
of the rock (secondary porosity, such as when space in the rock whether or not it contributes to
feldspar grains or fossils are preferentially fluid flow. Effective porosity is typically less
dissolved from sandstones). than total porosity.
Shale gas reservoirs tend to have relatively high
Porosity can be generated by the development porosity, but the alignment of platy grains such
of fractures, in which case it is called fracture as clays makes their permeability very low.
porosity.
c) Dolomite, Anhydrite and Limestone

Dolomite Anhydrite Limestone
CaMg(CO3)2 CaCO3 CaSO4
Hcl test with dolomite is slow Anhydrites not react Hcl test with Limestone is
reaction. with Hcl test. Strong and rapid reaction.
There are two type of dolomite May occur as a cap Reservoir rock.
primary and secondary Dolomite rock above salt domes.
where Second dolomite is good
Reservoir rock.
Color: Beige. Color: Snow Whigh.

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d) Fault and joint
Fault joint
Found in large scale Found in small scale
There are displacements parallel to the defining plane of rock. There is no displacement
parallel to the defining
plane of rock.
A break or planar surface in brittle rock across which there is A surface of breakage,
observable displacement. Depending on the relative direction of cracking or separation
displacement between the rocks, or fault blocks, on either side of the within a rock along
fault, its movement is described as normal, reverse or strike-slip. which there has been no
According to terminology derived from the mining industry, the fault movement parallel to the
block above the fault surface is called the hanging wall, while the defining plane. The
fault block below the fault is the footwall. Given the geological usage by some authors
complexity of some faulted rocks and rocks that have undergone can be more specific:
more than one episode of deformation, it can be difficult to When walls of a fracture
distinguish between the various types of faults. Also, areas deformed have moved only normal
more than once or that have undergone continual deformation might to each other, the
have fault surfaces that are rotated from their original orientations, so fracture is called a joint.
interpretation is not straightforward. In a normal fault, the hanging
wall moves down relative to the footwall along the dip of the fault
surface, which is steep, from 45o to 90o. A growth fault is a type of
normal fault that forms during sedimentation and typically has thicker
strata on the downthrown hanging wall than the footwall. A reverse
fault forms when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall
parallel to the dip of the fault surface. A thrust fault, sometimes called
an overthrust, is a reverse fault in which the fault plane has a shallow
dip, typically much less than 45o.
Movement of normal and reverse faults can also be oblique as

opposed to purely parallel to the dip direction of the fault plane. The
motion along a strike-slip fault, also known as a transcurrent or
wrench fault, is parallel to the strike of the fault surface, and the fault
blocks move sideways past each other. The fault surfaces of strike-
slip faults are usually nearly vertical. A strike-slip fault in which the
block across the fault moves to the right is described as a dextral
strike-slip fault. If it moves left, the relative motion is described as
sinistral. A transform fault is a particular type of strike-slip fault that
is a boundary of an oceanic tectonic plate. The actual movement of a
transform fault is opposite to its apparent displacement.
The presence of a fault can be detected by observing characteristics of

rocks such as changes in lithology from one fault block to the next,
breaks and offsets between strata or seismic events, and changes in
formation pressure in wells that penetrate both sides of a fault. Some
fault surfaces contain relatively coarse rubble that can act as a conduit
for migrating oil or gas, whereas the surfaces of other faults are
smeared with impermeable clays or broken grains that can act as a
fault seal.

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e) Erosion and digenesis
Erosion digenesis
The process of denudation In Rock: The physical, chemical or biological alteration of
of rocks, including sediments into sedimentary rock at relatively low temperatures and
physical, chemical and pressures that can result in changes to the rock's original
biological breakdown and mineralogy and texture. After deposition, sediments are compacted
transportation. as they are buried beneath successive layers of sediment and
cemented by minerals that precipitate from solution. Grains of
sediment, rock fragments and fossils can be replaced by other
minerals during diagenesis. Porosity usually decreases during
diagenesis, except in rare cases such as dissolution of minerals and
dolomitization. Diagenesis does not include weathering processes.
Hydrocarbon generation begins during diagenesis. There is not a
clear, accepted distinction between diagenesis and metamorphism,
although metamorphism occurs at pressures and temperatures
higher than those of the outer crust, where diagenesis occurs.
The process by which In Petroleum: The initial stage of alteration of sediments and
material weathered from maturation of kerogen that occurs at temperatures less than 50°C
rocks is transported by [122°F]. The type of hydrocarbon generated depends on the type of
wind, water, ice, or organic matter in the kerogen, the amount of time that passes, and
abrasive solid particles, or the ambient temperature and pressure. During early diagenesis,
by mass-wasting, as in microbial activity is a key contributor to the breakdown of organic
rock falls and landslides. matter and generally results in production of biogenic gas. Longer
exposure to higher temperatures during diagenesis, catagenesis, and
metagenesis generally results in transformation of the kerogen into
liquid hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon gases.
There is no change in There is change in chemical composition.
chemical composition.
f) Continental and marine

Continental Marine
There are many type of continental There are many type of marine environmental
environmental deposits: deposits:
a) Terrestrial deposits: a) Marine shoreline environment.
1. Desert deposits b) Shallow Marine (Neritic Zone).
2. Glacial deposits c) Intermediate Seas (Bathyal Deposits)
b) Fluvial deposits d) Deep Marine (Abyssal Deposits)
1. Alluvial Fan
2. River & Stream
3. Piedmonts sediment
4. Valley flat sediment
c) Lake deposits(Lacoustrine)
d) Cave deposits(Spelal)
Main site of reservoir rocks not found in Main site of reservoir rocks found in
continental environment. continental environment.

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g) Shale and sandstone.
Shale Sandstone
Source Rock or Cap Rock Reservoir Rock
Good porosity and very low permeability. Good porosity and Good permeability.
h) Quartz, Calcite, Orthoclase and Gypsum

Quartz Calcite Orthoclase Gypsum
It is hardness is 7 It is hardness is 3 It is hardness is 6 It is hardness is 2

Page 14
5- Choose the correct answer:
1.Um Baraka Field is in
a) Nile Delta.
b) Western Desert.
c) Gulf of Suez.
d) Sinai.
2.Known oil seeps exist in

a) AbuMadi.
b) Alamein.
c) Gemsa.
d) Abu Rudeis.
3.What is the daily oil production of Egypt?

a) About 100,000 bbls/day
b) About 250,000 bbls/day
c) About 550,000 bbls/day
d) About 1000,000 bbls/day
4.What is the current approximate price of one barrel oil?

a) US $99.
b) US $50.
c) About US $110.
d) US $150.
5.Shoaab Ali oil Field present: in

a) Western Desert.
b) Nile Delta.
c) Gulf of Suez.
6.Most of the gold mines in Egypt exist in

a) Western Desert.
b) Eastern Desert.
c) Sinai.
7.Which Oasis has iron ore?

a) El Kharga Oasis.
b) El Bahariya Oasis.
c) Siwa Oasis.
d) Farafra Oasis.

Page 15
8.Where is the known phosphate mining in Egypt?
a) Edfo.
b) Ras El Dip.
c) Abu Tartoor.
d) Badracheen.
9.Where is the oil shale Present in Egypt?

a) Ras Shukeir.
b) Gebel El Zeit.
c) Abu Tartoor Plateau.
d) Alexandria.
• The kerogen type ranges from Type I for Safaga oil shales to Type II for
both of Hamrawein and Ouseir districts and although found in Abu
Tartur area.
10. Nearly the whole land surface of earth was covered by huge sheet of ice
during
a) Cambrian.
b) Precambrian.
c) Cretaceous.
d) Pleistocene.
e) Jurassic.
11. The Dead Sea is located in

a) Rift valley.
b) Canyon.
c) Between chains of mountains.
d) Intermountain plain.
12. The age of economic coal bearing rocks in Egypt is

a) Cretaceous.
b) Carboniferous.
c) Triassic.
d) Jurassic.
13. First vertebrates (Fishes) appeared in

a) Paleocene.
b) Devonian.
c) Ordovician.
d) Cambrian.

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14. Outcrop of strata shown in geological map as parallel contour indicates
a) Horizontal Strata.
b) Vertical Strata.
c) Inclined Strata.
d) Strata inclined 45°.
15. On a map, which of the following scales is considered the largest

a) 1:100,000.
b) 1:50,000.
c) 1:10,000.
d) 1:200,000.
• Large scale maps or small scale maps
- A large scale map shows greater detail because the scale is a larger fraction
than a small scale map.
- Large scale maps have a scale of 1:50,000 or greater (1:24,000, 1:10,000, ...).
- Maps with scales from 1:50,000 to 1:250,000 are considered intermediate.
- Small scale maps are those with scales smaller than 1:250,000.
16. The Tethys sea evaporated completely during

a) Eocene.
b) Middle Miocene.
c) Pliocene.
d) Oligocene.
17. In which period the Red Sea was opened?

a) Eocene.
b) Tertiary.
c) Mesozoic.
d) Proterozoic.
18. Time rock units are defined as

a) Lithologic characteristics.
b) Lithologic characteristics and time boundaries.
c) Lithologic characteristics and fossil content.
d) Lithologic characteristics and index fossils.
19. Syrian arc structures in Egypt date back to

a) Paleozoic time.
b) Miocene time.
c) Cretaceous.
d) Jurassic time.

Page 17
20. Strike slip movement shows
a) Right Lateral.
b) Left Lateral.
c) Clock wise.
d) Anti-clock wise.
21. Cross beds are produced when

a) The Flow direction of current changes gradually.
b) The Flow direction of current changes suddenly.
c) Velocity of current decrease suddenly.
d) Ripples migrate from one place to another.
22. Arrange the following environmental zones sea-ward

a) Bathyal.(3)
b) Neritic. (2)
c) Abyssal.(4)
d) Littoral.(1)
23. What type of log do we use for porosity calculation?

a) Density / Neutron.
b) Resistivity.
c) Gamma Ray.
24. What type of log do we use for Lithology identification?

a) Microspherical.
b) Density.
c) Caliper.

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25. How can we differentiate between heavy and light oil response on resistivity
curves?
a) Deep and Shallow readings are the same.
b) Separation between Deep and Shallow readings in good permeable reservoirs.
c) We can't differentiate.
26. Caliper log helps to determine

a) Oil zones.
b) Hole size.
c) Hole inclination.
27. Dipmeter tool measures

a) Oil bearing reservoirs.
b) Bed dips.
c) TWT.
28. We measure shaliness (VSH) from

a) VSP.
b) Sonic.
c) GR.
29. Resistivity is inversely proportional to

a) Tightness.
b) Oil presence.
c) Formation water salinity.
30. Petrophysical Computation is performed on

a) Any data.
b) Raw data.
c) Data after Environmental Correction
31. Which of the following is not a stratigraphic oil trap?

a) Unconformity.
b) Reef.
c) Anticline.
d) Pinchout.
32. Index fossils are most useful when they cover a large geological age while
exist in a limited geographical area so that they identify (or date) the rock
formation in which they are found.
a) True.
b) False.

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33. The CaSO4 is known in nature as:
a) Limestone
b) Anhydrite.
c) Gypsum.
d) None of the above.
34. Fissility is a rock sample description specific for:

a) Limestone.
b) Shale.
c) Sandstone.
d) Salt.
35. Which of the following is not a hydrocarbon:

a) Methane.
b) Pentane.
c) Acetylene.
d) None of the above.
e) All of the above.
36. The definition: "the pore spaces – connected or disconnected – resulting

through alteration of a rock, commonly by processes such as dolimitization,
dissolution or fracturing" belongs to:
a) Primary porosity.
b) Permeability.
c) Secondary porosity.
d) Effective porosity.
37. According to moh's scale of rock hardness, which of the following minerals is
the softest:
a) Orthoclase.
b) Gypsum.
c) Quartz.
d) Fluorite.
• moh's scale: Talc(1) - Gypsum(2) - Calcite(3) - Fluorite(4) - Apatite(5) -
Orthoclase(6) - Quartz(7) - Topaz(8) - Corundum(9) - Diamond(10).
38. Which of the following describes a rock with clay content:

a) Calcareous.
b) Fossiliferous.
c) Arenaceous.
d) Argillaceous.

Page 20
39. Which of the following is not a fault type:
a) Strike- slip.
b) Oblique – slip.
c) Anti- dip.
d) Dip- slip.
40. Give an example of a rock with high porosity and high permeability.(Sand Stone)
41. Give an example of a rock with high porosity and low permeability. (Shale)
42. Give an example of a rock with low porosity and low permeability. (Salt)
43. Which of the following is not an evaporite rock:

a) Gypsum.
b) Evaporite.
c) Muscovite.
d) Salt.
44. Arrange the following ages chronologically (mark

them1 to 5 where 1 is the oldest):
a) Tertiary. (4)
b) Cambrian. (1)
c) Triassic. (2)
d) Jurassic. (3)
e) Quaternary. (5)
45. Porosity of shales for a geologic environment which is characterized by

continuous, uninterrupted deposition and normal pore pressure:
a) Increases linearly with increasing depth.
b) Decreases linearly with increasing depth.
c) Decreases basically exponentially with increasing depth.
d) Exhibits an inversely proportional behavior to density.
e) A and D above.
f) C and D above.

Page 21
46. The diagenesis of montmorillonite to illite and mixed-layer clays:
a) Requires only particular conditions of temperature.
b) Occurs only at depths normally exceeding 5000 ft.
c) Occurs only after most free pore water has been expelled.
d) Requires particular conditions of temperature and (somewhat) pressure and
the availability of potassium ions.
e) May occur at relatively shallow depths.
f) B, C and D above.
g) D and E above.
47. During compaction, particularly shales, free pore water is expelled:

a) Towards the depositional surface.
b) In any direction including downwards.
c) In a linear fasion.
d) In several stages.
e) A and D.
f) B and C.

Page 22
6- (√) or (x) And Correct the following statements:
- Urn Bogma formation is related to Cretaceous Age. (x) To Carboniferous Age.
- Jurrasic sediments are well exposed in G. Maghara. (√)
- The plant remains are called Trace Fossils. (x) Called Fossil.
- Zeit formation is related to the Pliocene Age. (x) To the Late Miocene Age.
- The Genus may contain many orders. (x) Contain many Species.
• Kingdom→ Phyla →Class →Order →Family →Genus →Species.
- Belayim formation is younger than Abu Roash formation. (√)
- Kareem formation is well developed in Abu Gharadig field. (x) In Ras Budran
- Abu Madi formation is well developed in Gulf of Suez. (x) In Nile Delta
- Sudr formation is very thick body of fine Sandstone in Gulf of Suez. (x) Chalk
- True Dip is always smaller than apparent dip (x) May be Larger
- True thickness is always smaller than apparent thickness (√)
- If a normal fault is existing in a folded structure, the fault strike will be parallel to the
fold axis (x)
- A normal fault is a result of tensile stress (√)
- Folds are a result of compressive stress (√)
- Shale is acting as a good seal as well as a good source rocks for Hydrocarbon (√)
- Source rocks are deposited under reducing environment (√)
- Density of oil is higher than density of water (x) Smaller
- The porosity decreases with depth (√)
- Basement rocks of primary porosity could act as good reservoir (x) Bad Reservoir

Page 23
- Hydrocarbon could be trapped on both side of the fault (√)
- Sound speed in water (√)

• The speed of sound is determined by the density (ρ) and compressibility (K) of
the medium. The speed of sound is about four times faster in water than in air.
- Sonic tool is used to determine the primary porosity (√)

• The Sonic tool tends to ignore the effect of fractures or vugs, which result in
secondary porosity. The Sonic tool therefore measures primary porosity only
which is less than true total porosity if fractures or vugs exist.
- Shale is highly porous and permeable rock (x). and low permeable rock
- The arkoses sandstones is highly feldspar content (√) 25% or more feldspar grains
- Ooids or oolith is allochems with clear internal structure (√)

Page 24
7- Write the Chemical composition of:
Limestone: CaCO3 Chalk: CaCO3
Around 80‐90% of limestone grains are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral
or foraminifera. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts,
and extraclasts. Some limestones do not consist of grains at grains at all and are formed
completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite. I.e. Travertine.
Marl: CaCO3 Calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud
Dolomite: CaMg(CO3)2
There are two main types of Dolomite:
Primary Dolomite: Deposited directly from marine water that rich in Mg and Ca and CO3.
Secondary Dolomite: formed from by metaformic process (Dolomitization) of Limestone.
Anhydrite: CaSO4
From aqueous solution calcium sulfate is deposited as crystals of gypsum, but when the
solution contains an excess of sodium or potassium chloride anhydrite is deposited if
temperature is above 40°C
Gypsum: CaSO4·2H2O Usually from precipitation out of highly saline waters
Halite: NaCl
It commonly occurs with other evaporite deposit minerals such as several of the sulfates,
halides, and borates.
Siderite: FeCO3
It is 48% iron and contains no sulfur or phosphorus. Both magnesium and manganese
commonly substitute for the iron
Hematite: Fe2O3
It is the mineral form of iron (III) oxide, colored black to steel or ‐gray,
silver brown to
reddish brown, or red.
Magnetite: Fe3O4 It is a ferrimagnetic mineral
Goethite: FeO (OH)
Is an iron bearing oxide mineral found in soil and other low-temperature environments, often
forms through the weathering of other iron-rich minerals
Limonite: FeO(OH)·4H2O
It is never crystallized into macroscopic crystals, but may have a fibrous or microcrystalline
structure, and commonly occurs in concretionary forms
Chamosite: Fe3Al2Si2O10.3H2O
Greenlite: Fe2SiO3.4H2O
Glauconite: (K,Na,Ca)1.2-2.0(Fe+3,Al,Fe+2,Mg)4(Si7-7.6Al1-0.4O20)(OH)4·7H2
Pyrite: FeS2 Marcasite: FeS2

Page 25
8- Draw with mentioning type of the force of:
Thrust fault: compaction force
Reverse Fault: compaction force
Grabben: Tension force (from Normal Faults)
Horest: Tension force (from Normal Faults)
9- What is the major structure which separate between Tertiary and

Pre-tertiary in Nile Delta?
Syrian Arc system that formed in Cretaceous Age that have trend from NE to SW
direction.
Page 26
10- What is the major type of traps in GOS?
Structure traps (Normal Fault, horst and grabben) that formed fom tension force that
formed Gulf of Suez.
11- Calculate in steps the scale of your map?

Calculating the Map Scale:
Maps are considered
Large scale maps or small scale maps

A large scale map shows greater detail because the scale is a larger fraction than a
small scale map.
Large scale maps have a scale of 1:50,000 or greater (1:24,000, 1:10,000, ...).
Maps with scales from 1:50,000 to 1:250,000 are considered intermediate.
Small scale maps are those with scales smaller than 1:250,000. A map of the world
that fits on two pages of letter sized paper would be very small scale with a scale of
around 1:100,00,000.
Here are 3 views of the same location on maps with different scales:
12- What is the angle of strike-slip fault?

Zero or nearly so, where is small degree of dip for strike slip fault because it's move in
lateral direction.
A type of fault whose surface is typically vertical or nearly so. The motion along a strike-
slip fault is parallel to the strike of the fault surface, and the fault blocks move sideways
past each other. A strike-slip fault in which the block across the fault moves to the right is
described as adextral strike-slip fault. If it moves left, the relative motion is described as
sinistral. Local deformation near bends in strike-slip faults can produce pull-apart basins
and grabens. Flower structures are another by-product of strike-slip faults. A wrench fault
is a type of strike-slip fault in which the fault surface is nearly vertical.

Page 27
13- What are types of faults?
There are many types of fault Genetic classification:
Normal fault Reverse Fault Thrust fault
Strike sleep fault
Oblique fault Step Fault Horist Fault
Grabben Fault Ground Roll fault Ground Roll fault
Listric Fault Dip sleep fault
14- What do you know about miscellaneous reservoirs and what is the
most famous example in Gulf of Suez?
It is reservoir formed from fragment igneous rocks that found mainly in GOS
province in SUCO Company in Zeit Bay Field
15- mention 5 fields in GOS and mention the horizon of production

Field Formation
Sabil Zaafarana Fm.
Belayim Land Belayim Fm.
Morgan Kareem Fm.
Ras Fanar Belayim Nullipore.
October Nukhul Fm.
Bakr Kareem Thebes Fm.
Belayim Marine Wata Fm.
Ramadan Malha Fm. (Nubia A)
Shoab Ali Abu Thura Fm. (Nubia B, C)
Ras Gharib Hurghada (Sidki Hilal) Naqus Fm. (Nubia D)
Zeit Bay, Ashrafi, Geisum Basement Precambrian
16- According to stratigraphic sequence what is the reservoir geometry

in the down dip?
Located down the slope of a
dipping plane or surface. In a
dipping (not flat-lying)
hydrocarbon reservoir that
contains gas, oil and water, the
gas is updip, the gas-oil contact
is downdip from the gas, and the
oil-water contact is still farther
downdip.
Downdip. Well 2 is downdip of both Well 1 and the oil-water contact. Well 1 is updip
of the oil-water contact.

Page 28
a. 21‫ ﺓ ﺑﺖ‬What are the favorable conditions to form oil
(environmental of petroleum formation)?
- Petroleum is formed in all sediments either continental or marine.
- Petroleum is found in all rock from pre-Cambrian to Pleistocene.
- Aqueous environment is best for accumulation of organic matter and their
transformation to petroleum.
- Petroleum originates in reducing and anaerobic environment.
- Petroleum is composed of homogenous series of hydrocarbons but no two
petroleum are alike.
- Reservoir tempreture (107◦ C to 141◦ C deep reservoir)
- Reservoir pressure from atmospheric pressure to 10.000 psi.
- Minimum time for petroleum formation is one million year.
17- What is the condition for commercial petroleum

There are five conditions for commercial petroleum:
- Organic matter (Source Rock)
- High temperature and pressure for transformation of organic material to petroleum.
- Reservoir rock with high porosity and permeability and lateral extension.
- Seal rock (cap rock) Ex. Anhydrite, shale or salt.
- Trap in all types (Structure, Stratigraphy and Combination).
18- What is the types of migration

a) Primary migration: from source rock to reservoir rock.
b) Secondary migration: from reservoir rock to trap.
c) Subsequence migration: from trap to another trap.
- where causative force of oil migration is
1. Pressure (Compaction, hydraulic pressure).
2. Buoyancy (Floating, gravity).
3. Capillary Pressure.
4. Gas Expantion.
- where Direction of Migration may be
1. Transverse
• When oil direction perpendicular to the direction of pressure.
• Fault fracture (when there is a fault and the buoyancy to up).
2. Parallel
• Variation of facies. Or in multi folding layer
- Where oil migrated one foot/year or 190 miles/million year.

Page 29
19- What are the reasons of presence of barren Trap?
1. No source material.
2. No generation of oil:
• Absence of necessary catalysis.
• The time of transformed is not enough.
• Oxidation medium.
• Intense diastrophism.
3. Oil failed to reach traps.
4. Oil has escaped.
5. Oil destroyed by:
• Relatively intense diastrophism.
• Weathering.
• The activity of hydrocarbon consuming bacteria.
6. Trap has formed too late.
20- How do we measure the Mud cake thickness?
By use Caliper log
21- Write Archie's Equation for saturation?

A particular relation proposed by G.E. Archie between the formation factor (F) and porosity
(phi), in which F = 1 / phim, where the porosity exponent, m, is a constant for a particular
formation or type of rock. In the original work, Archie proposed that m lay between 1.8 and 2.0
for consolidated sandstones and close to 1.3 for loosely consolidated sandstones. m was named
the cementation exponent shortly afterwards. This relation is also known as the Archie II
equation.
• Sw = [ (a / Fm)*(Rw / Rt) ](1/n)

• Sw: water saturation
• F: porosity
• Rw: formation water resistivity
• Rt: observed bulk resistivity
• a: a constant (often taken to be 1)
• m: cementation factor (varies around 2)
• n: saturation exponent (generally 2)

Page 30
22- How many geophysical methods are there? (Name them)
Method Measured parameter “Operative” physical
property
Gravity Spatial variations in the strength of density
the gravitational field of the Earth
Magnetic Spatial variations in the strength of
Magnetic susceptibility
the geomagnetic field and remanence
Electromagnetic Response to electromagnetic radiation
Electric conductivity/resistivity
(Seabed Logging) and inductance
Seismic Travel times of reflected/refracted Seismic velocity (and density)
seismic waves
23- Indicate whether the following increase (I), decrease (D) or remain
the same (S) with increasing depth in normally compacted shales:
a) Porosity. (D)
b) Density. (I)
c) Seismic velocity. (I)
d) Sonic transit time. (Interval velocity) (D)
e) Electrical resistivity. (D)
f) Matrix stress gradient. (I)
g) Compressive strength. (I)
24- When SP can’t measure?

Rmf/Rw (Salinity effect) Fresh mud: negative SP, Saline mud: positive SP.
Shale or clay content: Shale reduces SP.
Permeability.
Presence of hydrocarbon.
Bed thickness: SP decreases when bed thickness decreases.
Invasion: Reduces SP.
Mud filtrate: The magnitude and direction of SP deflection from the shale baseline
depends on relative resistivities of the mud filtrate and the formation water.
Resistive formations.

Page 31
25- What do you know about SP & GR tools?
• Spontaneous Potential:
This tool measures the potential difference naturally occurring when mud filtrate of certain
salinity invades the formation containing water of a different salinity. It may be used to
estimate the extent of invasion and in some cases the formation water salinity.
A log of the natural difference in electrical potential, in millivolts, between an electrode in
the borehole and a fixed reference electrode on the surface. The most useful component of
this difference is the electrochemical potential since it can cause a significant deflection
opposite permeable beds. The magnitude of the deflection depends mainly on the salinity
contrast between drilling mud and formation%20water">formation water, and the clay
content of the permeable bed. The spontaneous potential (SP) log is therefore used to detect
permeable beds and to estimate formation water salinity and formation clay content. The
SP log cannot be recorded in nonconductive mud.
The SP can be affected by several factors that make interpretation difficult. First, there are
other possible sources of electrical potential not related to the electrochemical effect, for
example, the electrokinetic potential and bimetallism. Many of these are small and constant
throughout the log, and can be lumped together in the shale baseline. Second, the SP can
measure only the potential drop in the borehole, and not the full electrochemical potential.
The ideal SP opposite a clean bed is known as the static spontaneous potential (SSP), and
opposite a shaly bed as the pseudostatic spontaneous potential (PSP). The SP is always less
than the SSP or the PSP and more rounded at the boundaries between shales and permeable
beds.
• Gamma Ray Log:

A log of the total natural radioactivity, measured in API units. The measurement can be
made in both open hole and through casing. The depth of investigation is a few inches, so
that the log normally measures the flushed zone.
Shales and clays are responsible for most natural radioactivity, so the gamma ray log often
is a good indicator of such rocks. However, other rocks are also radioactive, notably some
carbonates and feldspar-rich rocks. The log is also used for correlation between wells, for
depth correlation between open and cased hole, and for depth correlation between logging
runs.

Page 32
26- How can you calculate?
a) interval velocity
The velocity, typically P-wave velocity, of a specific layer or layers of rock, symbolized by
vint and commonly calculated from acoustic logs or from the change in stacking velocity
between seismic events on a common midpoint gather.
b) reflection coefficient
The ratio of amplitude of the reflected wave to the incident wave, or how much energy is
reflected. If the wave has normal incidence, then its reflection coefficient can be expressed
as:
27- Talk about yourself and what did you do from the morning after
the exam till now

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Questions of Petroleum Company

1- Draw both of Western desert, Gulf of Suez and Nile Delta

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

m) Mud log unit:

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

Typical values of R are approximately -1 from water to

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

a) Reverse and Thrust Fault

Reverse > 45◦ Thrust < 45◦

b) Porosity and Effective Porosity

c) Dolomite, Anhydrite and Limestone

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

Movement of normal and reverse faults can also be oblique as

The presence of a fault can be detected by observing characteristics of

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

f) Continental and marine

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

h) Quartz, Calcite, Orthoclase and Gypsum

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

2.Known oil seeps exist in

3.What is the daily oil production of Egypt?

4.What is the current approximate price of one barrel oil?

5.Shoaab Ali oil Field present: in

6.Most of the gold mines in Egypt exist in

7.Which Oasis has iron ore?

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

9.Where is the oil shale Present in Egypt?

11. The Dead Sea is located in

12. The age of economic coal bearing rocks in Egypt is

13. First vertebrates (Fishes) appeared in

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

15. On a map, which of the following scales is considered the largest

16. The Tethys sea evaporated completely during

17. In which period the Red Sea was opened?

18. Time rock units are defined as

19. Syrian arc structures in Egypt date back to

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

21. Cross beds are produced when

22. Arrange the following environmental zones sea-ward

23. What type of log do we use for porosity calculation?

24. What type of log do we use for Lithology identification?

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

26. Caliper log helps to determine

27. Dipmeter tool measures

28. We measure shaliness (VSH) from

29. Resistivity is inversely proportional to

30. Petrophysical Computation is performed on

31. Which of the following is not a stratigraphic oil trap?

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Soliman ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻮ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

34. Fissility is a rock sample description specific for:

35. Which of the following is not a hydrocarbon:

36. The definition: "the pore spaces – connected or disconnected – resulting

All Exams & Answers

All Exams & Answers

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