G. Open Structures The projected area for open frame structures shall equal the projected area of all elements, i.e., columns, beams, braces, stair stringers, and handrail for a given column line. 2.8 Area Increase Factors (E) A. Vessels and Exchangers In order to approximate the effects of all projections such as supported piping, manways, nozzles, etc., excluding platforms and ladders, the projected area (A) shall normally be increased by a factor "E". The factor shall be selected from Table 2 of this Design Guide according to the vessel diameter. For large and unusual piping configurations, the effects should be evaluated by engineers and appropriate area adjustments made as required. 2.9 Force Coefficients (C;) Generally the force coefficient, C; should be applied as interpreted in Tables 6-9 to 6-13 of ASCE 7. Note that the values specified are for wind pressure acting normal to the surface of the structure. Resultant horizontal forces act parallel to the wind direction. For applications not covered by the above Tables, the C; values listed below shall apply. A. Vessels, Exchangers, etc. For process vessels, exchangers, stacks, and similarly shaped structures, C; shall be obtained from Table 6-10 of ASCE 7. In most cases the factors for a moderately smooth surface are acceptable. For horizontal vessels, ‘exchangers, etc. the value of h in the ratio h/D shall be the overall length. B. Other Equipment For other equipment such as skid-mounted equipment, etc. that does not have a cleariy defined shape, C; may be conservatively taken from Table 6- 11 of ASCE 7. The dimensions M and N shall be determined based on the projected area dimensions. C. Tropical Shelters [loctronle documents, once printed, ae non-contralles and may become outdated. Refer to the electronic ‘document in BeeRef for the current reson Bechtel Confidential © Copyright Bechtel Corporation 2002. Al ights reserve, 30-01-0001, Rev. 004 PAGE 14 OF 48