ASS IG NME NT =

P I L E F O UN D A T I O N =

What is Pile Foundation? =

Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, is actually a

s l e n d e r c o l um n o r l o n g c y l i n d e r m a d e o f m a t e r i a l s s o c h s u c h

as=concrete or steel which are used to support the structure and

transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin

friction. =

p i l e f o u n da t i o n

Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by

long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steh steel

or rein-forced concrete, or sometimes timber. A foundation is

described as 'piled' when its depth is more than three times its

breadth. =

P i l e f o u n d a ti o n s a r e u s u a l l y u s e d f o r l a r g e s t r u c t u r e s a n d i n

situa tions whe re the soil a t shallow depth is not suitable to re sist

excessive settlement, resist uplift, etc. =

When to Use Pile Foundation

F ollowing are the situa tions when using a pile founda tion

system can be: =

1) When the groundwater table is high. =

2) H e a v y a n d un - u n i f o r m l o a d s f r o m s u p e r s t r u c t u r e a r e i m p o s e d .

3) Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.

4) When the soil at shallow depth is compressible. =

5) When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near

the river bed or seashore, etc. =

6) When there is a canal or deep drainage systems near the str-

ucture. =

7) When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due

to poor soil condition. =

 When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches

dry by pumping or by any other measure due to heavy inflow of

seepage. =
 Types of Pile Foundation =

Pile foundations can be classi fied based on function, materials

and instal lation process, etc. their Followings are the types of pile

f o u n d a t i o n us e d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n :

Based on Function or Use =

1) Sheet Piles =

2) L o a d B e a r i ng P i l e s =

3) End bearing Piles =

4) Friction Piles =

5) Soil Compactor Piles =

B ased on Mater ials and Con str uc tion M ethod

1) Timber Piles =

2) C o n c r e t e P il e s f o u n d a =

3) Steel Piles =

4) Composite Piles =
T he following diagram is representing pile foundation types

discussed above. =

These piles are briefly discussed below.

Classifica tion of Pile Foundation B ased on Function or Use

S h e e t P i l es =

This type of pile is mostly used to provide lateral

support. Usually, they resist lateral pressure from loose soil, the
 flow of wa ter, etc . They a re usually use d for coffe rda ms, tre nch

s h e e t i n g , s ho r e p r o t e c t i o n , e t c . t r e n c h s h e e t i n g , s h o r e p r o t e c t i o n

They are not used for providing vertical support to the structure.

They are usually used to serve the following purpose-

1) C o n s t r u c t i on o f r e t a i n i n g w a l l s . =

2) Protection from river bank erosion. =

3) R e t a i n t h e lo o s e s o i l a r o u n d f o u n d a t i o n t r e n c h e s . =

4) For isolation of foundation from adjacent soils. =

5) For confinement of soil and thus increase the bearing capacity of

the soil. =

L o a d B e a ri n g P i l e s

This type of pile foundation is mainly used to transfer the

v e r t i c a l l o a ds f r o m t h e s t r u c t u r e t o t h e s o i l . T h e s e f o u n d - a t i o n s

transm it loads through the soil with poor supporting property onto

a layer which is capabe capable of bearing the load.

Depending on the mechanism of load transfer from pile to the

soil, load-bearing piles can be further classified as flowed.

E n d B e a r in g P i l e s

In this type of pile, the loads pass through the lower tip of the

pile. -

The bottom end of the pile rests on a strong layer of soil or rock.

Usually, the pile rests at a tran-sition layer of a weak and strong

slayer. As a result, the pile acts as a column and safely transfers

the load to the strong layer.

The total capacity of end bearing

pile can be calculated by

-multiplying the area of the tip of

the pile and the bearing =

=capacity of at that particular

depth of soil at which the pile

rests. C onsidering a reasonable

factor of safety, the diameter of

the pile is calculated.

=
F r i c t i o n Pi l e

Friction pile transfers the load from the structure to the soil

b y t h e f r i c t io n a l f o r c e b e t w e e n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e p i l e a n d t h e s o i l

surrounding the pile such as stiff clay, sandy soil, etc.

Friction can be for the developed for the entire length of the

pile or a definite length of the pile, depending on the strata of the

soil. In friction pile, generally, the entire surface of the pile =

works to transfer the loads from the structure to the soil.

The surface area of the pile multiplied by the safe =

friction force developed per unit area capacity determines the

capacity of the pile.

W h i l e de s i g n i n g s k i n f r i c t i o n p i l e , t h e s k i n f r i c t i o n t o b e

developed at a pile surface should be sincerely evaluated and a

reasonable factor of safety should be considered. B esides this one

can increase the pile diameter,

depth, number of piles and

make pile surface rough to

increase the capacity of

friction =pile.

S o i l C o m p a c t o r P i le s

Sometimes piles are

driven at placed closed

intervals to increase the bearing capacity of soil by compacting.

Classification of Piles Based on Materials and Constru-

c t i o n M e t ho d

Primarily piles can be classified into two parts.

1. D i s p l a c e m e n t p il e s a n d

2. Non-displacement or Replacement piles. -

Piles which cause the soil to be displaced vertically and radially

as they are driven to the ground is known as Displacement piles.

In case of Replacement piles, the ground is bored and the soil is

removed and then the resulting hole is either filled with -concrete

or a pre-cast concrete pile is inserted. -

B ased on the method of installation;

(i) Bored piles: B ored piles are constructed in pre-

bored holes either using a casing or by circulating

stabilizing agent like betonies slurry. B oard piles

a r e o f f o l l o w i n g t y p e s : s ma l l d i a m e t e r p i l e s - u p t o

6 0 0 m m d i a m e t e r ; l a r g e d ia m e t e r p i l e s - d i a m e t e r

greater than 600 mm; under reamed piles.

(ii) Driven piles: Driven piles may be of concrete,

steel or timber. These piles are driven into the soil

by the impact of hammer.

(iii) Driven and cast-in-situ piles: It is a type of

driven pile. They are constructed by driving a steel

casing in to the ground. The hole is then filled with

concrete by placing the reinforcemen t and the

casing is gradually feted.

On the basis of materials of pile construction and their

installation process load-bearing piles can be classified as

follows: =
PILE TYPES BASED ON MATERIALS =

Wood / Timber Piles

founda T i m b e r p i l e s a r e p la c e d u n d e r t h e w a t e r l e v e l . T h e y l a s t f o r

approximately about 30 years. They can be rectangular or circular

in shape. =

Their diameter or size can vary from 12 to 16 inches. The length

o f t h e p i l e is u s u a l l y 2 0 t i m e s o f t h e t o p w i d t h . =

They are usually designed for 15 to 20 tons.

A d d i t i o n a l st r e n g t h c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y b o l t i n g f i s h p l a t e s t o t h e

s i d e o f t h e pi l e s .

Advantages of Timber Piles-

1) Timber piles of regular size are available. -

2) Economical. -

3) Easy to install. -

4) Low possibility of damage.

5) Timber piles can be cut off

at any desired length after

they are installed.

6) If necessary, timber piles

can be easily pulled out.

Disadvantages of T imber

Piles- -

1) Piles of longer lengths are

not always available. =

2) It is difficult to obtain

straight piles if the length is

short. =

3) It is difficult to drive the pile if the soil strata are very hard.

= =

4) Spicing of timber pile is difficu lt. =

5) Timber or wooden piles are not suitable to be used as end-

bearing piles. =

6) For durability of timber piles, special measures have to be

taken. For example- wooden piles are often treated with

=preservative.

C o n c r e t e Pi l e s -

P r e - c a s t Co n c r e t e Pi l e

The precast concrete pile is cast in pile bed in the horizontal form

if they are rectangular in shape. Usually, circular piles are cast in

vertical forms. Precast piles are usually reinforced with steel to

prevent breakage during its mobilization from casting bed to the

l o c a t i o n o f th e f o u n d a foundation. After the piles are cast,

curing has to be performed as per specification. Generally curing

p e r i o d f o r pr e - c a s t p i l e s i s 2 1 t o 2 8 d a y s .

Ad vantages of Pr e-c ast Pile s -

1) P r o v i d e s h i g h r e si s t a n c e t o c h e m i c a l a n d b i o l o g i c a l c r a c k s .

2) They are usually of high strength.

1) To facilitate driving, a pipe may be instal led along the center

of the pile. -

3) If the piles are cast and ready to be driven before the

installation phase is due, it can increase the pace of work.

4) The confinement of the reinforcement can be ensured.

2) Q u a l i t y o f t h e p il e c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d . -
5) f any fault is identified, it can be replaced before driving.

6) Pre-cast piles can be driven under the water.

3) The piles can be loaded immediately after it is driven up to

the required length. -

D i s a d v a n t ag e s o f P r e - c a s t P i l e s -

1) Once the length of the pile is decided, it is difficult to

increase or decrease the length of the pile afterward.

2) They are difficult to mobilize. -

3) Needs heavy and expensive equipment to drive.

4) As they are not available for readymade purchase, it can

cause a delay in the project. -

5) T h e r e i s a p o s s i bi l i t y o f b r e a k a g e o r d a m a g e d u r i n g h a n d l i n g

and driving od piles. -

C a s t - i n - P a l a c e C o n c r e t e P i le s -

This type of pile is constructed by boring of soil up to the desired

d e p t h a n d t he n , d e p o s i t i n g f r e s h l y m i x e d c o n c r e t e i n t h a t p l a c e

a nd letting it c ure there. This type of pile is c onstruc ted e ither by

driving founda a metallic shell to the ground and filling it with

concrete and leave the shell with the concrete or the shell is

pulle d out while conc re te is poure d.

Ad vantages of Cast-in-Plac e Conc re te Pile s -

1) T h e s h e l l s a r e l i gh t w e i g h t e d , s o t h e y a r e e a s y t o h a n d l e .

2) Length of piles can be varied easily. -

3) T h e s h e l l s m a y be a s s e m b l e d a t s i g h t . -

4) No excess enforcement is required only to prevent damage

from handling. -

5) No possibil ity of breaking during installation. -

6) Additional piles can be provided easily if required. -

D i s a d v a n t ag e s o f C a s t - i n - P l a c e C o n c r e t e P i l e s

4) Instal lation requires careful supervision and quality control.

5) Needs sufficien t place on site for storage of the materials

u s e d f o r c o ns t r u c t i o n . -

6) It is difficult to construct cast in situ piles where the

unde rground wa ter flow is he avy. -

7) B o t t o m o f t h e p il e m a y n o t b e s y m m e t r i c a l . -
8) If the pile is un-reinforced and uncased, the pile can fail in

tension if there acts and uplifting force. -

Steel Piles

Steel piles may be of I-section or hollow pipe. They are filled

with concrete. The size may vary from 10 inches to 24 inches in

d i a m e t e r a nd t h i c k n e s s i s u s u a l l y ¾ i n c h e s . B e c a u s e o f t h e s m a l l

s e c t i o n a l a r a e s a r e a , t h e p i l e s a r e e a s y t o dr i v e . T h e y a r e m o s t l y

used as end-bearing piles. -

Steel Tube Piles –
U s e d o n s m a l l t o m e d i u m s i z e c o n t r a c t s f o r m a r i ne

structures and foundations in soft subsoils over a suitable

b e a r i n g s t ra t a . -

T u b e p i l e s a r e u s u a l l y b o t t o m d r i v e n w i t h a n i n t er n a l d r o p

hammer. - -

T h e l o a d i ng c a n b e c a rr i e d b y t h e a l o n e t u b e a l o n e b u t i t i s

usual to fill the tube with mass concrete to form a

composite pile. -

Reinforcement, except for pile cap bonding bars, is not

n o r m a l l y re q u i r e d . -
P a r t i a l l y Pr e f o r m e d Pi l e s –
These are composite piles of precast concrete and in-situ

concrete or steel and in-situ concrete. -

T h e s e p e r cu s s i o n d r i v e n p i l e s a r e u s e d o n m e d i u m t o l a r g e

c o n t r a c t s wh e r e b o r e d p i l e s w o u l d n o t b e s u i t a b l e o w i n g t o

r u n n i n g w at e r o r v e r y l o o s e s o i l s .

Advantages of Steel Piles -

1) They are easy to install. grater -

2) They can reach a greater depth comparing to any other type

of pile.

3) C an penetrate through the hard layer of soil due to the less

cross-sectional area. -

4) It is easy to splice steel piles -

5) C an carry heavy loads. -

D i s a d v a n t ag e o f S t e e l P i l e s
 1) P r o n e t o c o r r o s i on . -

2) Has a possibility of deviating while driving ? -

3) Comparatively expensive. -

Factors Affec tin g S ele ction of Pile Fou nd ation Typ e

1) T y p e a n d l o a ds f r o m t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e . -

2) Properties of soil. -

3) The depth of the soil layer capable of supporting the piles.

4) V a r i a t i o n s i n le n g t h o f p i l e r e q u i r e d . -

5) Availabili ty of materials. -

6) Durability required. -

7) A v a i l a b l e e q u ip m e n t f o r p i l e d r i v i n g . -

8) Budget. deptha

9) The depth of wa ter le vel and inte nsity of unde rground wate r

flow. -

1 0 ) T y p e s o f s u r r ou n d i n g s t r u c t u r e s . -

PILE CAP –

What is a Pile cap? –

A pile cap is a substructu re foundation which supports

inte rna l columns a nd wa lls of a building or bridge supports. The

purpose of a pile cap is to distribu te the internal axial load into

pile s, whic h the n transfer into compe tent ground. The force s a re

g e n e r a l l y d is t r i b u t e d e q u a l l y i n t o t h e p i l e s , b u t p i l e s a r e n o t

always installed in the correct place, and tolerances are needed.

T here are different types of pile caps:

 2 pile caps –

 3 pile caps –

 4 pile caps –

 5 pile caps –

 Large piled bases –

T h e nu m b e r o f p i l e s r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t a n i n t e r n a l

column/wall/support depends on the magnitude of the load.

fsls T h e S L S l o a d o f t he c o l u m n / s u p p o r t i s c h e c k e d a g a i n s t

the pile capacity when determining the number of piles required.

An example of determining the number of piles is below:

 Internal of column SLS load is 2500 kN, and the piles have a

pile capacity of 1000 kN –

2500 / 1000 = 2.5. Therefore, a 3-pile cap is required.

Depths of pile caps

The normal minimum depth of pile caps is generally 600mm.

Pile caps range from 600mm to 2000mm, but that depends of the

d e s i g n a n d si t e c o n s t r a i n t s . –

Pile Diameters (mm) Depth of Pile Cap (mm)

300 700

350 800

400 900

450 1000

500 1100

550 1200

600 1400

750 1800

Design of Pile caps –

T h e s t e p s to d e s i g n a p i l e c a p a r e b e l o w : –

1. D e t e r m i n e l o a d ta k e d o w n i n t o c a p –

2. D e t e r m i n e t h e s iz e o f p i l e c a p ( p l a n a n d d e p t h )
 3. Design required through reinforcement through beam theory

or truss analogy. –

4. Design reinforcement for bending moments –

5. Design and check for shear force along shear plane

6. Design and check for punching shear –

7. Draw reinforcement drawing for detail ing –

CONSTRUCTION STAGES -

D r i l l i n g s t ag e s t o s t a b i l i z e t h e b o r e h o l e , t h r e e m e t h o d s c a n

be used: - -

Dry pile construction - Where the soil is stable,

stabilisation operations can be avoided. -

Wet pile construction - Drilling mud (bentonite and

p o l y m e r mu d ) i s u s e d t o f i l l t h e b o r e h o l e w h i l e d r i l l i n g an d

p r e v e n t s t he b o r e h o l e w a l l s f r o m c o l l a p s i n g . -

Cased pile construction - To drill the borehole, casings

a r e u s e d t o m a i n t a i n o p e n t h e b o r e h o le . -

The next step is the construction of the pile: firstly, the

reinforcing cage is methods lowered into the hole and then

c o n c r e t e i s c a s t . E a c h o f t he s e m e t h o d s h a v e t h e i r o w n

areas and applicability. -

1 . D R Y E XC A V A T I O N - T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t s b y

drilling a vertical hole into the soil using the bored piling

machine. The machine is outfitted with accessories like

d r i l l i n g t o ol s , b u c k e t s , a n d g r a b s t h a t h e l p r e m o v e s o i l a n d

r o c k s d u r i ng t h e d r i l l i n g p r o c e s s . -

2. EXCAVATION WITH DRILLING FLUIDS

W h e n d r i l li n g t h r o u g h l o o s e s o i l o r v e r y s o f t c l a y b e l o w t he

w a t e r t a b l e, s p e c i a l b e n t o n i t e o r p o l y m e r s l u r r i e s a r e u s e d

to stabilise the borehole walls. -

3. EXCAVATION WITHOUT DRILLING FLUIDS

I f d r i l l i n g f l u i d s c a n n o t b e u s e d , b o r e h o l e s ca n b e

s u p p o r t e d b y t e m p o r a r y c a s i n g s . A s f o r t h e f o re s h a f t , t h e
temporary grounds casing can be driven into the ground

u s i n g t h e r o t a r y h e a d o f t h e d r i l l i n g r i g (u p t o 1 5 - 2 0 m ) o r

a hydraulic vibratory hammer connected to a service crane.

4. EXCAVATION WITH CASTING SUPPORT

S e g m e n t a l c a s i n g i s u s e d a s a t e m p o r a r y o r p er m a n e n t

support for a bored piling system with deeper unstable soil

conditions. It is utilised during the drilling stage and can be

i n s t a l l e d a nd e x t r a c t e d b y u s i n g a d r i l l i n g r i g or a n

o s c i l l a t o r at t a c h e d t o a r i g , s e r v ic e c r a n e o r p o w e r p a c k .

T e m p o r a r y C a s i n g : T e m p o r a r y c a s i n g i s u s e d t o r e t ai n t h e

sides of the borehole only long enough for the fluid

concrete to be placed. The temporary casing remains in

p l a c e u n t i l t h e c o n c r e t e ha s b e e n p o u r e d t o a l e v e l

s u f f i c i e n t to w i t h s t a n d g r o u n d a n d g r o u n d w a t e r pr e s s u r e s .

The casing is removed after the concrete is placed.

Permanent Casing: The use of permanent casing is

i m p l i e d b y i t s n a m e ; t h e c a s i n g r e m a i n s a n d b e c o me s a

permanent part of the founda foundation . An example of the

u s e o f p e r m a n e n t c a s i n g i s w h e n a d r i l l e d s h af t i s t o b e

i n s t a l l e d t hr o u g h w a t e r a n d t h e p r o t r u d i n g p or t i o n o f t h e

casing is used as a form. -

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE -

INSERTING THE REINFORCEMENT CAGE

T h e s t e e l r e i n f o r c e me n t c a g e i s i n s e r t e d i n t h e s h a f t u s i n g a

s e r v i c e c r an e o f a s u i t a b le c a p a c i t y . -

A s i t i s b e in g l o w e r e d , c o n c r e t e o r p l a s t i c s p a c e r s a r e

a p p l i e d t o t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e c a g e t o e n s u re t h e d e s i g n e d

c o n c r e t e c ov e r . -

I n o r d e r t o g u a r a n t e e s u ff i c i e n t c o n c r e t e c o v e r a t t h e

bottom of the pile, the cage is supported and suspended 15-

20 cm from the bottom of the hole.

DIGGING THE BOREHOLE

Once the cage has been inserted, the borehole is filled with

concrete. -

T o d o t h i s , a s t r i n g o f s t e e l p i p e s w i t h a n i n t e r n a l d i a m e te r

o f n o l e s s th a n 2 5 0 m m i s l o w e r e d d o w n t h e c e n t r e o f t he

s h a f t . A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , t h e s t r i n g i s m a d e u p of 2 - o r 3 -

m e t r e - l o n g s e c t i o n s w h i c h a r e c o n ne c t e d t o e a c h o t h e r u n t i l

they reach the bottom of the hole. -

A funnel is placed at the top of the string and the concrete

is poured into it. -

T h e c o n c r et e f l o w s d o w n t h e p i p e s a n d , w he n i t r e a c h e s t h e

bottom, it begins to fill the hole, rising back up.

CURING -

Once the curing time of concrete has elapsed, an excavation

i s m a d e a r o u n d t h e f o u n d a t i o n p i l e g r o u p . P i l e h e a d s ar e

t r i m m e d t o l e a v e t h e r e i n f or c e m e n t b a r s o n l y .

T ECHNICAL DE TAILS : -

Spacing: founda -

P i l e f o u n d a ti o n s p a c i n g a n d s k i n f r i c t i o n i n a p i l e g r o u p d e c i d e s

t h e d e s i g n of p i l e f o u n d a t i o n , i t s e f f i c i e n c y a n d c a p a c i t y i n a n y

construction. -

The ending of the pile foundation must reach into strata that gain

adequate bearing capacity. Depending upon the condition, a

cluster of piles can be inserted to improve the bearing capacity.

End bearing piles: Spacing S = 2.5d + 0.02L -

Cohesion Piles: Spacing S = 3.5d + 0.02L -

C A U S E S OF P I L E F O U N D A T I O N F A I L U R E

1) Load implied on the pile is greater than designed load.

2) Defecting workmanship. -

3) Dislocation of reinforcement of pile. -

4) End bearing pile resting on soft strata. -

5) Faulty soil investigation. -

6) S ele cting the wrong type of pile. -

7) Under-reinforcement of the pile. -

8) A decay of piles. (Like attack of insects, corrosion etc.)

9) Deformation of piles due to lateral loads. -

1 0 ) I n c o r r e c t a s s e ss m e n t o f p i l e c a p a c i t y . -

1 1 ) N o t c o n s i d e r i ng l a t e r a l f o r c e s f o r d e s i g n i n g o f p i l e s . =

ADVANT AGE S OF PILE FOUNDAT ION:

1) T h e p i l e s c a n f o u n d a b e p r e - p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o i t s l e ng t h .

2) The precast process reduces completion time. -

3) It can be installed over a very large area & very long lengths.

4) We can use piles in a place where drilling is not required.

5) The piles are very neat and clean. -

D I S A D V A N T A G E S O F P IL E F O U N D A T I O N :

1) A p i l e g e t s q ui c k l y d a m a g e d w h e n d r i v i n g t h r o u g h t h e s t o n e s

and boulders. -

2) P i l e s c a n b e a tt a c k e d b y m a r i n e b o r e r s i n s a l t w a t e r .

3) A pile cannot be above ground level. -

4) I t i s v e r y d i f f ic u l t t o k n o w t h e a c t u a l r e q u i r e d l e n g t h i n

advance. -

5) Vibrations a re produce d when the piles are driving whic h

a f f e c t s t h e n e ig h b o u r i n g s t r u c t u r e s . -

6) Piles require heavy equipment to operate. -

7) Piles do not have low drainage.

KOMAL TAWDE

SR. NO. 64

SEM 7