THE HUMAN BODY ORGAN

SYSTEMS
• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• URINARY SYSTEM
• REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SKELETAL SYSTEM
• MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 URINARY SYSTEM
The organs that make urine and remove it
from the body. The urinary system is divided
into two parts. The upper urinary system
includes the kidneys and ureters. The lower
urinary system includes the bladder and
urethra. The kidneys remove waste and extra
fluid from the blood to make urine. The urine
flows from the kidneys through the ureters to
the bladder. It is stored in the bladder until it
leaves the body through the urethra. Also
called urinary tract.
Your urinary system has many
functions. Its key functions include:
-Elimination of waste products
 filtering gallons of fluid from the bloodstream every day
creating ―filtrate‖
 ―filtrate‖ includes: metabolic wastes, ionic salts, toxins,
drugs
-Maintenance of blood
 Red blood cell production- by producing hormone
erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production in bone
marrow
 Blood pressure (vessel size)- by producing renin which
causes vasoconstriction
 Blood volume (water balance)- ADH released from
Anterior Pituitary targets the kidney to limit water loss
when blood pressure decreases or changes in blood
composition
 Blood composition (electrolyte balance)- water follows
salt; aldosterone reclaims sodium to the blood
 Anatomy of the Kidney
Main structures of the
mammalian kidney:
-renal cortex
-renal medula
-renal pelvis
-nephrons
PRIMARY PARTS OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM:
Ureters
 Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the
bladder 10-12‖ long & ¼‖ diameter
 Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport from
the kidneys to the bladder.
 Smooth muscle layers in the ureter walls
contract to propel urine.
 There is a valve-like fold of bladder mucosa
that flap over the ureter openings to prevent
backflow.
Urinary Bladder

 Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac

 Temporarily stores urine
Urinary Bladder Wall
 Walls are thick and folded in an empty
bladder 2-3‖ long
 Bladder can expand significantly without
increasing internal pressure
 As it fills, the bladder rises superiorly in the
abdominal cavity becoming firm and pear
shaped.
 A moderately full bladder can hold ~500mL (1
pint) of urine.
 A full bladder can stretch to hold more than
twice that amount.
Urethra Gender Differences

 Length
Females – 3–4 cm (1-1.5 inches)
Males – 20 cm (7-8 inches)
 Location
Females – along wall of the vagina
Males – through the prostate and penis
 Function
Females – only carries urine
Males – carries urine and is a passageway for
sperm cells
Urethra

 Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder

to the outside of the body by peristalsis
 Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) – a
thickening of smooth muscle at the bladder-
urethra. Keeps urethra closed when urine is not
being passed.
External urethral sphincter (voluntary) -- skeletal
muscle that controls urine as the urethra passes
through the pelvic floor.
What causes kidney
stones?
Kidney stones often have no definite, single
cause, although several factors may
increase your risk.
Kidney stones form when your urine
contains more crystal-forming substances
— such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid —
than the fluid in your urine can dilute. At the
same time, your urine may lack substances
that prevent crystals from sticking together,
creating an ideal environment for kidney
stones to form.
 TYPES OF KIDNEY STONES
Calcium stones. Most kidney stones are
calcium stones, usually in the form of calcium
oxalate. Oxalate is a substance made daily by
your liver or absorbed from your diet. Certain
fruits and vegetables, as well as nuts and
chocolate, have high oxalate content.

Struvite stones. Struvite stones form in

response to a urinary tract infection. These
stones can grow quickly and become quite
large, sometimes with few symptoms or little
warning.
Uric acid stones. Uric acid stones can form in
people who lose too much fluid because of
chronic diarrhea or malabsorption, those who
eat a high-protein diet, and those with diabetes
or metabolic syndrome. Certain genetic factors
also may increase your risk of uric acid stones.

Cystine stones. These stones form in people

with a hereditary disorder called cystinuria that
causes the kidneys to excrete too much of a
specific amino acid.
 Risk factors
Factors that increase your risk of developing kidney
stones include:

Family or personal history. If someone in your

family has had kidney stones, you're more likely to
develop stones, too. If you've already had one or
more kidney stones, you're at increased risk of
developing another.

Dehydration. Not drinking enough water each day

can increase your risk of kidney stones. People who
live in warm, dry climates and those who sweat a lot
may be at higher risk than others.
Certain diets. Eating a diet that's high in
protein, sodium (salt) and sugar may increase
your risk of some types of kidney stones. This is
especially true with a high-sodium diet. Too
much salt in your diet increases the amount of
calcium your kidneys must filter and significantly
increases your risk of kidney stones.

Obesity. High body mass index (BMI), large

waist size and weight gain have been linked to
an increased risk of kidney stones.
Other medical conditions such as renal
tubular acidosis, cystinuria, hyperparathyroidism
and repeated urinary tract infections also can
increase your risk of kidney stones.

Certain supplements and medications, such

as vitamin C, dietary supplements, laxatives
(when used excessively), calcium-based
antacids, and certain medications used to treat
migraines or depression, can increase your risk
of kidney stones.
MAINTAINING WATER
BALANCE
 Normal amount of water in the human body
Young adult females – 50%
Young adult males – 60%
Babies – 75%
Old age – 45%
 Water is necessary for many body functions
and levels must be maintained
 Characteristics of Urine Used for
Medical Diagnosis
 Colored somewhat yellow due to the pigment
urochrome (from the destruction of
hemoglobin/bilirubin by-product) and solutes
 Sterile
 Slightly aromatic
 Normal pH of around 6
 Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035
 Urine Composition
 Composition differs considerably based upon
diet, metabolic activity, urine output.
 ~95% water, contains urea and uric acid,
electrolytes and amino acids (trace amount)
 Volume produced ranges from 0.6-2.5 liters per
day (1.8L average).
Depends on fluid intake, body and ambient air
temperature, humidity, respiratory rate,
emotional state
 Output of 50-60ml per hour normal, less than
30ml per hour may indicate kidney failure
“KNOWLEDGE HAS A BEGINNING
BUT NO END”
THANK YOU AND
GOOD DAY!

GREGGO N. LEGASPI, LPT

Course Instructor