MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CAN THO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL PROJECT - KC215H

REPORT PRACTICE POWER

ELECTRONICS

SUPERVISOR STUDENT
Dr. Nguyen Hoang Vu Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh (B2004405)
Nguyen Tan Phat (B2012922)
Nguyen Duy Khuong (2012907)
Tran Minh Sang (
Major: Electrical engineering – Course: 46

December, 2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Do Duc Ton for the support in terms of
skills as well as knowledge for me to be able to bring up this project. I also extend
my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Quoc Anh Le, he has not only given me
advice but also supported me both in knowledge and in completing this project. This
could not have been completed without his great help. Last but not least, I want to
thank all my friends who supported and motivated me throughout this project
.
 PREFACE

The appendices contain a wide range of topics, including reference frame

transformation, dc transient analysis, magnetic circuits, three-phase circuits, and
switching functions of converters.
Power electronics is the field that deals with using solid-state electronics to
convert and regulate electrical power. Power semiconductor devices must be turned
on and off to use conversion techniques. Low-level electronics circuits provide the
necessary gating signals for the power devices. These circuits typically contain
integrated circuits and discrete components. Microprocessors and signal-processing
ICs are replacing discrete components and integrated circuits. When it comes to
handling current and voltage, turn-on and turn-off times, and other factors, the
perfect power supply should be limitless. Rapid advancements in power
semiconductor technology are enabling fast-switching power devices with ever-
higher voltage and current limitations. Power switching devices, such as power
BJTs, power MOSFETs, SITs, IGBTs, MCTs, SITHs, SCRs, TRIACs, GTOs,
MTOs, ETOs, IGCTs, and other semiconductor devices, are finding increasing
applications in a wide range of products. As technology advances, power electronics
are finding more applications, and new power devices with higher temperature
capability and lower losses are still being developed.
Chapter 1 Introduction

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Practice on the model.......................................................................1

1.1. Uncontrolled rectifier............................................................................................1
1.1.1. Uncontrolled single-phase half-wave rectifier circuit...................................1
1.1.1.1. R Load :..................................................................................................1
1.1.1.2. RL Load.................................................................................................3
1.1.2. Uncontrolled single-phase bridge rectifier circuit........................................6
1.1.2.1. R load.....................................................................................................6
1.1.2.2. RL load...................................................................................................8
1.1.3. Uncontrolled 3-phase halfwave rectifier circuit............................................9
1.1.4. Investigation of uncontrolled three-phase bridge rectifier circuit...............14
1.2. Water treatment process......................................................................................19
1.2.1. Watersheds..................................................................................................19
1.2.2. Screening.....................................................................................................20
1.2.3. Aeration.......................................................................................................21
1.2.4. Coagulation and Flocculation......................................................................21
1.2.5. Sedimentation..............................................................................................22
1.2.6. Filtration......................................................................................................22
1.2.7. Chlorination.................................................................................................23
1.2.8. Supplementary treatment.............................................................................23
1.2.9. Distribution..................................................................................................24
Chapter 2 Overview of conventional methods and variable speed drive
methods......................................................................................................................25
2.1. Conventional methods for regulating water flow...............................................25
2.1.1. Throttle adjustment......................................................................................25
2.1.2. Valve adjustment.........................................................................................26
2.1.2.1. Gate valve............................................................................................26
2.1.2.2. Hydraulic ball valves...........................................................................27
2.2. Variable speed drive method..............................................................................27
2.2.1. Overview of Variable Speed Drive (VSD)..................................................27
2.2.1.1. Introduction..........................................................................................27
2.2.1.2. Principle...............................................................................................28
2.3. Overview of conventional methods and variable speed drive method...............30
2.3.1. Energy efficiency of conventional flow variable methods..........................30
2.3.2. Variable speed drive energy efficiency.......................................................31
Chapter 3 Application of inverter in pumping system....................................33
3.1. Pump systems locations in water treatment plants.............................................33
3.1.1. Chemical processing pump system.............................................................33
3.1.1.1. Structure of chemical pump.................................................................33

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh i

Chapter 1 Introduction

3.1.1.2. Operating principle of chemical pump.................................................34

3.1.1.3. The most popular types of chemical pumps today...............................34
3.1.2. Distribution system......................................................................................36
3.1.2.1. Working principle of horizontal centrifugal pump..............................36
3.1.2.2. Horizontal centrifugal pump structure.................................................37
3.2. Applying inverters to distribution pumping systems..........................................38
3.2.1. Controlling modes.......................................................................................38
3.2.1.1. Independent control mode....................................................................38
3.2.1.2. Boost/removal mode............................................................................39
3.2.1.3. Multi-pump control mode....................................................................40
3.2.2. Saving energy in distribution pumping systems..........................................40
3.3. The differences between variable frequency drive and throttling......................41
3.4. Variable frequency drives theory........................................................................42
3.5. Pump characteristics...........................................................................................43
3.5.1. Pump curve..................................................................................................43
3.5.2. System curve...............................................................................................44
3.5.3. Operating point............................................................................................45
3.6. Application of throttling device in a pumping system........................................46
3.7. Application of variable frequency drives in the pumping system......................47
3.8. More cost reductions with a variable frequency drive........................................48
Chapter 4 COnclusion.....................................................................................49

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh ii

Chapter 1 Introduction

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1. Water supply pumping station [1].............................................................1

Figure 1.2. Watersheds (Source: Rees, 1986).............................................................2
Figure 1.3. Coarse screens [4].....................................................................................3
Figure 1.4. Process of coagulation and flocculation [3]..............................................4
Figure 1.5. Sedimentation tank [3]..............................................................................4
Figure 1.6. Rapid gravity sand filter [3]......................................................................5
Figure 2.1. Control of pump flow by changing the system resistance using a throttle
valve (graphics courtesy of hydraulic institute) [4].....................................................7
Figure 2.2. The gate that opens and closes fluid flow without change in flow
direction [5].................................................................................................................8
Figure 2.3. Hydraulic ball valves [6]...........................................................................9
Figure 2.4. Connect the pump to the power source [7].............................................10
Figure 2.5. Convert incoming ac to dc (Illustrated for 1 phase) [7]..........................10
Figure 2.6. Smooth the dc wave (Illustrated for 1 phase) [7]....................................11
Figure 2.7. Convert DC to variable AC (Illustrated for 1 phase) [7].........................11
Figure 2.8. Calculate and repeat [7]...........................................................................12
Figure 2.9. Control of pump flow by changing system resistance using a valve [8].12
Figure 3.1. Types of chemical dosing pumps [10]....................................................16
Figure 3.2. Vertical pumps are used to pump chemicals [9].....................................17
Figure 3.3. Magnetic drive chemical pump [9].........................................................17
Figure 3.4. Pumping Stations in a Water Distribution System [11]..........................18
Figure 3.5. Horizontal centrifugal pump [13]............................................................19
Figure 3.6. Independent control mode [14]...............................................................20
Figure 3.7. Boost mode [14]......................................................................................21
Figure 3.8. Multi-pump control mode [14]................................................................22
Figure 3.9. A mechanical throttling device versus a VFD [15].................................23
Figure 3.10. The amount of energy saved by using a variable frequency drive
(versus a valve) to control flow [15]..........................................................................24
Figure 3.11. Flow or volume varies linearly with speed [15]....................................24
Figure 3.12. Pressure or head varies as a square of the speed [15]...........................25
Figure 3.13. Power or energy consumption varies as a cube of the speed [15].........25
Figure 3.15. Pump curve [16]....................................................................................26
Figure 3.16 Components of the system curve [15]....................................................27
Figure 3.17. The combining system and pump curve [16]........................................27
Figure 3.18. The example of the intersection between the system curve and the
pump curve [15].........................................................................................................28
Figure 3.19. System characteristics using a mechanical throttling device [15].........28
Figure 3.20. System characteristics using variable frequency drive [15]..................29
Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh iii
Chapter 1 Introduction
Figure 3.22. The example of energy saving [15].......................................................30

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh iv

Chapter 1 Introduction

CHAPTER 1

PRACTICE ON THE MODEL

1.1. UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER

1.1.1. Uncontrolled single-phase half-wave rectifier circuit

1.1.1.1. R Load :

Figure 1.1. Single phase half-wave rectifier with resistive load

 The Waveform of us, ud, id :

Figure 1.2. Waveform of uS

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 1

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1.3. Waveform of ud

Figure 1.4. Waveform of id

 Compare us, ud and explain:
The input us waveform is sinusoidal and continuous because this is an un-
rectified source voltage.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 2

Chapter 1 Introduction

The output ud waveform is the positive half-cycle of the u s input. Because in

the positive half-cycle, diode D1 is forward-biased to send current through the load,
resulting in the output voltage now equal to the source voltage us. On the contrary,
at the negative half-phase, diode D1 is reverse biased, not allowing current through
the load, so the output voltage is now 0.
 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage value with the
theoretical value:
The value displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 230 (mV).
Ud 230 ×10−3
Actual value of Ud: U d −P = = avg
=23V
ku 1/100
U
Ud value calculated according to theory: U d −T = S− peak = √ ≈ 20.257 V
45 2
π π
 Compare and comment on two results:
The measured voltage is higher than the theoretical rectifier voltage due to
the power supply voltage to the transformer being greater than the rated value.

- Turn channel C to the ON position to observe the id waveform:

 Comment and explanation on the id line:
The id waveform is similar to ud, is the positive part of the sine wave, is not
continuous and is in phase with u d due to diode D1 being directed at the positive
half-cycle, the resistive load does not contain inductive elements causing phase
difference.
 Compare the average value of the measured rectifier current with
the theoretical value:
The value displayed on Oscilloscope: Id avg = 157 (mV).
I d −avg 157 × 10−3
Actual value of Ud: I d− P= = =0.471( A)
ki 1/3
U d−T 20.257
Ud value calculated according to theory: I d−T = = =0.405 A
R 50
 Compare and comment on actual results with theory:
Due to the source voltage at sampling being larger than the rated voltage and
errors in measurement, actual results higher than theoretical results.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 3

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1.1.2. RL Load

- Connect another inductance L=100mH in series with the previous

resistor to replace load R with load RL.

Figure 1.5. The half-wave rectifier with resistive load

Set the measurement parameter ratio: Channel B: 1/100, channel C: 1/3 V/A.
 The waveform of ud, id:

Figure 1.6. Ud waveform

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 4

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1.7. Id waveform

 There is a phase difference between the current id and the voltage ud
that we can observe on the Oscilloscope, explanation of that phase difference:
During the positive half-cycle, the inductance L is charged and accumulates
an amount of energy. When the source voltage drops to 0, L releases energy,
generating a current that causes the diode to continue to conduct, so the current
extends until the moment coil L discharges all its energy, the diode stops
conducting.
 Compare the rectifier voltage wave in two cases of load R and load
RL:
+ For load R: The output voltage ud is the entire positive half-cycle of the
voltage wave us.
+ For RL load: The output voltage wave in the RL load case is similar to the
R load case but partially appears in the negative half-cycle because: In the positive
half-cycle, diode D1 conducts, the load with inductance L will store a amount of
energy and when through the negative half-cycle, diode D1 stops conducting (not
allowing current to flow through the load), then L discharges energy and for a very
short time the load acts as a generator (current flows in the same direction as the
original current), continue to excite diode D1, causing an additional negative
voltage to appear.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 5

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1.2. Uncontrolled single-phase bridge rectifier circuit

1.1.2.1. R load

Figure 1.8. Single phase bridge rectifier with R load

The Waveform of us, is

Figure 1.9. Waveform of us, is:

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 6

Chapter 1 Introduction

ud

id

Figure 1.10. ud, id waveform

 Compare the current and voltage of the bridge rectifiers with half-wave
rectifiers:
The bridge rectifier's voltage and current waveforms include the rectified
negative half-cycle voltage, so the current will be continuous, without discontinuous
like single phase half-wave rectifier, only positive half-cycle rectification.

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values with
the theoretical values:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 430 (mV)
Ud 430 ×10−3
Actual value of rectifier voltage: U d −P = av
= =43 v
ku 1/100
Theoretically calculated voltage value:
2 U S −peak 2× 45 √ 2
U d −T = = =40.514 V
π π
Current converted from voltage on Oscilloscope: Id avg = 275 (mV)
I d −avg 276× 10−3
Actual current through load: I d− P= = =0.828 A
ki 1/3
U 40.514
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = d−T = ≈ 0.81 A
R 50

 Comment and compare results between theory and practice:

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 7

Chapter 1 Introduction

The actual results are larger than the theoretical ones because the power
supply voltage in reality is unstable and larger than in theory.

1.1.2.2. RL load

Replace load R with load RL by connecting an additional inductance L =

100mH in series with the previous resistance.

Figure 1.11. Single phase bridge rectifier with RL load

 The Waveform of ud, id:

ud

id

Figure 1.12. ud, id waveform

 There is a phase difference between the current i d and the voltage ud that
we can observe on the Oscilloscope, explain that phase difference:
Because the load has an additional reactor, the load is inductive and has the
ability to store energy, thereby slowing down the phase of the current compared to
the voltage.
 Compare the rectifier voltage wave in two cases of load R and load RL:
The rectifier voltage waveforms in the two load cases R and RL are the
same.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 8

Chapter 1 Introduction

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values with
the theoretical values:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 406 (mV).
U d 406 ×10−3
Actual value of rectifier voltage: U d −P = =
av
=40.6 ( V ) .
ku 1 /100
Theoretically calculated voltage value:
2 U S −peak 2× 45 √ 2
U d −T = = =40.514 (V ) .
π π
 Is the current continuous?
The id current is continuous
Current converted from voltage on Oscilloscope: Id avg = 312 (mV).
I d −avg 312×10−3
Actual current through load: I d− P= = =0.936 ( A ) .
ki 1/3
U 40.514
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = d−T = ≈ 0.81 ( A ) .
R 50

 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

The actual results are larger than the theoretical ones because the power
supply voltage in reality is unstable and larger than in theory.

1.1.3. Uncontrolled 3-phase halfwave rectifier circuit

Figure 1.13. Uncontrolled three-phase half-wave rectifier circuit diagram with R

load
 Observe the waveforms uL1', uL2', uL3', ud:

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 9

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1.14. uL1’ waveform

Figure 1.15. iL2’ waveform

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 10

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1.16. iL3’ waveform

Figure 1.17. ud waveform

 Observe the ud, id, uSL1, iSL1 waveforms:

Figure 1.18. ud waveform

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 11

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1.19. uSL1’ waveform

Figure 1.20. iSL1 waveform

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values with
the theoretical values:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 554 (mV).
U d 554 × 10−3
Actual value of rectifier voltage:U d −P = =
av
=55.4 (V ).
ku 1/100
U d 554 × 10−3
Theoretically calculated voltage value: U d −P = =
av
=55.4 (V ).
ku 1/100
Current converted from voltage on Oscilloscope: : Id avg = 390 (mV).

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 12

Chapter 1 Introduction

I d −avg 390× 10−3

Actual current through load: I d− P= = =1.17( A ).
ki 1/3

 Is the current continuous?

The id current is continuous.
U d−T 52.63
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = = =1.053( A ).
R 50

 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are larger than
in theory. This value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to the
transformer is unstable and the value at the time of practice is greater than the rated
value.
 Determine the conduction range of each diode V1, V2, V3:
Each diode conducts for T/3 cycles (each interval is calculated from the
moment two of the three phases of the voltage wave begin to intersect until one of
those two phases intersects the other):
+ Diode V1 conducts in the range of 30o to 150o.
+ Diode V2 conducts in the range of 150o to 270o.
+ Diode V3 conducts in the range of -270o to 30o.

1.1.4. Investigation of uncontrolled three-phase bridge rectifier circuit

Figure 1.21. Uncontrolled three-phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram with R load
 Observe the ud and id waveforms:

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 13

Chapter 1 Introduction

ud

id

Figure 1.22. ud, id waveforms

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values with
the theoretical values:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 1.06 (V).
Ud 1.06
Actual value of rectifier voltage: U d −P = =
av
=106 V
k u 1/100

The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to theory:

3 √ 3U S− peak
=2 × √
3 3 × 45 √ 2
U d −T =2× ≈ 105.259 ( V ) .
2π 2π
Current converted from voltage on Oscilloscope: Id avg = 737 (mV).
I d −avg 737 × 10−3
Actual current through load: I d− P= = =2.211 ( A ) .
ki 1/3

 Is the current continuous?

The id current is continuous.
U d−T 105.259
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = = =2.105 A
R 50

 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are larger than
in theory. This value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to the
transformer is unstable and the value at the time of practice is greater than the rated
value.
 Observe the uV4 và iL1 waveform:

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 14

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1.23. uv4 waveform

Figure 1.24. iL1 waveform

- Turn off the power sources and switch the measurement channels to
OFF.
- Install the circuit to measure the signals as shown.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 15

Chapter 1 Introduction

 Observe uV6, iL2 waveforms:

Figure 1.25. uV6 waveform

Figure 1.26. iL2’ waveform

- Turn off measurement channels A and B.

- Set the ratio of channel C to 1/100 and channel E to 1/3 V/A.
 Observe uV2, iL3 waveforms:

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 16

Chapter 1 Introduction

uv2

iL3’

Figure 1.27. uV2, iL3’ waveform

 When diode V2 conducts, which diode is capable of co-conducting with
it? Explain
+ Diodes V1 and V5 are capable of co-conducting with diode V2 while it is
conducting.
+ For diode V2 to conduct, u v2 > 0. However, if diode V3 is conductive with
diode V2, it will cause a short circuit at both ends of diode V2, making Uv2 = 0.
Therefore, diode V1 or V5 must co-conduct with diode V2 so that the voltage
applied to the two ends of diode V2 uv2 > 0, making it forward biased and
conducting.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 17

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.2. CONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER

1.2.1. Controlled half wave rectifier

1.2.1.1. R load

- Install the circuit as shown:

- Delay angle α = 90o

Figure 1.28. Controlled single phase half-wave rectifier with R load

 Observe the waveforms us, ud, id:
 Compare us, ud and explain:
+ The input us waveform is sinusoidal and continuous because this is an un-
rectified source voltage.
+ The waveform ud is the positive half-cycle of the voltage wave u s, going
from 900 to 1800 (1/4 cycle).
+ Because in the positive half-cycle, thyristor V 1 is forward biased but at first
there is no gate signal so V1 does not conduct yet and the voltage ud is 0. After being
excited with an delay angle of 90o, thyristor V1 conducts so the voltage ud at this will
be equal to the us source voltage. On the contrary, in the negative half-cycle, the
thyristor V1 is reverse biased so the voltage ud is 0.

- Turn off channels A and C.

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage value with the
theoretical value:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 120 (mV)
Ud 120 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = av
= =12V
ku 1/100

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 1

Chapter 1 Introduction

The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to theory:

U s− peak 45 √ 2
U d −T = ×(1+ cosα)= ×(1+cos 90 °)≈ 10.129V
2π 2π

 Compare and comment on two results:

The actual voltage is greater than the theoretical rectifier voltage. The
measured voltage is larger than calculated because the voltage supplied to the
transformer at the time of practice is greater than the rated value.
 Compare ud, id and explain:
The actual voltage is higher than the theoretical rectifier voltage. The
measured voltage is greater than calculated because the voltage supplied to the
transformer at the time of practice is greater than the rated value.
 Compare ud, id and explanation:
The waveforms ud and id are the same, are the positive half of the sin wave,
are not continuous and are in phase with the waveform u d because at the positive
half-cycle thyristor V1 is delay at α= 90o, a purely resistive load does not contain
inductive elements that cause phase difference.
- Turn off channel B.
 Compare the average value of the measured rectifier current with
the theoretical value:
Value displayed on Oscilloscope: I d avg =86.4 ( mV ) .
I d −avg 86.4 ×10−3
Actual value of Id: I d− P= = =0.259 ( A ) .
ki 1 /3
U 10.129
Theoretical calculated value: I d−T = d−T = =0.203 ( A ) .
R 50
 Compare and comment on two results:
The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are larger than
in theory. This value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to the
transformer at the time of practice is greater than the rated value.

1.2.1.2. RL load

- Replace load R with load RL by connecting an additional inductance L =

100mH in series with the previous resistance.
- Install the circuit as shown.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 2

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1.29. Controlled half-wave rectifier with RL load

- Set the delay angle: α =90 0
- Observe the waveforms us, ud, id, uL:
 Observe two waveforms id and uL simultaneously and comment:
From the two graphs, we see that uL only appears when id appears (when the
thyristor is stimulated in the positive half-cycle) and u L decreases continuously
during this period. However, we still see the appearance of currents i d and uL when
the source has passed the negative half-cycle and the fluctuation of u L for a short
period afterward before returning to 0.
 What is the conduction angle of the load current id?
=> 90o
 Theoretically, what is the maximum lead angle?
=> 180o
 Is the voltage on coil L AC or DC voltage? Explain:
=> It's AC.
+ The voltage across coil L is still AC voltage. Because the L coil in a single-
phase rectifier circuit reduces current fluctuations, it does not convert the voltage
from AC to DC. This means that the voltage across coil L still maintains its
alternating nature, and it just makes the current closer to DC, but not absolute DC.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 3

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.2.2. CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

1.2.2.1. R Load

Figure 1.30. Controlled full-wave bridge rectifier with R load

- Set the delay angle: α =90 0
- Observe the ud, id waveforms:
 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values
with the theoretical values: (
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: U d avg=192 ( mV ) .
Ud 192 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = = avg
=19.2 V .
ku 1/100
The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to theory:
U s− peak 45 √ 2
U d −T = × ( 1+cosα )= × ( 1+ cos 90 ° ) ≈ 20.257V .
2π 2π

- Turn off channel A, turn on channel B.

Value displayed on Oscilloscope: I d avg =119 ( mV ) .
I d−avg 119 ×10−3
Actual value of Id: I d− P= = =0.357 ¿).
ki 1/3
Ud−T 20.257
Theoretical calculated value: I d−T = = ≈ 0.405 ( A ) .
R 50

 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are smaller
than in theory. This value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to
the transformer at the time of practice is unstable and has a value smaller than the
rated value.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 4

Chapter 1 Introduction

- Set the C channel to E channel ratio to 1/3 V/A.

- Set the delay angle: α =90 0
 Observe waveforms iv2, iv4


1.2.2.2. RL load

- Replace load R with load RL by connecting an additional inductance L =

100mH in series with the previous resistor.
- Install the circuit as shown:

FIGURE 1.31. Controlled full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load

- Set the ratio of channel A and channel C to 1/100, channel B to 1/3 V/A
- Set the delay angle: α =90 0
 Observe the waveforms ud, id, uL:

- Turn off channels B and C.
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: U d avg=170 ( mV )
Ud 170 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = av
= =17 V
ku 1/100
 Is the id current continuous?
=> The id line is not continuous.
2 √ 2U s
 Can the formula to calculate U = cos α be applied?
π
=> No
 Based on the waveform, how do we know that there is a period of
time when the coil acts as a source?

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 5

Chapter 1 Introduction

Based on the waveform, we see that when uL cuts the horizontal axis, the
coil begins to act as a source until the voltage uL = 0 (there is a period when the
voltage and output current are both positive, the energized coil runs from the source
to the load, a subsequent period of time when the voltage is negative but the current
remains positive at which point the coil releases energy so energy flows from the
load to the source).

1.2.3. SEMI-ASYMMETRICAL CONTROLLED HALF-WAVE BRIDGE

RECTIFIER

1.2.3.1. R load

- Install the circuit as shown:

Figure 1.32. Semi-asymmetrical controlled half-wave bridge rectifier with R load

- Set the ratio of channel A to 1/100 and channel C to 1/3 V/A.
- Set the delay angle: α =30 0
 Observe the ud, id waveforms:

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values

with the theoretical values:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: U d avg=408 ( mV ).
U d avg 408 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = = =40.8 ( V ) .
ku 1/100
The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to theory:
U s− peak 45 √ 2
U d −T = × ( 1+cos α )= ׿
π π
Current converted from voltage on Oscilloscope: Id avg = 266 (mV).
I d avg 266 × 10−3
Actual current through load: I d− P= = =0.789 ( A ) .
ki 1/3

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 6

Chapter 1 Introduction

Ud
 Is the current continuous? Can the formula I d= R be applied?
Why?
=> The id current is not continuously.
Ud
The I d= formula can be applied because this is the R load and the value to
R
be calculated is the average value.
U d <¿ 37.8
Theoretically calculated average current I d−T = = ≈ 0.756 ( A )¿.
R 50

 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are larger than
in theory. This value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to the
transformer is unstable and the value at the time of practice is greater than the rated
value.
- Set the C and E channel ratio to 1/3 V/A.
- Set the delay angle: α =30 0
 Observe waveforms iv2, iv4

Iv2 value displayed on Oscilloscope: I v 2 avg=134 (mV ).
I d avg 134 ×10−3
Actual value of Iv2 TT: I v 2 P= = ≈ 0.402( A).
ki 1/3
Iv4 value displayed on Oscilloscope: I v 4 avg =134( mV ).
I v 4 avg 129 × 10−3
Actual value of Iv4 TT: I v 4 P= = ≈ 0.387 ( A ) .
ki 1/3
- Turn off channel B.
 Compare waveforms and values between iv2 and iv4 in two cases:
About waveform: Both cases have the same waveform but are out of phase
Regarding value: Both cases are equal (small deviation due to the error of the
instrument as well as the way we take the data)
 Compare the waveform and value between iv2 and iv4 with the id
value in two cases:
About waveform: The waveform of id is the sum of the waveforms of i v2 and
iv4.
About value: I d TT =I v 2 TT + I v 4 TT

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 7

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.2.3.2. RL load

- Replace load R with load RL in series (R=50, L=100mH).

- Install the circuit as shown.

Figure 1.33. Semi-asymmetrical controlled half-wave bridge rectifier with RL load

- Set the ratio of channel A to 1/100 and channel B to 1/3 V/A.
- Set the delay angle: α =30 0
 Observe the waveforms of ud, id:

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values
with the theoretical values:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: U d avg=441 ( mV ) .
U d avg 441 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = = =44.1 (V ) .
ku 1 /100
The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to theory:
U s peak 45 √ 2
U d −T = × ( 1+cos α )= ׿
π π
Current converted from voltage on Oscilloscope: Id avg = 234 (mV).
I d avg 234 ×10−3
Actual current through load: I d− P= = =0.702 ( A ) .
ki 1 /3
Ud
 Is the current continuous? Can the formula I d= be applied?
R
Why?
The id current is continuous
Ud
The I d= formula can be applied because L does not affect the average
R
value when calculating.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 8

Chapter 1 Introduction

U d <¿ 37.8
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = = ≈ 0.756 ( A ) . ¿
R 50

 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are larger than
in theory. This value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to the
transformer is unstable and the value at the time of practice is greater than the rated
value.
- Set the C and E channel ratio to 1/3 V/A.
- Set the delay angle: α =30 0
 Observe waveforms iv2, iv4

Iv2 value displayed on Oscilloscope: I v 2 avg=170 ( mV ).
I d avg 170 ×10−3
I v 2−P= = ≈ 0.51 ( A ) .
Actual value of Iv2 TT: ki 1
3
Iv4 value displayed on Oscilloscope: I v 4 avg =116 ( mV ) .
I v 4 avg 116 ×10−3
I v 4− P= = =0.348( A)
Actual value of Iv4 TT: ki 1 .
3

- Turn off channel D.

 Compare waveforms and values between iv2 and iv4:
About waveform: The waveform between iv2 and iv4 is different.
About value: value of iv2 and iv4 is differnce.
 Compare waveform and value between iv2 and iv4 with id value:
About waveform: The waveform of id is the sum of the waveforms of i v2 and
iv4.
About value: I dTT =I v2 TT + I v 4 TT
 Compare and comment on the waveform and value between i v2 and
iv4 of the R load with the RL load:
About the waveform: The waveform between iv2 and iv4 of the R load and the
RL load is different.
About value: The value between iv2 and iv4 of load R and load RL is different
(iv2Rl > iv2R; iv4RL > iv4R)
 When is there current through diode D4 ?
When V1 lock, D1 conduct.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 9

Chapter 1 Introduction

When V2 lock, D2 conduct.

 Why do we have to measure reverse currents iv4 and iD4?
Measuring reverse current iv4 and iD4 aims to determine the reverse current
through the SCR, then the SCR will act as a diode.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 10

 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.3. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIERS

1.3.1. Controlled Full-Wave rectifier

1.3.1.1. R Load

- Install the circuit as shown.

Figure 1.34. Controlled full-wave rectifier with R load

- Channel A ratio setting is 1/100 and channel B is 1/3 V/A.
- Set the delay angle = 450.
 Observe the waveform ud, id:

- Increase the delay angle =900.
 Observe the waveform ud, id:

- Increase the delay angle = 1200.
 Observe the waveform ud, id:

 How are the shockwave on the three SCRs out of phase with each
other?
=> The shockwave on the three SCRs are angularly out of phase 1200.
 At what delay angle do we observe interruption of the id current?
=> α = 300.
 When α = 45o is the current through the load continuous or not, why?
=> The current through the load is not continuous because at α = 300 the current
is no continuous.

1.3.1.2. RL Load

- Replace load R with load RL in series (R=50, L=100mH).

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 1

Chapter 1 Introduction

- Install the circuit as shown.

Figure 1.35. Controlled full-wave rectifier with RL load

- Channel A ratio setting is 1/100 and channel B is 1/3 V/A.
- Setting the delay angle α = 450.
 Observe the waveform ud, id:

- Increase the delay angle α = 900.
 Observe the waveform ud, id:

- Increase the delay angle α = 1200
 Observe the waveform ud, id:

 At what delay angle do we observe that the current id is no longer
continuous?
=> α = 700.
 When α = 900 the current through the load still continuous? Why?
=> The current through the load is no continuous because at α = 700 the
current is no longer continuous.
 Any comments on the influence of the inductor L on the continuity of
the current?
=> As the L value increases, the current through the load becomes more
continuous (uninterrupted due to the charging and discharging properties of the
inductor), and when it reaches a very large value (infinity), the current through the
load has an almost uniform form a straight line.

1.3.2.

- Install the circuit as shown.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 2

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1.36.
- Channel A ratio setting is 1/100 và channel B is 1/3 V/A.
- Setting the delay angle α = 300.
 Observe the waveform ud, id:

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values
with the theoretical values:
Voltage displayed above Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 900 (mV).
U d 900× 10−3
Actual value of rectifier voltage: U d −P = av
= =90 ( V ) .
ku 1/100
The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to theory:
3 √ 3U S− peak
× cosα= √
3 3 × 45 √2
U d −T = ×cos ( 30 ° ) ≈ 91.157 ( V ) .
2π 2π
Current converted from the above voltage Oscilloscope: I d avg =640 ( mV ) .
I d −avg 640× 10−3
Actual current through load: I d− P= = =1.92 A
ki 1/3

 Is the current Id when α = 300 continuous?

=> The id current is continuous.
U d−T 91.157
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = = =1.83 A
R 50

 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

The average value of rectified voltage in practice is smaller than in theory,
and the average value of rectified current in practice is smaller than in theory. This
value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to the transformer is
not stable and the value at the time of large practice we take has errors due to each
person's way of adjusting the Oscilloscope.
- Turn off channel B.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 3

Chapter 1 Introduction

- Reinstall the circuit.

- Set the ratio of channels A, B and C to 1/3 V/A.

- Set the delay angle: α =30 0
 Observe waveforms iv4, iv6, iv2:

 Present the principle of creating rectifier current when three-phase
bridge rectifier is completely controlled by RL load:
Observing the id waveform from the Oscilloscope, we can see that the id
rectifier current waveform is the sum of the current waveforms through the SCRs.
The output voltage waveform is similar to the R load, however the current
through the SCRs is no longer undulating like in the R load but becomes nearly
square pulses and gradually increases until reaching a steady state. This is because
with inductive loads the current does not change suddenly, when switching, the load
current continues to increase. Thus, the load current increases until it is established,
the current is almost a straight line.
=> The true nature of the current after rectification is the current through the
SCRs. Because the SCRs operate alternately and one after another, we obtain a
continuous, uninterrupted current after rectification.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 4

1.4. AC Voltage Controllers

1.4.1. R load

- Install the circuit as shown.

FIGURE 1.37.
- Set the delay angle: α =90 0
- Set the ratio of channels A and B to 1/100.
 Observe the us, uout waveforms
Chapter 1 Introduction
 Measure the effective value of the controlled voltage (Uout) with an
Oscilloscope and fill in the following table with the corresponding
values of α when changing the delay angle from 00 to 1800
ud avg
 Actual Uout TT value according to the formula: U out TT =
ku
 Calculate the theoretical effective value of Uout LT and fill in the
table corresponding to the angle value α :
U
Voltage value Uout LT calculated according to theory: out <¿=U s
√ 1
π
×(π −α +
sin 2 α
2
)¿

46 4 4 3 2 6 2
7 6 4 1 2 5 7
0 1 2 4
46. 4 4 3 2 6. 2.
7 6 4. 1. 2. 5 7
1 2 4
45 4 4 3 1 7. 0
4. 0. 1. 9. 6
3 3 8 8 4
4 6 2 9 1
6 2 7
43. 4 3 1 1 0. 0.
61 2. 8. 9. 0. 8 1
18 3 8 4 0 4 4
2 9 6 3 5 6
6 9 5
- Turn off chanel A, B.
- Set the delay angle: α =90 0
- Set the ratio of channel C to 1/100 and channel E to 1/3 V/A
- Observe waveforms uv1, iv1:

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 6

Chapter 1 Introduction

- Turn off channels C, D.

- Observe and record the moment when uout is interrupted: Starting from the
delay angle α .
 The control range of the delay angle α for load R is: 0 0 ≤ α ≤ 18 00
 Why do we see that the source voltage is slightly distorted compared to
the original when the SCR is activated?
 Due to the source voltage being disturbed.
4.4.2 L Load
- Replace R load with L load (L=100mH).
- Install the circuit as shown.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 7

Chapter 1 Introduction

- Set the delay angle: α =135 0

- Set channel B ratio to 1/100
- Observe the us, uout waveforms

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 8

Chapter 1 Introduction
 Measure the effective value of the controlled voltage (Uout) with an
Oscilloscope and fill in the following table with the corresponding values of α
when changing the excitation angle from 00 to 1800
U d avg
 Actual Uout TT value according to the formula: U out TT =
ku
 Calculate the theoretical effective value of Uout LT and fill in the table
corresponding to the angle value α :
Voltage value Uout LT calculated according to theory:
U
out <¿=U s
√ 1
π
×(π −α +
sin 2 α
2
)¿

450 450 45 450 224 105 20

0

45 45 45 45 22.4 10.5 2

45 45 45 45 19.897 7.641 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

- Turn off chanel A, B

- Set the delay angle: α =135 0
- Set the ratio of channel C to 1/100 and channel E to 1/3 V/A
- Observe uv1, iv1 waveforms:

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 9

Chapter 1 Introduction

- Turn off channels C, D.

- Observe and record the moment when uout is interrupted: Start of delay angle
α.
 The control range of the delay angle α for L load is: 9 0 0 ≤ α ≤ 18 00
 Compare the output voltage wave (controlled) with the resistive load case
and explain?
The output voltage wave with load L is different from load R. Because for load R,
when the delay angle α changes in the range (0 0, 1800), the load voltage has an
effective value that varies in the range (0, U s). , and for load L, when the excitation
angle α is in the range (900, 1800), the load voltage cannot be controlled, the AC
voltage converter acts as a closed switch and the load voltage is equal to the AC
source voltage.
The load has an inductor L, so charging and discharging will occur. When there is a
delay gate signal in the positive half-phase, T1 will conduct and the output voltage
continuously and change direction to the negative half-phase until it meets the delay
gate signal of T2. The output voltage is only 0 when the excitation angle is smaller
than the delay angle. Different from the waveform at load R, when the input voltage
changes direction, the output voltage will be 0 (V).
4.4.3 RL load
- Replace L load with RL load connected in series (R=100Ω, L=100mH).
- Install the circuit as shown.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 10

Chapter 1 Introduction

- Set the delay angle: α =90 0

- Set channel B ratio to 1/100
- Observe the us, uout waveforms.

 Measure the effective value of the controlled voltage (U out) with an

Oscilloscope and fill in the following table with the corresponding values of α
when changing the excitation angle from 00 to 1800
U d avg
 Actual Uout TT value according to the formula: U out TT =
ku

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 11

Chapter 1 Introduction
 Calculate the theoretical effective value of Uout LT and fill in the table
corresponding to the angle value α :
α 0° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 °
U out (Oscilloscope) 47.2 48.8 47.2 37.6 23.2 13.6 0
U out −P 64 64 64 68 66 28 0
U out −T 0 31.82 55.11 63.64 55.11 31.82 0
2
U out −P
P= 40.96 40.96 40.96 46.24 31.36 7.84 0
R
Voltage value Uout LT calculated according to theory:

- Turn off channel A

- Set the delay angle: α =90 0
- Set the ratio of channel C to 1/100 and channel E to 1/3 V/A
- Observe waveforms uv1, iv1.

- Turn off channels C, D.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 12
Chapter 1 Introduction
- Observe and record the time when uout is interrupted: α =28 0
 The control range of the delay angle α for RL load: 0 0 ≤ α ≤ 18 00
−1 ωL −1 100 π ×0.1 0
φ=tan ( ¿)=tan ( )≈ 17.44 ¿
R 100
 Compare the output voltage wave (controlled) with the resistive load case
and explain?
The output voltage wave with RL load is different from R load. Because of the
different delay angle. With R load circuit, the control angle is from 0 0 to 1800, and
for RL load, the control angle is from 00 to 1800.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 13