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Theremal Properties
Theremal Properties
Important Questions
Chapter 11
Thermal Properties of Matter
2 Marks Questions
= 487500 J
Let g be the amount of ice that melts when the copper block is placed on the ice block.
Hence, the maximum amount of ice that can melt is 1.45 kg.
2. A 'thermacole' icebox is a cheap and efficient method for storing small quantities of
cooked food in summer in particular. A cubical icebox of side 30 cm has a thickness of
5.0 cm. If 4.0 kg of ice is put in the box, estimate the amount of ice remaining after 6 h.
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The outside temperature is 45 °C, and co-efficient of thermal conductivity of thermacole
is . [Heat of fusion of water = ]
Time gap, t = 6 h = 6 60 60 s
Where,
But
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CBSE Class 11 physics
Important Questions
Chapter 11
Thermal Properties of Matter
3 Marks Questions
1. The triple points of neon and carbon dioxide are 24.57 K and 216.55 K respectively.
Express these temperatures on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.
– 273.15 … (i)
… (ii)
For neon:
= 24.57 K
= 216.55 K
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2. Two absolute scales A and B have triple points of water defined to be 200 A and 350 B.
What is the relation between ?
200 A = 273.15 K
350 B = 273.15
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Therefore, the ratio is given as 4: 7.
3. A steel tape 1m long is correctly calibrated for a temperature of 27.0 °C. The length of
a steel rod measured by this tape is found to be 63.0 cm on a hot day when the
temperature is 45.0 °C. What is the actual length of the steel rod on that day? What is
the length of the same steel rod on a day when the temperature is 27.0 °C? Coefficient of
linear expansion of steel = .
Let be the actual length of the steel rod and l' be the length of the steel tape at 45°C.
= 100.0216 cm
Hence, the actual length of the steel rod measured by the steel tape at 45°C can be calculated
as:
= 63.0136 cm
Therefore, the actual length of the rod at 45.0°C is 63.0136 cm. Its length at 27.0°C is 63.0 cm.
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4. A 10 kW drilling machine is used to drill a bore in a small aluminium block of mass
8.0 kg. How much is the rise in temperature of the block in 2.5 minutes, assuming 50%
of power is used up in heating the machine itself or lost to the surroundings. Specific
heat of aluminium = 0.91 J .
Time for which the machine is used, t= 2.5 min = 2.5 60 = 150 s
Useful energy,
But
Therefore, in 2.5 minutes of drilling, the rise in the temperature of the block is 103°C.
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5. In an experiment on the specific heat of a metal, a 0.20 kg block of the metal at 150 °C
is dropped in a copper calorimeter (of water equivalent 0.025 kg) containing 150 cm3 of
water at 27 °C. The final temperature is 40 °C. Compute the specific heat of the metal. If
heat losses to the surroundings are not negligible, is your answer greater or smaller
than the actual value for specific heat of the metal?
Volume of water, V =
150 1 = 150 g
… (ii)
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Heat lost by the metal = Heat gained by the water and colorimeter system
If some heat is lost to the surroundings, then the value of C will be smaller than the actual
value.
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CBSE Class 11 physics
Important Questions
Chapter 11
Thermal Properties of Matter
4 Marks Questions
The resistance is 101.6 at the triple-point of water 273.16 K, and 165.5 at the
normal melting point of lead (600.5 K). What is the temperature when the resistance is
123.4 ?
R= … (i)
Where,
α is a constant
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For resistance, = 123.4
2. A large steel wheel is to be fitted on to a shaft of the same material. At 27 °C, the outer
diameter of the shaft is 8.70 cm and the diameter of the central hole in the wheel is 8.69
cm. The shaft is cooled using 'dry ice'. At what temperature of the shaft does the wheel
slip on the shaft? Assume coefficient of linear expansion of the steel to be constant over
the required temperature range: = .
27 + 273 = 300 K
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Diameter of the central hole in the wheel at T, = 8.69 cm
After the shaft is cooled using 'dry ice', its temperature becomes .
The wheel will slip on the shaft, if the change in diameter, Δd = 8.69 – 8.70
= – 0.01 cm
0.01 =
= 95.78
∴ = 204.21 K
= 204.21–273.16
= –68.95°C
Therefore, the wheel will slip on the shaft when the temperature of the shaft is -69°C.
3.Given below are observations on molar specific heats at room temperature of some
common gases.
Hydrogen 4.87
Nitrogen 4.97
Oxygen 5.02
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Nitric oxide 4.99
Chlorine 6.17
The measured molar specific heats of these gases are markedly different from those for
monatomic gases. Typically, molar specific heat of a monatomic gas is 2.92 cal/mol K.
Explain this difference. What can you infer from the somewhat larger (than the rest)
value for chlorine?
Ans. The gases listed in the given table are diatomic. Besides the translational degree of
freedom, they have other degrees of freedom (modes of motion).
Heat must be supplied to increase the temperature of these gases. This increases the average
energy of all the modes of motion. Hence, the molar specific heat of diatomic gases is more
than that of monatomic gases.
If only rotational mode of motion is considered, then the molar specific heat of a diatomic
With the exception of chlorine, all the observations in the given table agree with .
This is because at room temperature, chlorine also has vibrational modes of motion besides
rotational and translational modes of motion.
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Fractional change in its volume =
Where,
m = Mass of glycerine
= Initial density at
= Final density at
Where,
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CBSE Class 11 physics
Important Questions
Chapter 11
Thermal Properties of Matter
5 Marks Questions
(b) There were two fixed points in the original Celsius scale as mentioned above which
were assigned the number 0 °C and 100 °C respectively. On the absolute scale, one of the
fixed points is the triple-point of water, which on the Kelvin absolute scale is assigned
the number 273.16 K. What is the other fixed point on this (Kelvin) scale?
(c) The absolute temperature (Kelvin scale) T is related to the temperature tc on the
Celsius scale by
= T - 273.15
(d) What is the temperature of the triple-point of water on an absolute scale whose unit
interval size is equal to that of the Fahrenheit scale?
Ans.(a) The triple point of water has a unique value of 273.16 K. At particular values of
volume and pressure, the triple point of water is always 273.16 K. The melting point of ice
and boiling point of water do not have particular values because these points depend on
pressure and temperature.
(b) The absolute zero or 0 K is the other fixed point on the Kelvin absolute scale.
(c) The temperature 273.16 K is the triple point of water. It is not the melting point of ice. The
temperature 0°C on Celsius scale is the melting point of ice. Its corresponding value on Kelvin
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scale is 273.15 K.
Hence, absolute temperature (Kelvin scale) T, is related to temperature tc, on Celsius scale as:
= T –273.15
(d) Let TF be the temperature on Fahrenheit scale and be the temperature on absolute
scale. Both the temperatures can be related as:
……..(i)
………..(ii)
It is given that:
2. Two ideal gas thermometers A and Buse oxygen and hydrogen respectively. The
following observations are made:
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Temperature Pressure thermometer A Pressure thermometer B
Triple-point of water
(a) What is the absolute temperature of normal melting point of sulphur as read by
thermometers A and B?
(b) What do you think is the reason behind the slight difference in answers of
thermometers A and B? (The thermometers are not faulty). What further procedure is
needed in the experiment to reduce the discrepancy between the two readings?
= 392.69 K
Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by
thermometer A is 392.69 K.
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Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by
thermometer B is 391.98 K.
(b) The oxygen and hydrogen gas present in thermometers A and B respectively are not
perfect ideal gases. Hence, there is a slight difference between the readings of thermometers
A and B.
To reduce the discrepancy between the two readings, the experiment should be carried
under low pressure conditions. At low pressure, these gases behave as perfect ideal gases.
3. A hole is drilled in a copper sheet. The diameter of the hole is 4.24 cm at 27.0 °C. What
is the change in the diameter of the hole when the sheet is heated to 227 °C? Coefficient
of linear expansion of copper = .
For co-efficient of superficial expansion , and change in temperature ΔT, we have the
relation:
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But
4. A brass wire 1.8 m long at 27 °C is held taut with little tension between two rigid
supports. If the wire is cooled to a temperature of -39 °C, what is the tension developed
in the wire, if its diameter is 2.0 mm? Co-efficient of linear expansion of brass =
; Young's modulus of brass = .
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Ans. Initial temperature, = 27°C
…………..(i)
Where,
ΔL = αL … (ii)
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(The negative sign indicates that the tension is directed inward.)
5. A brass rod of length 50 cm and diameter 3.0 mm is joined to a steel rod of the same
length and diameter. What is the change in length of the combined rod at 250 °C, if the
original lengths are at 40.0 °C? Is there a 'thermal stress' developed at the junction? The
ends of the rod are free to expand (Co-efficient of linear expansion of brass =
, steel = ).
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Coefficient of linear expansion of steel, =
= 0.2205 cm
= 0.126 cm
= 0.2205 + 0.126
= 0.346 cm
Since the rod expands freely from both ends, no thermal stress is developed at the junction.
6. Answer the following questions based on the P-T phase diagram of carbon dioxide:
(a) At what temperature and pressure can the solid, liquid and vapour phases of
co-exist in equilibrium?
(b) What is the effect of decrease of pressure on the fusion and boiling point of ?
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(c) What are the critical temperature and pressure for ? What is their
significance?
(d) Is solid, liquid or gas at (a) -70 °C under 1 atm, (b) -60 °C under 10 atm, (c) 15 °C
under 56 atm?
Ans. (a) The P-T phase diagram for is shown in the following figure.
C is the triple point of the phase diagram. This means that at the temperature and
pressure corresponding to this point (i.e., at -56.6°C and 5.11 atm), the solid, liquid, and
vaporous phases of co-exist in equilibrium.
(b) The fusion and boiling points of decrease with a decrease in pressure.
(c) The critical temperature and critical pressure of are 31.1°C and 73 atm respectively.
Even if it is compressed to a pressure greater than 73 atm, will not liquefy above the
critical temperature.
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(a) at 1 atm pressure and temperature - 60 °C is compressed isothermally. Does it
go through a liquid phase?
(b) What happens when at 4 atm pressure is cooled from room temperature at
constant pressure?
(c) Describe qualitatively the changes in a given mass of solid at 10 atm pressure
and temperature -65 °C as it is heated up to room temperature at constant pressure.
Ans.(a) No
(c) The fusion and boiling points are given by the intersection point where this parallel line
cuts the fusion and vaporisation curves.
Explanation:
(a) The P-T phase diagram for is shown in the following figure.
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At 1 atm pressure and at -60°C, lies to the left of -56.6°C (triple point C). Hence, it lies in
the region of vaporous and solid phases.
Thus, C condenses into the solid state directly, without going through the liquid state.
(b) At 4 atm pressure, lies below 5.11 atm (triple point C). Hence, it lies in the region of
vaporous and solid phases. Thus, it condenses into the solid state directly, without passing
through the liquid state.
(c) When the temperature of a mass of solid (at 10 atm pressure and at -65°C) is
increased, it changes to the liquid phase and then to the vaporous phase. It forms a line
parallel to the temperature axis at 10 atm. The fusion and boiling points are given by the
intersection point where this parallel line cuts the fusion and vaporisation curves.
(d) If is heated to 70°C and compressed isothermally, then it will not exhibit any
transition to the liquid state. This is because 70°C is higher than the critical temperature of
. It will remain in the vapour state, but will depart from its ideal behaviour as pressure
increases.
Change in temperature, ΔT = °C
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Mass of the child, m = 30 kg =
= 1000 cal/kg/ °C
= 50000 cal
Let be the mass of the water evaporated from the child's body in 20 min.
9. A brass boiler has a base area of 0.15 and thickness 1.0 cm. It boils water at the
rate of 6.0 kg/min when placed on a gas stove. Estimate the temperature of the part of
the flame in contact with the boiler. Thermal conductivity of brass = ;
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Heat of vaporisation of water = .
Mass, m = 6 kg
Time, t = 1 min = 60 s
Heat of vaporisation, L=
The amount of heat flowing into water through the brass base of the boiler is given by:
…………(i)
Where,
θ = mL … (ii)
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=
= 137.98°C
Therefore, the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boiler is 137.98°C.
(b) a brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day
(c) an optical pyrometer (for measuring high temperatures) calibrated for an ideal
black body radiation gives too low a value for the temperature of a red hot iron piece in
the open, but gives a correct value for the temperature when the same piece is in the
furnace
(e) heating systems based on circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a
building than those based on circulation of hot water
Ans.(a) A body with a large reflectivity is a poor absorber of light radiations. A poor
absorber will in turn be a poor emitter of radiations. Hence, a body with a large reflectivity is
a poor emitter.
(b) Brass is a good conductor of heat. When one touches a brass tumbler, heat is conducted
from the body to the brass tumbler easily. Hence, the temperature of the body reduces to a
lower value and one feels cooler.
Wood is a poor conductor of heat. When one touches a wooden tray, very little heat is
conducted from the body to the wooden tray. Hence, there is only a negligible drop in the
temperature of the body and one does not feel cool.
Thus, a brass tumbler feels colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day.
(c) An optical pyrometer calibrated for an ideal black body radiation gives too low a value
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for temperature of a red hot iron piece kept in the open.
Where,
E = Energy radiation
= Constant
Hence, an increase in the temperature of open space reduces the radiation energy.
When the same piece of iron is placed in a furnace, the radiation energy,
(d) Without its atmosphere, earth would be inhospitably cold. In the absence of atmospheric
gases, no extra heat will be trapped. All the heat would be radiated back from earth's
surface.
(e) A heating system based on the circulation of steam is more efficient in warming a
building than that based on the circulation of hot water. This is because steam contains
surplus heat in the form of latent heat (540 cal/g).
11. A body cools from 80 °C to 50 °C in 5 minutes. Calculate the time it takes to cool from
60 °C to 30 °C. The temperature of the surroundings is 20 °C.
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Where,
K is a constant
Temperature of the body falls from 80°C to 50°C in time, t = 5 min = 300 s
…….(ii)
The temperature of the body falls from 60°C to 30°C in time = t'
Hence, we get:
………….(iii)
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Therefore, the time taken to cool the body from 60°C to 30°C is 10 minutes.
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