ST.

MARK COLLEGE OF BALIUAG, BULACAN, INC

JP. RIZAL ST. STA. BARBARA,
BALIUAG, BULACAN

 CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870)
He was the most popular British author of the
Victorian Age. Born in Portsmouth in southern
England, Dicken’s novels (like “Oliver Twist”)
depicted human nature and Victorian life. While his
novels entertained many, he also intended them as a
means of social reform. In his works, he exposed
the evil by-products of child labor, industrialization,
and mismanagement of institutions.
 OLIVER TWIST
Is a long work of narrative prose fiction. In
England the novel developed during the 18th
century. But it was in the 19th century that
the novel came of age as a literary genre and
as a form of entertainment for the new
middle class. The excerpt from Oliver Twist
presented in the lesson was inspired by
Dickens’ experience as a 12-year-old boy
who worked in a warehouse pasting labels
on pots of shoe blacking. The pain and
cruelties inflicted on the boys working in the
workhouse were exposed by Dickens.
 TECHNICAL AND
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Also called functional definition is a
researcher’s definition of the terms as used
in his or her study.
 MEASURED OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION
 EXPERIMENTAL
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Is when the researchers reveal the details of
how a variable is manipulated.
 TECHNICAL DEFINITION
Is used to introduce, describe, or explain the
vocabulary or term of a particular field or
subject.
 THREE TYPES OF TECHNICAL
DEFINITION
1. PARENTHETICAL
DEFINITION
This type of technical definition is
placed within parentheses in a sentence.
Example #1:
The haiku (an unrhymed Japanese poem
recording the essence of a moment
keenly perceived which is linked to
human nature) is the poetic form that
became prominent during the Tokugawa
period.
The parenthetical definition enclosed
in parentheses answers the question
“What is haiku?”.

States the way the concept is measured in

the study.
 ST. MARK COLLEGE OF BALIUAG, BULACAN, INC
JP. RIZAL ST. STA. BARBARA,
BALIUAG, BULACAN
Example #2
Like all flowers, the gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis) has five petals and a long central tube, as
well as male and female organs for reproduction.
The writer places the scientific term for
gumamela in parentheses (the Latin name) because
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is not used universally. The
writer might have chosen Latin terminology
throughout the article but likely chose to use
gumamela to make the article more accessible to
readers.
Example #3
Super typhoon Yolanda had maximum sustained
winds of 315 kilometers per hour (kph). Gusts were
estimated to have reached 380 kph.
In the above example, the parenthetical
definition is used to establish an abbreviation that
will be used in what follows.
2. SENTENCE DEFINITION
The formula below is commonly used in Sentence
Definitions.
TERM + CLASS/CATEGORY +
FEATURES/DTEAILS
Example:
Agaricus brunnescens (term) is an edible mushroom
(class/category) that is very popular and can be
bought in supermarkets. (details)
Using Technical Definitions to Set Research
Context
The current outbreak of the Ebola virus mainly
affects the three West African countries of Guinea,
Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Ebola virus disease is a
serious illness that originated in Africa. A person
infected with the Ebola virus typically develops a
fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, a sore
throat, and intense muscle weakness.
These sentences set the context for a research study.
3. EXTENDED DEFINITIONS
Frequently, writers use extended
definitions when they need to give more
than a mere formal definition. An
extended definition may explain a term’s
etymology or historical roots, describe
sensory characteristics of the term (how
it looks, feels, sounds, tastes, or smells),
identify its parts, indicate how it is used,
explain what it is not, provide an
example for it, and/or note the
similarities and differences between this
term and other terms.
 ST. MARK COLLEGE OF BALIUAG, BULACAN, INC
JP. RIZAL ST. STA. BARBARA,
BALIUAG, BULACAN

TO PROVIDE AN EXTENDED CHARACTERISTICS OF AN

DEFINITION OF A TERM, USE
THE FOLLOWING METHODS:
1. Classify the different types that
belong to the term and describe each
type.
2. Use comparisons and contrasts by
presenting how the subject is like or
unlike another subject.
3. Show the cause/s and effect/s of the
term.
4. Mention the limitations or what the
term is not.
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
The following are the characteristics of an
argumentative essay.
1. The argumentative essay introduces and
explains the issue or case. The reader
needs to know what the issue is going to
be.
2. The essay offers reasons, but it also has
to support these reasons. The essay
should prove its point.
3. The essay, at times, refutes (proves
wrong) opposing arguments.

5. Enumerate examples and analogies  PARTS OF AN

of the term. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
6. Discuss the historical background of
the term.
1. INTRODUCTION
Visuals can support definitions, but these are
not requirements.
The first paragraph is the introductory
paragraph. It introduces the problem and
gives the background information necessary
 ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY for the argument and the thesis statement.

An argumentative essay is a highly

persuasive and logical essay in which the
writer tries to convince the readers to agree
with his point of view.
 ST. MARK COLLEGE OF BALIUAG, BULACAN, INC
JP. RIZAL ST. STA. BARBARA,
BALIUAG, BULACAN

2. BODY

The body must provide arguments to

support the writer’s opinion. Each paragraph
is based on a solid reason to back the
opinion. Since almost all issues have sound
arguments on both sides of the question, a
good argumentative writer tries to anticipate
opposing viewpoints. One of the paragraphs
in the body should be used to discuss
opposing viewpoints and the writer’s
counter-argument. To help elaborate each
other argument, the writer must use
examples, real-life experiences, statistics, or
research. He can also give a scenario,
especially when he wants the readers to see
a different point of view.

3. CONCLUSION

A piece of argumentative essay

usually ends by summarizing the most
important details of the argument and stating
once again what reader is to: for or against.