What I want to do in this video is introduce you to the idea of a budget line.

Actually, probably isn't a

new idea. It's a derivative idea of what you've seen and often in an introductory algebra course where A,
you've gotten a certain amount of money and you can spend it on a certain combination of goods. What
are all the different possibilities that you can actually buy? That's really what a budget line is. Let's say
that you have an income and I'll do it both in the abstract and the concrete. I'll do it variables and then
I'll also do it with actual numbers. Lets say your income, your income in a month is Y and lets say that
you spend all of your money. Your income is equal to you expenditures. Assuming in our little model
here that you're not going to be saving any money. To show how overly simplified we can make a model
we are going to only assume that you can spend on two different goods and that's so that we can
actually plot all the combinations on a two dimensional surface like the screen over here. Obviously,
most people buy many more or they at least are choosing between many, many more than two goods.
But let's say you can choose between 2 goods and let's just take goods that we've been doing using in
recent videos. That 2 goods that you buy are either chocolate or fruit. You could buy chocolate by the
bar or fruit by the pound. What are going to be your expenditures assuming you spend it all on
chocolate and fruit? Well, there's going to be the amount that you spend on chocolate will be the price
of chocolate times the quantity of chocolate you buy which is the number of bars. And then the amount
you spent on fruit will be the price of fruit per pound times the quantity of fruit. For example, if Y = $20
a month and the price, actually we'll plot this in a second, the price of chocolate is equal to $1 per bar
and the price of fruit is equal to $2 per pound. I think these were the prices I used in a per pound of
fruit. Then all of a sudden, you would know what this is, you would know what this is and this is. You
know what the Ps are and the Y and then you could actually graph one of these quantities relative to the
other. What we can do is, and let's do that, we can graph the quantity of 1 relative to the other. Why
don't we put the quantity of chocolate on this axis over here and let's put the quantity of fruit on this
axis over here. First, if we wanted to graph it I like to put it, since I've put quantity of chocolate on the
vertical axis here, I'd like to solve this equation for quantity of chocolate as a function of quantity fruit
and it should make it pretty straight forward to graph. Let's try that out. First, I'm just going to rewrite
this without expenditures in between. We have our income, our income Y = price of chocolate times the
quantity of chocolate plus the price of fruit times the quantity of fruit. Now, I want to solve for the
quantity of chocolate. Let me make that orange so we know that this is this one right over here. If I want
to solve for that, the best way I could isolate it one side of this equation. Let me get rid of this this
yellow part right over here and the best way to do that is to subtract it from both sides. Let's subtract
the price of fruit times the quantity of fruit and I could substitute the numbers in first and that might
actually make it a little bit easier to understand but I like to keep it general first. You see, you don't have
to just use with these numbers you could just see the general result here. I'm going to subtract it from
the left hand side and the right hand side and the whole point is to get rid of it from the right hand side.
This cancels out, the left hand side becomes your income minus the price of fruit times the quantity of
fruit. This is going to be equal to your right hand side which is just the price of chocolate times the
quantity of chocolate. Now if we want to solve for the quantity of chocolate we just divide both sides by
the price of chocolate and then you get it, and I'll flip the sides. You get the quantity of chocolates, is
going to be equal to your income, your income divided by the price of chocolate minus the price of fruit
times the quantity of fruit all of that over the price of chocolate. All over that over the price of
chocolate. We can actually substitute these numbers in here and then we can actually plot what
essentially this budget line will look like. In our situation, 20, Y = 20, the price of chocolate is equal to 1.
Price of chocolate is equal to 1. This term right over here, $20 per month divided by $1 per bar which
would actually give you 20 bars per month if you work out the units. This term right over here just
simplifies to 20. This is actually an interesting term, your income, your income in dollars divided by the
price of an actual good or service. You could view this term right over here as your real income. The
reason why it's called real income is it's actually pegging what your earnings to what you can buy. It's
pegging it to a certain real goods, it's not tied to some abstract quantity like money which always has a
changing buying power. What you could buy for $20 in 2010 is very different than what you could buy
for $20 in 1940. Here, when you divide your income, divide it a by a price of some good it's really telling
you your income in terms of that good. You could view your income as $20 per month or you could view
your income if you wanted your income in chocolate bars. You could say my income is, I could buy 20
chocolate bars each month. So I could say, my income 20 chocolate bars per month. They would be
equivalent to you assuming that you could sell the chocolate bars for the same price you could buy it
and that's somewhat of an assumption. But you could say I have the equivalent income of 20 bars a
month. You could have also done it in fruit. I have the equivalent income of 20 divided by 2, 10 pounds
of fruit a month. It's trying your income to real things, not the abstract quantity like money. Anyway, this
is going to be equal to, let me write it over here. My quantity of chocolate is going to be equal to this
term right over here as 20. If you wanted to do the units, it would be 20 bars per month and you could
do a little bit of dimensional analysis to come up with that. You could treat the units just like numbers
and see how the cancel out. 20 bars per month minus the price of fruit divided by the price of chocolate.
$2 per pound of fruit. The price of fruit is going to be $2 and I actually want to look at the units because
that's interesting. Let me write it here. The price of fruit is equal to $2 per pound. Let me write it this
way. $2 per pound of fruit, I'll show you how the units cancel out. Then we're dividing that by the price
of chocolate. Dividing it by the price of chocolate which is equal to $1 per bar of chocolate. Now,
obviously the math is fairly straight forward. We just get 2, but the units are a little bit interesting. You
have a dollar and the numerator of the numerator and a dollar, the numerator of the denominator,
those will cancel out. You could actually view this as, this is going to be the same thing just to look at the
units. This is going to be, this is the same thing as the numerator times the inverse times the reciprocal
of the denominator right over here. You could say $2 per pound times, the reciprocal of 1 is just 1, times
1 bar per dollar. Then the dollars cancel out and you are left with 2 bars per pound of fruit. What we've
actually done over here, this term right over here, it gives us bars of chocolate per pound of fruit. It
simplifies to 2 bars of chocolate per pound of fruit. It's actually giving you the opportunity cost of a
pound of fruit. It's saying hey, you could buy a pound of fruit but you'd be giving up 2 bars of chocolate.
Because the price, you could get 2 bars of chocolate for every pound of fruit. You could view this as the
relative price, this right over here is the relative price of fruit in this example. It's telling you the
opportunity cost, it's telling you how much fruit cost in terms of chocolate bars. Regardless, that number
is fairly straight forward, it was just a 2. Minus 2 times the quantity of fruit. This is fairly straight forward
to plot. If the quantity of fruit it 0, our quantity of chocolate is 20. This is going to be 20 over here. This is
20 and this is going to be 10. This is 15, this is 5. This is a point on our budget line right over there. There
is multiple ways that you could think about this. One way you could say is if you buy no chocolate, if the
quantity of chocolate is 0, what is going to be the quantity of fruit? Then you could solve this or you
could just say, "Look, if I have $20 a month" then I'm going to spend it all on fruit. "I can buy 10 pounds
of fruit." So to say that this right over here is 10. Let's say this right over here is 10, this is 5, so this is
also on our budget line and every point in between is going to be on our budget line. Every point in
between is going to be on our budget line. Another way you could have done this and this comes
straight out of kind of your typical algebra 1 course. You could say, in this case, if you view this as the Y
axis, you say your Y interceptor, you say, "My chocolate quantity interceptor is 20" and then my slop is
negative 2. "My slope is negative 2." For every extra pound of fruit I buy I have to give up 2 pounds of
chocolate. You could also view this as the opportunity cost of fruit. You see this slope as we go forward,
if we buy one more pound quantity of fruit we're giving up 2 bars of chocolate. One statement I did just
make, I said every point on this line is a possibility and I can only say that if we assume that both of
these goods are divisible goods which means we can buy arbitrarily small amounts of it, that we could
buy 10th of a bar of chocolate on average especially. Or we could buy 100th of a pound of fruit. If they
weren't divisible, they're indivisible then only the whole quantities would be the possibility points. We'll
just assume they're divisible, especially even if the store only sells indivisible bars of chocolate. If you
buy one bar of chocolate every 4 months, on average you're buying .25 bars of chocolate per month.
Even that, on average, almost anything, almost anything here is divisible. This line right over here shows
all of the combinations we can buy. All of the combinations of the divisible goods we could buy if we
spend all of our money. That right over there is our budget line. That is our budget line. That is our
budget line. And any combination out here is unaffordable. We don't have enough money for that. Any
combination down here is affordable. Actually, we would end up with extra money if we're below the
budget line. This isn't all that different than what we saw with the production possibilities frontier.
Remember, we had a curve that really showed all of the if we were producing 2 goods, what
combinations of goods we could produce. Anything on that curve for the productions possibility frontier
was efficient. Anything outside of it was unattainable and anything inside was attainable but inefficient.

The slope of the budget line is a crucial concept in microeconomics. It represents the rate at which a
consumer can trade one good for another while maintaining the same level of utility. The slope of the
budget line is determined by the relative prices of the two goods and the consumer's income.

A steep slope indicates that the price of one good is relatively high compared to the other, while a
shallow slope indicates that the price of one good is relatively low compared to the other. The slope of
the budget line also determines the consumer's optimal consumption bundle, which is the combination
of goods that maximizes their utility subject to their budget constraint.

A change in the relative price of the two goods will cause the budget line to rotate around the intercept
on the y-axis, changing the slope and the optimal consumption bundle.

A change in income will cause the budget line to shift parallel to itself, changing the intercepts on both
axes but not the slope or the optimal consumption bundle.