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Rational Numbers
If p ⁄ q where q ≠ 0 are rational numbers. It possesses the properties of:
Additive Identity: (a ⁄ b + 0) = (a ⁄ b) Multiplicative Identity: (a ⁄ b) × 1 = (a/b)
Multiplicative Inverse: (a ⁄ b) × (b/a) = 1 Additive inverse of rational number: a/b = -b/a
For any two rational numbers a, b and c
a + b is also a rational number. a – b is also a rational number.
a × b is also a rational a ÷ b is not considered
number.
a+b=b+a a–b≠b–a (a x b) = (b x a)
(a/b) ≠ (b/a) (a + b) + c = a + (b + (a – b) – c ≠ a – (b – c)
c)
(a x b) x c = a x (b x c) (a / b) / c ≠ a / (b / c) a × ( b + c ) = (a × b) +( a ×
c)
Number Formation A 2-digit number ‘ab’: ab = 10a + b, likewise, abc = 100a+10b+c, abcd = 1000a+100b+10c+d
Laws of Exponents
a0 = 1 a-m = 1/am (am)n = amn am / an = am-n
am x bm = (ab)m am / bm = (a/b)m (a/b)-m =(b/a)m (1)n = 1 for infinite values of n.

Algebraic Identity
 Linear Equations in One Variable: Has 1variable of order 1. ax + b = 0, where x is the variable.
 Linear Equations in Two Variables: Has 2 variable of order 2. ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
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(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 (x + a) (x – b) = x2 + (a – b)x – ab (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)

(a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2 (x – a) (x + b) = x2 + (b – a)x – ab (x – a) (x – b) = x2 – (a + b)x + ab

Square and Square Roots

If a natural number, m = n2 and n is a natural number, then m is said to be a square number. Every square number
surely ends with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, and 9 at its unit’s place. A square root is inverse of the square.
Cube and Cube Roots
Numbers, while multiplied by itself three times, is known as cube numbers. If every number in the prime
factorisation appears three times, then the number is a perfect cube. Cube root and Cube: ∛27 = 3 and 33 = 27.
Comparing Quantities
Discounts are the reduction value prevailed on the Marked Price (MP).
Profit = Selling price – Cost price Loss = Cost price – Selling price
If SP > CP , then it is profit. If SP = CP , then it is neither profit nor loss.
If CP > SP , then it is loss. Discount = Marked Price – Sale Price
Discount % = Discount × 100 / MP Profit Percentage = (Profit / Cost Price) × 100
Loss Percentage = (Loss / Cost Price) × 100 Percentage Increased = Change in Value / Original Value
Simple Interest = (Principal × Rate × Compound Interest = A-P where A= P ( 1 + R/100)n, n=years
Time)/100
Billing Amount = Selling price + VAT Sales tax or VAT = Tax of SP = (CP × Rate of Sales Tax) / 100
Formula of Amount (Annually): A=P(1+R100)t, P = Principal, r = Rate of Interest, and t = Time Period
Formula of Amount (Half Yearly): A=P(1+R200)2t, R/2 = Half-yearly Rate, 2t = Number of Half-Years
Geometry
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Name of the Solid Lateral Surface Area Total Surface Area Volume
Cuboid 2h (l + b) 2 (lb + bh + hl) l×b×h
Cube 4a2 6a2 a3
Right Prism Perimeter of Base × Height Lateral Surface Area + 2(Area of One End) Area of Base × Height
Right Cylinder 2 (π × r × h) 2πr (r + h) πr2h
Right Pyramid ½ (p × l) Lateral Surface Area + Area of the Base ⅓ (Area of the Base) × height
Right Circular Cone πrl πr (l + r) ⅓ (πr2h)
Sphere 4πr2 4πr2 4/3 (πr3)
Hemisphere 2πr2 3πr2 ⅔ (πr3)
Data Handling
 Data: Data is a systematic record of facts or distinct values of a quantity.
 Arranging data in an order to study their salient features is called the presentation of data.
 Frequency: It is defined as the number of times a particular entity occurs. A table is used to represent the frequency of
different entities in the given data is termed a Frequency distribution table.
o If the data present in the frequency distribution table is in the form of groups of the given values, then it is called
Grouped Frequency distribution table. This group data of the given values is grouped and called Class intervals.
However, the number of values that each class contains is called the class size or width.
1. The lower value in the class interval is called the Lower-class limit.
2. The upper value in the class interval is called the Upper-class limit.
 Graphical representation of data:
1. Pictograph: Pictorial representation of data using symbols.
2. Bar Graph: A display of information using bars of uniform width, their heights proportional to the respective values.
3. Double Bar Graph: A bar graph showing two sets of data simultaneously. It is useful for the comparison of the data.
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4. Histogram: a graphical representation of frequency distribution in the form of rectangles with class intervals as bases
and heights proportional to corresponding frequencies such that there is no gap between any successive rectangles.
5. Circle Graph or Pie Chart: A pictorial representation of the numerical data in the form of sectors of a circle such that
area of each sector is proportional to the magnitude of the data represented by the sector.
 Probability = Number of outcomes making up an event / Total number of outcomes, if the outcomes are equally likely.