FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER NETWORK AND DATA COMMUNICATION

Subject: Computer organization

LAB 6
Control Instructions and Loop
1. Control Instructions
There are 2 types of control instructions:
a) Unconditional Control Instructions
Syntax:
j <label> # Unconditionally jump to the specified <label>
b <label> # Unconditionally branch to the specified <label>

The “b” (branch) may be used instead of the “j” (jump). Both are encoded as the same instruction
(an unconditional jump).

b) conditional Control Instructions

- High-level programming language, we have comparison expressions: =, >, >=, <, <=, !=
- Assembly programming language, we do not have comparison expressions as above, but
we must use the following commands:
Syntax:
- beq <Rsrc>, <Src>, <label> # if Rsrc == Src branch to <label>.
# (beq: Branch equal)
- bgt <Rsrc>, <Src>, <label> # if Rsrc > Src branch to <label>.
# (bgt: branch greater than)
- bge <Rsrc>, <Src>, <label> # if Rsrc >= Src branch to <label>.
# (bge: branch greater than or equal)
- blt <Rsrc>, <Src>, <label> # if Rsrc < Src branch to <label>.
# (blt: branch less than)
- ble <Rsrc>, <Src>, <label> # if Rsrc <= Src branch to <label>.
# (ble: branch less than or equal)
- bne <Rsrc>, <Src>, <label> # if Rsrc != Src branch to <label>.
# (bne: branch not equal)

Example 1: Writing a program to input an integer number, check whether the entered number is
even number or odd number

.data
msg: .asciiz "Enter an integer number:"
msg_even: .asciiz "\nThe number you entered is even"
msg_odd: .asciiz "\nThe number you entered is odd"
.text
.globl main
main:
# Print a string
li $v0,4
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 FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER NETWORK AND DATA COMMUNICATION
Subject: Computer organization

la $a0, msg
syscall

# Read an integer
li $v0,5
syscall
move $t0, $v0 # move the entered value to $t0

# Compare even or odd numbers

# divide by 2 get remainder:
# if remainder < 1 is even, otherwise odd
li $t1,1
rem $t2,t0,2 # $t2= $t0%2
blt $t2,$t1,even # if $t2 < 1 then branch to even label
odd: # This is odd label
# Print a msg_odd string
li $v0,4
la $a0, msg_odd
syscall
j Exit

even: # This is even label

# Print a msg_even string
li $v0,4
la $a0, msg_even
syscall

Exit: # This is Exit label

# Exit
li $v0,10
syscall

2. LOOP STRUCTURE

- High-level programming language, we have: FOR (i=0;i<=n;i++); or do ...while; or while()

Example: Program to calculate the sum of numbers from 1 to n
C language will write as follows:
Sum = 0;
For (i=1; i<n; i++)
Sum = sum + i;

Printf “The Sum result here”;

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 FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER NETWORK AND DATA COMMUNICATION
Subject: Computer organization

- Assembly programming language will write as follows:

li $t0, 0 # $t0 = 0 (Sum =0)
li $t1, 1 # $t1 = 1 (i=1)
lw $t2, n # $t2 = n
LoopSum: #LoopSum label
bgt $t1,$t2, ExitLoop # if i>n jump to ExitLoop label
add $t0, $t0, $t1 # sum = sum + i
add $t1,$t1,1 # i = i+1
j LoopSum # jump to LoopSum label

ExitLoop: # ExitLoop label

# print “The result here”

Practical exercise:
1/ Write a program to input an integer N, calculate the sum of numbers from 1 to N.
Output the result to the screen.

2/ Write a program to input an integer N, calculate the sum of squares of numbers from 1
to N. Output the result to the screen.

3/ Write a program to input an integer N, calculate the sum of even numbers from 1 to N.
Output the result to the screen.

4/ Write a program to input an integer N, check if the number is divisible by 3 or not?

Output the result to the screen.

5/ Write a program to input an integer, check if the number is positive, negative or Zero.
Output the result to the screen.

6/ Write a program to input 2 integers a and b. Check that a > b or b > a or 2 numbers are
equal. Output the message to the screen.

7/ Write a program to input a integer N, and if the user enters a negative number or zero,
the program must ask for input again until a positive integer value is entered.

8/ Write a program to input two integers A and B. Calculate the sum of all positive
integers whose values are in the range [A, B].

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 FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER NETWORK AND DATA COMMUNICATION
Subject: Computer organization

9/ Write a program to input two integers A and B. Find the maximum number and output
the result to the screen.

10/ Write a program to input two integers x and y. Calculate the power xy

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