Simplification

VBODMAS Rule :

V - Virnaculum ( Bar )

B - Bracket → Order ( ), , -, * +

O - Of → X

D - Division → ÷

M - Multiplication → X

A - Addition → +

S - Subtraction → -

Algebra

1. ( a + b ) ² = a ² + b ² + 2ab

2. ( a - b ) ² = a ² + b ² - 2ab

3. a ² - b ² = ( a + b ) ( a - b )

𝟏 𝟏
4. a² + 𝐚² = ( a + )²-2
𝒂

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 𝟏 𝟏
5. a ² + 𝐚² = ( a - 𝒂 ) ² + 2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
6. a ³ + = (a+𝒂)³ -3(a+𝒂)
𝐚³

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
7. a ³ - =(a- )³ +3(a-𝒂)
𝐚³ 𝒂

8. ( a + b ) ³ = a ³ + b ³ + 3a² b + 3ab² (or)

a ³ + b ³ + 3ab ( a + b )

9. ( a - b ) ³ = a ³ - b ³ - 3a ² b + 3ab² (or)
a ³ - b ³ - 3ab ( a - b )

10. a ³ + b ³ = ( a + b ) ( a ² + b ² - ab )

11. a ³ - b ³ = ( a - b ) ( a ² + b ² + ab )

12. ( a + b + c ) ² = a ² + b ² + c ² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

13. a ³+b³+c³ - 3abc = ( a+b+c ) ( a²+b²+c² - ab - bc - ca )

If a + b + c = 0, then a ³ + b ³ + c ³ = 3 abc

14. a⁴-b⁴=(a ²+b²)(a²-b²)

15. a ⁶ - b ⁶ = ( a ² - b ² ) ( a ² + b ² - ab ) ( a ² + b ² + ab )

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 Surds & Indices

1. a m X a n = a m + n

𝒂𝒎
2. = a m-n
𝒂𝒏

3. ( a m ) n = a mn

4. ( ab ) n = a n b n

𝒂 𝒂𝒏
5. ( )n =
𝒃 𝒃𝒏

6. a 0 = 1

𝒏
7. 𝒂 = a 1/n

𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
8. 𝒂𝒃 = 𝒂 X 𝒃

𝒏
𝒏 𝒂 𝒂
9. = 𝒏
𝒃 𝒃

𝒏
10. ( 𝒂)n = a

𝒎 𝒏 𝒎𝒏
11. 𝒂 = 𝒂

𝒏 𝒏
12. ( 𝒂)m = 𝒂𝒎

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 Square root & Cube root

Number Square Values Cube Values

1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
4 16 64
5 25 125
6 36 216
7 49 343
8 64 512
9 81 729
10 100 1000
11 121 1331
12 144 1728
13 169 2197
14 196 2744
15 225 3375
16 256
17 289
18 324
19 361
20 400
21 441
22 484
23 529
24 576
25 625
26 676
27 729
28 784
29 841
30 900

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 LCM & HCF

1. Product of two numbers (x, y) is equal to product of

their LCM & HCF.

𝒙 × 𝒚 = LCM x HCF

2. LCM & HCF of Fractions

𝐋𝐂𝐌 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
LCM =
𝐇𝐂𝐅 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬

𝐇𝐂𝐅 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
HCF =
𝐋𝐂𝐌 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬

3. Two numbers are said to be co-primes if their HCF is 1.

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 Percentage
𝟏 𝟏
100 % = 11.11 % =
𝟏 𝟗

𝟏 𝟏
50 % = 10 % =
𝟐 𝟏𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
33.33 % = 9.09 % =
𝟑 𝟏𝟏

𝟏 𝟏
25 % = 8.33 % =
𝟒 𝟏𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
20 % = 7.69 % =
𝟓 𝟏𝟑

𝟏 𝟏
16.66 % = 7.14 % =
𝟔 𝟏𝟒

𝟏 𝟏
14.28 % = 6.66 % =
𝟕 𝟏𝟓

𝟏 𝟏
12.5% = 6.25 % =
𝟖 𝟏𝟔

1. If the price of a commodity increases by R %, then the

reduction in consumption so as not to increase the
𝑹
expenditure is × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝑹

2. If the price of a commodity decreases by R %, then the

increase in consumption so as not to decrease the
𝑹
expenditure is × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑹

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3. If A is R % more than B, then B is less than A by
𝑹
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝑹

4. If A is R % less than B, then B is more than A by

𝑹
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑹

5. If radius of the circle is increased or decreases by R %,

𝐱𝟐
then change in area = ( 2x ± )%
𝟏𝟎𝟎

Note : (i) Use same formula for square.

(ii) Use "+" sign in the formula when the percentage of x increases
and use "-" sign when it decreases.
(iii) If the answer is in the "+" sign then the area increases and in
the "-" sign it decreases.

6. If length( x ) and breadth ( y ) of the rectangle increases

𝒙𝒚
or decreases, then change in area = ± x ± y ± 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Note : (i) Use "+" sign when length (x) and width (y) increase, and
use "-" sign when decreasing.
𝒙𝒚
(ii) In ± use the sign, by multiplying the signs of x & y
𝟏𝟎𝟎

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7. Given any two numbers, if one of them is increased or
decreased by x % and the other one is increased or
decreased by y %, then the product of the number will
𝒙𝒚
be increased or decreased by ( ± x ± y ± ) % . Use
𝟏𝟎𝟎
‘negative’ sign for decrease and assume ‘decrease’ if
the sign is negative.

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 Profit & Loss

1. Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price

2. Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price

Note : Profit and Loss both are calculated on Cost Price.

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭
3. Profit % = [𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞 x 100 ] %

𝐋𝐨𝐬𝐬
4. Loss % = [𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞 x 100 ] %

(𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭 % )
5. Selling Price = x Cost Price
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎
6. Cost Price = x Selling Price
(𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭 % )

(𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝐋𝐨𝐬𝐬 % )
7. Selling Price = x Cost Price
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎
8. Cost Price = (𝟏𝟎𝟎 – 𝐋𝐨𝐬𝐬 x Selling Price
% )

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 Discount

𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 %
1. Selling Price = Marked Price x ( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎 – 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 %
2. Cost Price = ( ) x Marked Price
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕 %

3. If there are successive discounts D1 %, D2 %, D3%,…..

are given, then
𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝑫𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝑫𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝑫𝟑
Selling Price = Marked Price x ( )( )( )…
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

4. Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price

Note : Discount is always calculated on Marked Price.

5. Single discount equivalent to 3 successive discounts of

D1 %, D2 %, D3% respectively is,

6. By Selling x articles, if one gains the Cost Price of

y articles, then
𝒚
Profit % = ( 𝒙 x 100 ) %

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7. By Selling x articles, if one gains the Selling Price of
y articles, then
𝒚
Profit % = ( 𝒙 − 𝒚 x 100 ) %

8. If the cost price of x articles is equal to Selling Price of

y articles, then
𝒙−𝒚
Profit % = ( x 100 ) %
𝒚

Note : If the answer is negative, then it is treated as loss.

9. When a Person sells two similar items, one at a gain of

say x %, and the other at a loss of x %, then the seller always
incurs a loss given by,
𝒙𝟐
Loss % = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

10. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but

uses false weights, then

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓
Gain % = [ ˟ 100 ] %
𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓

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 Simple Interest

1. Simple Interest (SI) =

P - Principal amount
n - Time (Years)
r - Rate of Interest

2. Total Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Interest (SI)

3. An amount multiplied by x times in n years, then its

rate of interest(r) is,

4. The time duration for an amount to become x times

at the rate of interest r % is,

5. A amount is multiplied x times in n1 Years. How many

years(n2) will it take to change into y times,

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 Compound interest

1. Total Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Compound Interest (CI)

2. Compound Interest (CI) = Total Amount (A) – Principal (P)

3. When interest is compounded annually,

A - Total Amount
P - Principal Amount
r - Rate of Interest
n - Time (Years)

4. When interest is compounded Half - Yearly,

5. When interest is compounded Quarterly,

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 6. When rates are different foe different years,

(r1, r2, r3 are rate of interest for 1st, 2nd, 3rd year respectively)

7. When interest is compounded annually but time is in

𝒃
fraction, say a years,
𝒄

8. The difference between Simple interest & Compound

Interest

(For 2 years)

(For 3 years)

(For 4 years)

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9. If a sum of money becomes m times in n years, then it
will become ma times in ‘a x n’ years if compound
interest is applied.

Population

1. Population after n years

2. Population n years ago

Depreciation

1. Value of the machine after n years

2. Value of the machine n years ago =

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 Ratio & Proportions

1. Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is a2 : b2

2. Sub - Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is 𝒂 : 𝒃

3. Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is a3 : b3

𝟑 𝟑
4. Sub - Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is 𝒂 : 𝒃

Proportions

1. If a : b : : c : d then, a x d = b x c

2. If a : b = c : d, then ‘d’ is called the fourth proportional

to a, b, c

3. If a : b = b : c, then, ‘c’ is called the third proportional

to a & b

4. Mean proportional between a & b is 𝒂𝒃

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 Chain Rule

M – Men
D – Days
H – Hours
W – Work

Prime Numbers

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 Arithmetic Progression & Geometric Progression
(AP & GP)

Arithmetic Progression

1. General form of AP

a , a + d , a + 2d, a + 3d, .......

a – First term (t1)

d - Common difference
d = (t2 – t 1) (2nd Term – 1st term)

2. nth term of AP (tn)

𝒕𝒏 = 𝒂 + 𝒏−𝟏 𝒅

3. Number of terms (n) in AP

𝒍 − 𝒂
n = + 𝟏
𝒅

Here
 - Last Term

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 4. The sum of first n term of a AP (Sn),



Geometric Progression

1. General form of GP

a - 1st term
r - Common Ratio
n - Number of Terms

𝒕𝟐 2nd Term
r= =
𝒕𝟏 1st Term

2. nth term of GP (tn)

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3. The sum of first n terms of a GP (Sn),

4. When the product of three consecutive terms of a GP

𝒂
are given, we can take the three terms as , a, ar
𝒓

5. When the product of four consecutive terms of a GP

𝒂 𝒂 3
are given, we can take the four terms as , , ar, ar
𝒓𝟑 𝒓

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 Special Series

1. Sum of first n natural numbers =

2. Sum of first n odd natural numbers = n2 (or)

3. Sum of squares of first n natural numbers,

4. Sum of Cubes of first n natural numbers,

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 Mensuration

Name of the
Shape Area Perimeter
Shape

Circle 𝜋𝑟 2 2𝜋r

𝜋𝑟 2
Semi - Circle 𝑟 (𝜋 + 2 )
2
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋
Quarter - Circle 𝑟( +2)
4 2

Circular Ring 𝜋 ( 𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 ) ----

𝜃
X 𝜋𝑟 2
360°
𝑙 + 2𝑟
or
Sector l – Arc length

𝑙𝑟 𝜃
l= X 2𝜋r
2 360°

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23
24
 Statistics

Ʃ𝒙
1. Average or Mean (X̅) = 𝒏

Here Ʃ𝒙 - Sum of all the observations

n - Number of observations

Note :
(i) The sum of the deviations of the entries from the
arithmetic mean is always zero.
(ii) If each observation is increased or decreased by k
(constant) then the arithmetic mean is also increased
or decreased by k respectively.
(iii)If each observation is multiplied or divided by k,
k≠0, then the arithmetic mean is also multiplied or
divided by the same quantity k respectively.

2. Relation between Mean, Median & Mode :

Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean

3. Range (R) = L-S

Here L - Largest Number, S - Smallest Number

𝑳 − 𝑺
4. Co-efficient of Range = 𝑳 + 𝑺

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 Ʃ 𝒙 −𝒙 𝟐
5. Standard deviation (σ) = 𝒏

x̅ - Mean
x - Observations
n - Number of terms

Ʃ𝒙 Ʃ𝒙 𝟐
6. Standard deviation (σ) = −
𝒏 𝒏

𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏
7. Standard deviation of natural numbers (σ) = 𝒏

8. Variance = σ2

𝝈
9. Co-efficient of variation (CV) = x 100
𝒙̅

Here σ - Standard deviation

x̅ - Mean

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 Probability
𝒏 (𝑬)
1. Probability of an event E P(E) = 𝒏 (𝑺)

Here, n (E) – Number of favourable outcomes

n (S) – total number of outcomes

2. Probability of Certain event or Sure event is 1.

Probability of Impossible event is 0.

3. Value of Probability 0 to 1

4. Releation between Event & Complementary Event :

P(E) + P(E)̅ = 1

P(E) - Probability of an Event E

P(E)̅ - Probability of Complementary event of E

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