Deep Foundation

16.1 Introduction
According lo Terzaghis theory. a foundation is said to be deep when D, > B
Deep foundation are used insituations when:
(a) the strala of good bearing capacty is nol available near the ground. and
(b) structure load is too heavy and top soil is loose followed by derse soil.
The deep loundations of
are following types:
(a) Pile toundations (b) Pier toundatons
(c) Well foundations (d) Casson loundati onS
(a) Pile foundations

They are some whal similar to column in that loadsdeve cped at one level are trarsmtted to a
lowerlevel.
P l e loundations is generally used when simple spread founcat:on at a sutabe depth s not
possible either because the strata of required bearing capacity s avalable at a greater depth
or steep slopes are encounlered.
Some Important functions of piles are:
(a) Carry vertical compressive load
(6) resist uplift or tensile force
() resist horizontal or inclined loads
(b) Pier foundations
.Pier foundations are somewhat similar to pde founaarors but are tyDIcally larger area than
n

piles but not slender.

These are used in situaton where the loads to be rarsmmed are nearer tnan lkaas that can be
accomplished by piles
to e desired aepth and
To make a pier toundation,
on opening's drined concrete s poured

(c) Well foundations

enoea Srucue n w n c h excavason and castng contnues itl it
. A well is large hollow open
sirks to prescnbed depth
unOer Crage pers and adutments
Wells are more commonty provioed
 Glassification of plles: Piles are classified on the following basis
(6) Function
(a) Mechanism of load transter
(d) Malerial
(c) Soil displacement
(e) Installation methods

16.3 Classification based on Mechanism of Load Transfer

1. End bearing piles: If pile rests of over hard or stif strala then load supporling power is essential
nialy
Irom base, such pites are called end bearing piles.
2. Friction piles: l1 piles are driven through solt strata then load sSupponung power is due lo skin Iriction

along the surface area of the pile.

3. Bearing and friction piles: In the piles, load supporting power is due to bearing and skin Iriction

both.

Sot
. soil
material
Friction
RC anying
Hard lerial
stntum

(a) End Beaing pile (b) Fricton pile (c)Beaning& hction pile
ig.164
The proportion in which skin triclion and end bearing will share the load depends upon
NOTE
Shear strength" and "Elasticity" of soil.
I n practical situations, we generally encounter only "friction piles"& "bearing & friction

piles
16.3.1 Classification based on Function
1. Anchor piles
h e s e pies are used for providing anchorage against horizontal pull Irom sheet piles or retaining
wall.
2. Sheet piles
Generally. these are used to retain backfill of soil and support soil in open excavalion.
These are also provided below hydraulic structures to minimize uplift force or to
prevent piping
failure.
3. Tension or uplift piles
These piles areused to resist uplit lorce. A pile may be under tension if it
resists overturning o
wall structurally connected to the pile cap and due to tension
tension piles.
developed, these piles are known
 Dredge ev
U p i ples

Fig. 16.5 Anchor piles

Fig 16.6 Uplift piles
4. Compaction piles
ne
plies ofven in granular sods in order to improve densty and beanng wn as
compaction piles:
Fender piles
capacny e
h e s e ples are
used lo protect concrete deck or other
be wa:er trent structure from. impact
may caUsed the by waves generated by ships ard ftioatng oects w
6. Batter piles
These are driven in inclined
directon to resist the large rorzontal or incined force

Sheet ple
Dolphin
Fender ple

Fig.16.7 Fender piles Fig. 168 Batter piles

16.3.2 Classification based on Soil Displacement

(a) Displacement piles
T h e piles whose installation causes displacement and dsturbance of soi are krowm as
displacement piles
Examples: Driven, driven &cast-in-situ and jacked piles
(6) Non-displacement piles
The piles which do not cause any dispacement and dsturdance oft soi are known as ton

displacement piles.
Example: Bored piles
16.3.3 Classification based on Materlal
Piles can be classified into the followng Yes based on Te materiai used in uher manutacturng

) See pies
(a) Timber piles: Bamboo, Ebony
(C) Cast iron piles (CConcrecepies
(e) Under-eamed pies
 1634 Classification based on Method of Installation
(a) Driven piles
action and
load carrying capaciyY Is due to endd hbearing
hese piles are driven through dynamic
and skin friction resistance bolh.
wood or concrete.
nese are precast piles which may be
made of melal,

(6) Driven and cast-in-situ piles

shoe inlo the sOl and
filling the tube
e
formed by driving a tube fitted with driving vith
a
Ples

Concrete or sand. The tube may or may

not be withdrawn.

() Bored and cast-in-situ piles

and filing t wilhn concrere are known as bora
P i l e s formed by making a borehole into the soil ored
and cast-in-situ piles.

Bearing capacity of pile:

h e ultimate bearing capacity of a pile is the maximum load which t can carry without shear faililure

(punching shear failure) or excessive settlement.

Load on a pile is partially carried by skin triction and parialy by Ihe resistance ollered by the soil at

the base of the pile called point resistance.

Therefore ultimate bearing capacity of a pile Q, is given by

Where, = Resistance due to end bearing or point resistance

Oq= Resistance due to skin friction
T h e bearing capacity of pile, also depends on the methods of installation.

Allowable load on pile:

.The allowable load is the load which the pile can cary salely. It is equal to uitimate load on pite
divided by FOS.

pFOS
FOS generally varies between 2.5 and 4.0, but a factor of safely of 2.5 is considered satisfactory

16.4 Methods of Determining Bearing Capacity of Pile

The ultimate load carrying capacity of a single pile is generally estimated by the following methods:
(a) Static method: This is a analytical method which is suitable for friclion pile in cohesive sols.
(b) Dynamic method: It is based on hammer test and is suitable for friction piles in dense sands.
(o) Field methods:
P i l e load test: Pile load test is best and most accurate method, but it is destructive method. Test
pile got damage and become use less.
Cyclic pile load test: Cyclic pile oad test used to found end bearing resistance and skin fricton
resistance separately.
Penetration test: Static cone penetration and standard penetration data are often used to

determine the pile load capacity based on correlations.

 2. Hiley's Formula:
This formula accounts the energy losses lor
sou
0 Elastic compressionol pile, pile cap and
(9 Energy loss during impact of pile and hammer
ultimate and oao calrying capacity of a pile.
realistic and also adopted by IS code. The
is more
given by

N
S+
a O s =3
ne alowable load
oon the pile may be obtained by dividing ,Dy
where, W weight of hammer (n kN)
in
H Heght of fall of hammer cmn
S set in cm
C Elastic conslant which account for elasic compression of pile cap, pile and soil (cm)

n = Eficiency of hammer

1.0[Drop hammer)
0.75-0.85 [Single acting steam
hammer
-0.7-0.8 (Double acting steam hammer)
oEtfickncy of hammer blow
Note 5team hammer is pretemed over drop hammer as they can be used In any temperature with high
Bmiciency
t accounts for energy loss during impact. It is delined as the ratio of energy ol hammer after impact
o he erergy ol hammer belore impact. lt depends upon coetficient of restitution between hammer
and pile. It is given by

W+ePM eP)
WP-W>

W W+P W+P )
WzeP)
were - Weight of hammer

P
Weight of pile
e Coefficient of restitution between pile and hammer
Limitation of Dynamic formulae:
. Dynamic fomulae are suitable for coarse grained soils. However
results for pile in coarse grained soils
Hiley's formula does not give consislen
2 ENR lomula neglect
weight of pile and its inertia effect
3 Loss of energy due lo vibration and heat, elc. is
not accounted
4. Nol appicable for group acbon to find ultimate load
5. If the pile is driven into loose sand and sit.
liquelactions may result, reducing the pile capaciy
Negativeskin friction
Negative skin friction is downward drag action on the piles due to
relative movement between pile and the surrounding soil This Looselsot
sol
condition occurs when soil in upper porton is ioose/sot whereas
in lower portion is dense/stit.

Negative skin friction reduces load carrying capacityof pie.

Negative skin friction may develop under following conditon:
) Acohesive fill is placed over a non-cohesive soil layer and a

pileis driven into such a medium. The cohesive fill

consolidates and during the process of consolidation the fill

Fig. 16.13
imparts a downward drag on the pile.
(i) surcharge over surrounding soil.
Increase in
medum. Due
and a pile instailed in such a
(in) A non-cohesive fill is placed over a soft cohesive layer the process imparts a
to the overburden pressure, the cohesive fill consolidates
and during
downward drag on pile.
(iv) Lowering of the ground water table.
(v) Disturbance due to dynamic or seismic etfect