MS-DOS (Disk Operating system)

- MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS owned by Seattle Computer Products, written
by Tim Paterson. Development of 86-DOS took only six weeks,
- This first version was shipped in August 1980.
- Microsoft, which needed an operating system for the IBM Personal Computer, hired Tim
Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS 1.10 for US$75,000.
Macintosh System
- The Macintosh System introduced drag-and-drop functionality, enabling users to move
files and objects by clicking on them, dragging them across the screen, and dropping
them into new locations or applications.
- The Macintosh System's GUI was a game-changer, making personal computers more
accessible and user-friendly. It set the stage for the future evolution of Apple's operating
systems, eventually leading to the modern macOS. The influence of the Macintosh
System's GUI can still be seen today, as GUIs have become the standard interface for
most operating systems across various devices.
- Has monolithic design and Initial versions of the System Software run one application at
a time.
WINDOWS 1.0X
- Windows 1.0 is the first major release of Microsoft Windows, a family of graphical
operating systems for personal computers developed by Microsoft.
- Windows 1.0, inspired by Visi On, was showcased in 1983 but released two years later.
It ran as a 16-bit shell on MS-DOS, introducing multitasking, mouse support, and built-in
programs like Calculator and Paint. The windows were tiled and non-overlapping,
- Introduce icons.
- This operating system also introduced the Control Panel, which was used to configure.’’
- introduced desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts, and the terminology "minimize" and
"maximize", as opposed to "iconize" and "zoom"
- did not have true multitasking capabilities
WINDOWS 2.0X
- Unlike its predecessor, Windows 2.0 allows the user to overlap and resize application
windows
- Windows 2.0 introduced fully preemptive multitasking, allowing multiple MS-DOS
programs to run simultaneously in "virtual 8086" CPU mode without suspending
background applications.
- It has also introduced desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts, and the terminology "minimize"
and "maximize", as opposed to "iconize" and "zoom" which was used in Windows 1.0.
- Introduced graphical programs Microsoft Word and Excel, to compete against the then-
reigning competitors WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3.
- First Windows Operating System Compete with Mac in GUI
- It has also the first Windows version to integrate the Control Panel and program
information files.
- Legal conflict with Apple: In 1988, Apple filed a lawsuit against Microsoft and Hewlett-
Packard, alleging copyright infringement on the Macintosh System Software. Apple
 claimed that Windows 2.0 copied the "look and feel" of their operating system, including
its icons. The court ruled in favor of Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard for most of the
elements, except for ten graphical user interface (GUI) elements. Ultimately, those ten
elements were found not to be eligible for copyright protection.

WINDOWS 3.0X
- Windows 3.0, launched in 1990, is the third major release of Microsoft Windows. It
introduces a new graphical user interface (GUI) with clickable icons representing
applications.
- Windows 3.0 was a 16-bit operating system. It was designed to run on 16-bit processors
such as the Intel 8086.
- Significantly improved multitasking capabilities. It introduced virtual memory
management, protected mode, and cooperative multitasking.
- The first version of Windows to achieve both critical and commercial success. Its
graphical user interface (GUI) was highly regarded, and it was seen as a strong
competitor to Apple Macintosh and Unix operating systems.
- Windows 3.0 could run multiple applications simultaneously, and unlike its predecessors,
it allowed background applications to continue executing and updating even when not in
the foreground. However, it still relied on applications to yield control to other processes
voluntarily, as it used cooperative multitasking rather than preemptive multitasking. If an
application did not yield control, it could cause the system to become unresponsive.

WINDOWS 95
- Windows 95 was a significant milestone in the history of Microsoft Windows. Released
on August 24, 1995, it was the first version to integrate MS-DOS and Windows into a
single operating system, offering a seamless user experience. Windows 95 introduced
several notable features, including the iconic Start button, taskbar, and the ability to
multitask with 32-bit applications. It also brought long file names, Plug and Play
hardware support, and significant improvements in networking capabilities. Windows 95
received widespread acclaim and quickly became a commercial success, setting the
stage for the modern Windows operating system family.

- Windows 95 introduced fully preemptive multitasking, allowing multiple applications to

run simultaneously without monopolizing system resources. This improvement enhanced
system stability and responsiveness, allocating CPU time and memory more efficiently. It
marked a significant advancement over the cooperative multitasking of earlier Windows
versions and played a crucial role in the success and popularity of Windows 95.