Lecture (3)

• Neutralization
• acid base theory
• PH calculate

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry 1

 Neutralization reaction
 ACID-BASE NEUTRALIZATION
 Acid-base neutralization is a process in which acid reacts with base to produce
water and salt.

NaOH + HCl ↔ NaCl + H2O

 The “neutralization” term does not mean neutral pH, but the state in which the
same mole numbers of both acid and base have been mixed.
‫للكشف عن‬
 To detect the moment of neutralization, we use an indicator, which for example,
can change its color when neutralization is reached.

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry 2

Notes:
• According to Bronsted – Lowry theory
Acids is a substance that is capable of donating a hydrogen ion H+ and bases are
substances capable of accepting a hydrogen ion, H+.

‫القرينة‬

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry 3

 strong acids or strong bases substances are react more completely with the
analyte (completely ionized) thus yield sharper end points. therefore used as
the standard reagents

 Weak acids and bases never used as standard reagents because they react
incompletely with analytes (partially ionized).

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry 4

 Strong acids: HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4, HCl, HI, HBr, HClO3, HBrO3.
 Weak acids: H2CO3, H3BO3, H3PO4, H2S, H2SO3 and most organic
acid such as CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH, C6H5COOH.
 Strong bases: NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2.
 Weak bases: NH4OH, Na2CO3 and most organic bases.

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry 5

  Calculating the pH of strong acids and base solutions

Example :-

Calculate the pH and pOH of 0.05M solution of HCl?

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Example:-

Calculate the pH and pOH of 3.2×10-4M solution of Ba(OH)2?

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  Calculating the pH of weak acids and base solutions

Example:-
Calculate the pH of 0.075 M solution of NH3, Kb=1.86×10-5 .

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Example:-
Calculate the ionization constant of acetic acid (0.06 M) at a specific
temperature, if 1.7% of the acid solution is ionized.

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  Calculating the pH of salts solutions
Salts may be divided into four main groups:
1. Those derive from the strong acids and strong bases, e.g.(NaCl).
2. Those derive from the weak acids and strong bases, e.g.(CH3COONa)
3. Those derive from the strong acids and weak bases, e.g.(NH4Cl).
4. Those derive from the weak acids and weak bases, e.g.( CH3COONH4).
When any of these is dissolved in water, the resulting solution may be
neutral, acid, or alkaline according to the nature of the salt.
Note: ‫ثابت االتزان‬

Acid dissociation constant (Ka) is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation
reaction of a weak acid.
Base dissociation constant (Kb) is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of a
weak base with water.
Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry 10
 1-Salt differential from strong acid and strong base
ph=7 ‫مباشرة‬
‫ناخذ الجرء الضعيف و تفاعله‬
‫ عن‬oh ‫مع املاء ل ايجاد‬
kb ‫طريق‬

2-Salt differential from weak acid and strong base

The aqueous solution of this kind has a basic character (pH>7) according to the following
equations:
CH3COONa ⇌ CH3COO- + Na+
CH3COO- +H2O ⇌ CH3COOH+OH-

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry Cs=concentration of salt. 11

Example:-

Calculate the pH of 0.02M sodium benzoate solution. Ka of benzoic acid

6.3×10-5 .

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Example :-
‫نقطة التكافؤ‬
Calculate the pH at equivalence point for the titration of 20 mL of 0.1M
acetic acid with 0.1M sodium hydroxide, pKa of acetic acid 1.73×10-5.

M1 X V1 = M2 V2 V2=20 VT =40

:(
Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry 13
 3-Salt differential from strong acid and weak base
The aqueous solution of this kind has an acidic character (pH<7) according
to the following equations:
NH4Cl ⇌ NH4+ + Cl-
NH4+ +H2O ⇌ NH3 + H3O+
Example:-
Calculate the pH of 0.1 M AgNO3 solution. Kb of AgNO3 1.09×10-4 .

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Example:-
Calculate the pH at equivalence point for the titration of 40 mL of 0.075
M ammonium hydroxide with 0.106 M hydrochloric acid. Assume the
solution is diluted to 100 mL . Kb of ammonium hydroxide 1.8×10-5 .

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 4-Salt differential from weak acid and weak base
As an example ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4).Whether the final
solution will be acidic or basic will obviously depend upon the values of
Ka and Kb. If Ka<Kb the solution will be basic, and if Ka>Kb the solution
will be acidic.

Example 5:-
Calculate the pH of 0.25 M ammonium formate solution. Ka of
formic acid (HCOOH)= 1.77×10-4 and Kb (NH3) =1.8×10-5 .

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry 16

 17
Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry