8086 Microprocessor

Linking and Relocation

Unit 1
Presented By
Mrs. M.P.Sasirekha
 Execution of any program

Translator
• 1. Translation of program
• 2. Linking of the program Linker
• 3. Relocation of the program Loader
• 4. Loading of the program
 Execution of any program
• Translation : A program is translated into a target
• Program Linking : Code of target program is combined with
codes of those programs and library routines that it calls.
• Relocation : is the action of changing the memory address
used in the code of the program so that it can execute
correctly in the allocated memory area.
• Loading : the program is loaded in a specific memory area
for execution
• Translator – generates a program form called the object
module for the program.
• object module - which contains target code and information
about other programs and library routines
• Linker - program performs linking and relocation of a set of
object modules to produce a ready-to-execute program form
called a binary program.
• Loader – program loads a binary program in memory for
execution.
 Translated, linked and load time
addresses
• While compiling the program P, a translator is given an origin
specification for P.
• That is called the translated origin of p.
• Translator uses the values to perform memory allocation of the
symbols declared in P.
• Translation time address tsymb
• Execution start address – is the address of the instruction from
which its execution must begin.
• Translated start address – the start address specified by the
translator.
• The origin of the program may have to be changed for one
of the two reasons.
1. The same set of translated addresses may have been used
in different object module
• 2. OS may require that a program should execute from the
specific memory location
• The change in the origin of a program leads to changes in its
execution start address
and in the addresses assigned to the symbols defined in it.
 Segment combination

In addition to the linker commands, the assembler provides a means

of regulating the way segments in different object modules are
organized by the linker.
Segments with same name are joined together by using the modifiers
attached to the SEGMENT directives.
SEGMENT directive may have the form Segment name SEGMENT
Combination-type
 
• where the combine-type indicates how the segment is to be
located within the load module.
• Segments that have different names cannot be combined and
segments with the same name but no combine-type will cause
a linker error. The possible combine-types are:
• PUBLIC – If the segments in different modules have the
same name and combine-type PUBLIC, then they are
concatenated into a single element in the load module. The
ordering in the concatenation is specified by the linker
command.
• COMMON – If the segments in different object modules have the
same name and the combine-type is COMMON, then they are overlaid
so that they have the same starting address. The length of the common
segment is that of the longest segment being overlaid.
• STACK – If segments in different object modules have the same name
and the combine type.
• STACK, then they become one segment whose length is the sum of
the lengths of the individually specified segments. In effect, they are
combined to form one large stack.
• AT – The AT combine-type is followed by an expression that evaluates
to a constant which is to be the segment address. It allows the user to
specify the exact location of the segment in memory.
Thank you