Q.1 To Q.5 Carry One Mark Each: General Aptitude: Verbal Ability

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..Q.1 to Q.5 Carry One Mark Each..

Question 1 General Aptitude : Verbal Ability
“I cannot support this proposal. My______ will not permit it.”
(A) conscious (B) consensus
(C) conscience (D) consent
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
I cannot support this proposal. My conscience will not permit it.
Conscious : Aware of and responding to one’s surroundings awake.
Consensus : A general agreement
Conscience : An inner feeling or voice, viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one’s
behavior.
Consent : Permission for something to happen or agreement to do something as per the meanings of all
wards the correct word which could be used is conscience by which the statement will be meaningful.
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Courts : _______ : : Parliament : Legislature.
(by word meaning)
(A) Judiciary (B) Executive
(C) Governmental (D) Legal
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
Parliament is related to legislature in a special manner as parliament is legislative body. In the same way
courts is related to judiciary as courts are judiciary body.
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Question 3 General Aptitude : Numerical Ability
What is the smallest number with distinct digits whose digits adds up to 45?
(A) 123555789 (B) 123457869
(C) 123456789 (D) 99999
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
The smallest number with distinct digits whose digits adds up to 45
(A) 99999, the digits of this number are not distinct, so it is not correct.
(B) 123457869, the digits of this number are distinct, so it is correct.
(C) 123456789, the digits of this number are distinct, so it is correct.
(D) 123555789, the digits of this number are not distinct, so it is not correct.
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As we need the smallest number with distinct digits whose digits adds upto 45,
Option (B) and (C) both followed this condition.
Here, the number in option (C) is less than the number in option (B).
In a class of 100 students
(i) there are 30 students who neither like romantic movies nor comedy movies,
(ii) the number of students who like romantic movies is twice the number of students who like comedy
movies, and
(iii) the number of students who like both romantic movies and comedy movies is 20.
How many students in the class like romantic movies?
(A) 40 (B) 20
(C) 60 (D) 30
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
There are 100 students from which so students who neither like romantic movies nor comedy movies.
Therefore, 100  30  70
70 students will like either romantic or comedy movies.
The number of students who like romantic movie is twice the number of students who like comedy movies.
Let, number of students like comedy movie is x, then number of students like romantic movie is 2x. the
number of students who like both romantic movies and comedy movies is 20.
The number of students in the class like romantic movies,
2 x  x  20  70
3x  90
x  30
So, 2 x  2  30  60
Therefore, the number of students who like romantic movies are 60.
How many rectangles are present in the given figure?
(A) 8 (B) 9
(C) 10 (D) 12
Ans. (C)

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Sol. In rectangle, ABCD there are 9 rectangles. AGIF , GBEI , IECH , FIHD , ABEF , FECD , AGHD ,
GBCH and GBCH . One more rectangles is JKLM . Therefore, there are total 10 rectangles.
J A K
F G
D I B
M C L
..Q.6 to Q.10 Carry Two Marks Each..
Forestland is a planet inhabited by different kinds of creatures. Among other creatures, it is populated by
animals all of whom are ferocious. There are also creatures that have claws, and some that do not. All creatures
that have claws are ferocious.
Based only on the information provided above, which one of the following options can be logically inferred
with certainty?
(A) All creatures with claws are animals.
(B) Some creatures with claws are non-ferocious.
(C) Some non-ferocious creatures have claws.
(D) Some ferocious creatures are creatures with claws.
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given :
Forestland is a planet inhabited by different kinds of creatures. Among other creatures, it is populated by
animals all of whom are ferocious. There are also creatures that have claws, and some that do not. All
creatures that have claws are ferocious.
Option (A) cannot be inferred as, it is not necessary condition that all creature with claws are animals.
Option (B) cannot be inferred as, all creatures that have claws are ferocious is given in the passage.
Option (C) can also not be inferred as, all creatures that have claws are ferocious is given in the passage.
Option (D) can be inferred certainly as, “There are also creatures that have claws, and some that do not.
All creatures that have claws are ferocious.” Is mention in the passage. From this we can conclude some
ferocious creatures are creatures with claws.
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Which one of the following options represents the given graph?
f ( x)
x
0

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(A) f ( x)  x 2 2
x
(B) f ( x)  x 2 x
(C) f ( x)  x 2 x (D) f ( x )  x 2 x
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : A graph represents f ( x) versus x,
f ( x)
x
0
The whole graph is above x-axis i.e. positive for all ‘x’.
The given graph is also symmetrical about y-axis.
These two conditions satisfies in only even power of x, i.e. f ( x)  x 2 2 x
Which one of the following options can be inferred from the given passage alone?
When I was a kid, I was partial to stories about other worlds and interplanetary travel. I used to imagine
that I could just gaze off into space and be whisked to another planet.
Which option can be inferred from the given passage above?
[Excerpt from The Truth about Stories by T. King]
(A) It is a child’s description of what he or she likes.
(B) It is an adult’s memory of what he or she liked as a child.
(C) The child in the passage read stories about interplanetary travel only in parts.
(D) It teaches us that stories are good for children.
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
When I was a kid, I was partial to stories about other worlds and interplanetary travel. I used to imagine
that I could just gaze off into space and be whisked to another planet.
As mentioned in the given passage “when I was a kit” it clearly indicates that it is an adult’s memory of
what he or she liked as child by which option (B) can be inferred.
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Out of 1000 individuals in the town, 100 unidentified individuals are covid positive. Due to lack of
adequate covid-testing kits, the health authorities of the town devised a strategy to identify these covid
positive individuals. The strategy is to :
(i) Collect saliva sample from all 1000 individual and randomly group them into sets of 5.
(ii) Mix the samples within each set and test the mixed sample for covid.

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(iii) If the test done in (ii) gives a negative result, then declare all the 5 individual to be covid negative.
(iv) If the test done in (ii) give positive result, then all the 5 individuals are separately tested for covid.
Given this strategy, no more than ________ testing kits will be required to identify all the 100 covid
positive individuals irrespective of how they are grouped.
(A) 700 (B) 600
(C) 800 (D) 1000
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
Number of individuals in town is, 1000
Number of unidentified covid individuals in town is, 100
Due to lack of adequate covid-testing kits, the health authorities of the town devised a strategy to identify
these covid positive individuals. The strategy is to :
(i) Collect saliva sample from all 1000 individual and randomly group them into sets of 5.
The number of total set required will be, 1000  5 = 200,
(ii) Mix the samples within each set and test the mixed sample for covid.
For the testing of one set of 5 people, 1 testing kit required
So, for 200 set total 200 testing kit will required
(iii) If the test done in (ii) gives a negative result, then declare all the 5 individual to be covid negative.
(iv) If the test done in (ii) give positive result, then all the 5 individuals are separately tested for covid.
The maximum number of 100 unidentified individuals are covid positive.
Let, all unidentified covid positive are in different set, then the number of kits required will be,
Number of people in one set  Number of set,
5 100  500 kits
Maximum number of kits required will be,
200  500  700 kits
no more than 700 testing kits will be required to identify all the 100 covid positive individuals irrespective
of how they are grouped.
A 100 cm  32 cm rectangular sheet is folded 5 times. Each time the sheet is folded, the long edge aligns
with its opposite side. Eventually, the folded sheet is a rectangle of dimensions 100 cm 1cm.
The total number of creases visible when the sheet is unfolded is ______.
(A) 32 (B) 5
(C) 31 (D) 63
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
A 100 cm  32 cm rectangular sheet is folded 5 times. Each time the sheet is folded, the long edge aligns
with its opposite side. Eventually, the folded sheet is a rectangle of dimensions 100 cm 1cm.
The total number of creases visible when sheet is unfolded can be find by fallowing given procedure, lets
take a sheet of paper and fold it for one time and open it, total number of creases visible will be one.

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Now, fold the paper for two times and unfold it the number of lines visible will be three.
Now, fold the paper for three times and unfold it, the number of lines visible will be eight.
By doing this we can observe, number of creases visible is equals to (2n  1) ,

Here, n = Number of folds.
25  1  32  1  31
The total number of creases visible when sheet is unfolded is 31.
..Q.11 to Q.35 Carry One Mark Each..

Question 11 Mathematics : Vector Calculus
1   2
   
Let V1   2  and V2  1  be two vectors. The value of the coefficient  in the expression V1  V2  e
 0   3 
which minimizes the length of the error vector e, is
7 2
(A) (B) 
2 7
2 7
(C) (D) 
7 2
Ans. (C)
1  2
Sol. Given : V1   2  V2   1 
 
 0   3 
Method 1 :
e  V1  V2
e  (i  2 j  0k )  (2i  j  3k )
eˆ  (1  2)iˆ  (2  ) ˆj  (0  3)kˆ

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eˆ  (1  2) 2  (2  ) 2  ( 3) 2
de2
eˆ  5  142  8 to be minimum  28  8  0
2
d
2
  is the stationary point.
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Method 2 :
V1  V2  e
e  V1  V2
1  2 
e   2   
 3 
Length e  (1  2)2  (2  )2  (3)2
e  142  8  5
For minimum length of e ,
d
e 0
d
28  8
0
2 14 2  8  5
2

7
Question 12 Mathematics : Vector Calculus
The rate of increase, of a scalar field f ( x, y, z )  xyz , in the direction v  (2,1, 2) at a point (0, 2, 1) is
2 4
(A) (B)
3 3
(C) 2 (D) 4
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : f ( x, y, z )  xyz
f  yziˆ  zxjˆ  xykˆ
f(0,2,1)  2iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ
v  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
v
Directional derivative, DD  f .
v

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(2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ) 4 4
DD  (2iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ).  
2 1  2
2 2 2
9 3
Question 13 Signals & Systems : DTFT & DFT
Let w  16 j . Which of the following cannot be a value of w?
4
(A) 2e j 2  /8 (B) 2e j /8
(C) 2e j 5  /8 (D) 2e j 9  /8
Ans. (A)
Given : w  16 j
4
Sol.
w  (2) j1/4
w  2(0  j )1/4
 j (2 n 1)  
w  2[e j (2n1) /2 ]1/4  2 e 8 
For n  0 , w  2e j /8
For n  2 , w  2e5  /8
For n  4 , w  2e9  /8
So, only option (A) cannot be the value of w.
Question 14 Mathematics : Complex Variable
 z2   3 
The value of the contour integral,   z
c
2  dz , where the contour C is
 2z  2 
 z : z  1  j  1 , taken
 2 
in the counter clockwise direction, is
(A) (1  j ) (B) (1  j )
(C) (1  j ) (D) (1  j )
Ans. (B)
 z2 
Sol. Given integral is, I    2 dz
c
z  2z  2 
z2
Let f ( z ) 
z  2z  2
2
Singular points of f ( z ) can be obtained by equating denominator I m(z)

to zero,
z2  2z  2  0 (1  j)
1 .5
2  4  8
z
2
0. 5
2  2 j
z  1  j
2 Re( z)
1

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3
Given curve is, z  1  j 1
2
3 3
If z  1  j then z  1  j  1  j  1  j  0.5  1
2 2
So, z  1  j lies inside the curve
3 3
If z  1  j then z  1  j  1  j  1  j  2.5  1
2 2
So, z  1  j lies outside the curve
 Residue at z  1  j will be 0
Residue at z  1  j will be,
( z  2)( z  1  j )
R  lim
z 1 j z 2  2z  2
( z  2)( z  1  j ) z2
 lim  lim
z 1 j ( z  1  j )( z  1  j ) z 1 j z  1  j
1  j  2 1 j
 
1  j  1  j 2j
 From Cauchy’s residue theorem,
(1  j )
c f ( z )dz  2jR  2j  2 j  (1  j )
Question 15 Mathematics : Linear Algebra
Let the sets of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix B be {k |1  k  n} and {Vk |1  k  n} ,
respectively. For any invertible matrix P, the sets of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix A, where
B = P-1AP, respectively are
(A) {k det( A) |1  k  n} and {PVk |1  k  n} (B) {k |1  k  n} and {Vk |1  k  n}
(C) {k |1  k  n} and {PVk |1  k  n} (D) {k |1  k  n} and {P1Vk  1  k  n}
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : Matrix B has Eigen value  k and Eigen vector Vk .
 BVk   kVk
Also given B  P 1 AP
( P 1 AP)Vk   kVk
Multiplying with P on both sides, we get
A( PVk )  k ( PVk )
 Eigen value of A   k
Eigen vector of matrix A  PVk

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Question 16 Electronic Devices & Circuits : Basic Semiconductor Physics

In a semiconductor, if the Fermi energy level lies in the conduction band, then the semiconductor is known
as
(A) degenerate n type (B) degenerate p-type
(C) non-degenerate n type (D) non-degenerate p-type
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given that the fermi level lies in the conduction band. So, it will be a degenerate n- type semiconductor.
For an intrinsic semiconductor at T = 0 K, which of the following statement is true?
(A) All energy states in the valence band are filled with electrons and all energy states in the conduction
band are empty of electrons.
(B) All energy states in the valence band are empty of electrons and all energy states in the conduction
band are filled with electrons.
(C) All energy states in the valence and conduction band are filled with holes.
(D) All energy states in the valence and conduction band are filled with electrons.
Ans. (A)
Sol. For an intrinsic semi-conductor at T  0 0 K , the valence band will be filled with electrons and
conduction band will be empty.
Question 18 Network Theory : Resonance
A series RLC circuit has a quality factor Q of 1000 at a center frequency of 106 rad/sec. The possible value
of R, L and C are
(A) R  1, L  1H and C  1F (B) R  0.1, L  1H and C  1F
(C) R  0.01, L  1H and C  1F (D) R  0.001, L  1H and C  1F
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : Q = 1000, 0  106 rad/sec
Quality factor and resonant frequency of series RLC circuit is given by,
1 L 1
Q and 0 
R C LC
Checking from options for options :
For option (A) :
L  1 μH, C  1 μF, R  1 
1 106
Q
1 106
Q 1
1 1
0    106 rad/sec
12
LC 10

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For option (B) :

L  1 μH, C  1 μF, R  0.1 
1 10 6
Q  10
0.1 10 6
1 1
0    106 rad/sec
6 6
LC 10 10
For option (C) :
R  0.01 , L  1 H, C  1 F
1 10 6
Q  100
0.01 10 6
1
0   106 rad/sec
6 6
10 10
For option (D) :
R  0.001 , L  1H, C  1 F
1 10 6
Q  1000
0.001 10 6
1
0   106 rad/sec
6 6
10 10
So, option (D) satisfies the condition given in the question.
Question 19 Electronic Devices & Circuits : MOS Capacitor
For a MOS capacitor V fb and Vt are the flat-band voltage and threshold voltage, respectively. The
variation of depletion width (Wdep ) for varying gate voltage (Vg ) is best represented by
Wdep Wdep
Vfb Vt Vg Vfb Vt Vg
(A) accumulation depletion inversion (B) accumulation depletion inversion
Wdep Wdep
Vfb Vt Vg Vfb Vt Vg
(C) accumulation depletion inversion (D) accumulation depletion inversion
Ans. (B)

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Sol. When Vg  V fb  Wdep  0

When V fb  Vg  Vt  Wdep increases
When Vg  Vt  Wdep becomes constant

 Only option (C) satisfies the above conditions
Question 20 Electromagnetic Theory : Plane Wave Propagation
Consider a narrow band signal, propagating in a lossless dielectric medium (r  4, r  1) , with phase
velocity v p and group velocity v g . Which of following statement is true? (c is the velocity of light in
vacuum)
(A) v p  c, v g  c (B) v p  c, v g  c
(C) vP  c, vg  c (D) vP  c, vg  c
Ans. (D)
Sol. It is an unbounded region. Hence, the correct relationship will be vP  c, vg  c .
Question 21 Analog Electronics : JFET and MOSFET Amplifier with Biasing
In the circuit shown below, V1 and V2 are bias voltages. Based on input and output impedances, the
circuit behaves as a
VDD
V1
Vout
V2
R1
Vin
(A) voltage controlled voltage source (B) voltage controlled current source
(C) current controlled voltage source (D) current controlled current source
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given circuit acts as a common gate amplifier. Common gate amplifier has low input impedance and
high output impedance
 The given circuit acts as a current controlled current source.
Question 22 Analog Electronics : Feedback Amplifiers

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13
A cascade of common source amplifiers in a unity gain feedback configuration oscillates when
(A) the closed loop gain is less than 1 and the phase shift is less than 1800
(B) the closed loop gain is greater than 1 and the phase shift is less than 1800
(C) the closed loop gain is less than 1 and the phase shift is greater than 1800
(D) the closed loop gain is greater than 1 and the phase shift is greater than 1800
Ans. (D)
Sol. When cascaded amplifier acts as oscillator, then increasing oscillations will be observed.
 Closed loop gain  1 and phase shift  180 .
0

Question 23 Digital Electronics : Combinational Circuits
In the circuit shown below, P and Q are the inputs. The logical function realized by the circuit shown
below is
I0
2x1
MUX Y
P I1
Sel
Q
(A) Y  PQ (B) Y  PQ
(C) Y  PQ (D) Y  P  Q
Ans. (A)
Sol. The output of MUX is given as, Y  S I 0  SI1
Given : S  Q, I 0  0, I1  P
Y  Q .0  Q.P
Y = PQ
Question 24 Digital Electronics : Sequential Circuits
The synchronous sequential circuit shown below works at a clock frequency of 1 GHz. The throughput,
in Mbits/s, and the latency, in ns, respectively, are
Input D0 Q0 D1 Q1 D2 Q2 Output
D D D
Flip Flop Flip Flop Flip Flop
Clk = 1GHz
(A) 1000, 3 (B) 333.33, 1
(C) 2000, 3 (D) 333.33, 3
Ans. (A)

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Sol. Given circuit is Serial In Serial Out shift register,

fclk  1GHz
1 1
Tclk   9  109 sec
f clk 10
Tclk  1n sec
For Serial In Serial Out shift register,
Latency is given by NTclk , where N is number of Flip-Flops.
Latency  NTclk  3 1ns  3ns
Throughput is given by number of bits per second.
In this circuit, we get 1 bit of output every Tclk ( 1ns)
So, we get 1 bit every 1 nsec.
 109 bits every second
 103 Mbits per second
Question 25 Control Systems : Polar Plot
K
The open loop transfer function of a unity negative feedback system is G ( s )  , where
s (1  sT1 )(1  sT2 )
K, T1 and T2 are positive constants. The phase cross-over frequency, in rad/sec, is
1 1
(A) (B)
T1T2 T1T2
1 1
(C) (D)
T1 T2 T2 T1
Ans. (A)
K
Sol. Given open loop transfer function is, G ( s) 
s (1  sT1 )(1  sT2 )
At phase cross over frequency, G( j)  180
0
G( j)  900  tan 1 T1  tan 1 T2

G ( j)  1800 at    pc
900  tan 1  pcT1  tan 1  pcT2  1800
900  tan 1  pcT1  tan 1  pcT2
  pcT1   pcT2 
900  tan 1  
 1   pcT1T2 
2
 pcT1   pcT2
tan 900 
1  2pcT1T2

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1  2pcT1T2  0
2pcT1T2  1
1
 pc  rad/sec
T1T2
Question 26 Signals & Systems : Classification of Systems
Consider a system with input x (t ) and output y (t )  x (e ) . The system is
t
(A) Causal & time invariant (B) Non-causal & time varying
(C) Causal & time varying (D) Non-causal & time invariant
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : y(t )  x(et )
To check time invariance,
y (t , t0 )  T {x(t  t0 )}  x(et  t0 ) …(i)
y (t  t0 )  x(et t0 ) …(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii),
y(t , t0 )  y(t  t0 )
So, given system is time variant
Let t = 3 sec
y(3)  x(e3 )
According to above equation, output depends on future inputs.
So, given system is non-causal.
Question 27 Signals & Systems : Continuous Time Fourier Transform
Let m (t ) be a strictly band limited signal with bandwidth B and energy E. Assuming 0  10 B, the
energy in the signal m (t ) cos 0t is
E E
(A) (B)
4 2
(C) E (D) 2E
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given that m (t ) is a bandlimited signal with bandwidth B and energy E.
Let m (t ) be represented in frequency domain as shown below,
M()

–B 0 B

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16
Energy of m (t ) will be,

B B
B
1
E 
2  B
12 d   
2 
…(i)
Let y(t )  m(t ) cos 0t

Given : 0  10B
So, y (t )  m(t ) cos10 Bt
Taking Fourier transform on both sides, we get
1
Y ()  [M ( 10B)  M ( 10B)]
2
Y () can be plotted as shown below,
Y( )

– 11B – 10B – 9B 0 9B 10B 11B
Now, energy of y (t ) will be,
 1 11B 2 
Ey  2  
 2 9 B
1 d 

1 2B
Ey  [11B  9B]  …(ii)
 
So, from equation (i) and (ii),
E
Ey 
2
t
The Fourier transform X () of x (t )  e is
2

 e y dy  
2
Note : 
2
2 4
e
(A) e 2
(B)
2 
2 2
(C) e 4
(D) e 2
Ans. (C)
2
  2
t f  2  

e e e
2 2
Sol. We know that, e 4
 2
et 
 e 4
2

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17
t
Put t 

2
 t 
 
   
2 (  )2
 1   
e 
 e 4
 x(at ) 
   
 a  a 
2
t 2
e   e 4

In the table shown below, match the signal type with its spectral characteristics.
Signal type Spectral characteristics
(i) Continuous, aperiodic (a) Continuous, aperiodic
(ii) Continuous, periodic (b) Continuous, periodic
(iii) Discrete, aperiodic (c) Discrete, aperiodic
(iv) Discrete, periodic (d) Discrete, periodic
(A) (i)-(a), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(d) (B) (i)-(a), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(d)
(C) (i)-(d), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(a) (D) (i)-(a), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b)
Ans. (B)
Sol. (1) A continuous and aperiodic signal has continuous and aperiodic spectrum (Fourier Transform).
(2) A continuous and periodic signal has discrete and aperiodic spectrum (Continuous Time Fourier
Series).
(3) A discrete and aperiodic signal has continuous and periodic spectrum (Discrete Time Fourier
Transform).
(4) A discrete and periodic signal has discrete and periodic spectrum (Discrete Fourier
Transform/Discrete Time Fourier Series).
Question 30 Communication Systems : Random Variables and Random Processes
For a real signal, which of the following is/are valid power spectral density/densities?
2
S X    S X ()  e cos2 
2
(A) (B)
9  2
(C) SX( (D) SX(
1 1
 
0 1 0 1
–1
Ans. (A), (B)

PAGE
18
Sol. From the properties of power spectral density S X ()  S X () and S X ()  0 .
Consider option (A) :
2
S X () 
9  2
For any value of  ,
S X () is positive. So, S X ()  0
2 2
S X ( )    S X ()
9  ( ) 2
9  2
So, option (A) is a valid power spectral density.
Consider option (B) :
S X ()  e cos2 
2
2
  
      2  
At   , S X    e cos 2  0
2 2 2
For any other value of  ,
S X () is positive. So, S X ()  0
S X ()  e ( ) cos2 ()  e cos2 

2 2
S X ( )  S X ()
So, option (B) is a valid power spectral density.
Consider option (C) :
SX(

0 1
–1
From the above plot, S X () is negative for some values of  and odd function.
So, option (C) is not a valid power spectral density.
Consider option (D) :
SX(

0 1

PAGE
19
From the above plot, S X () is positive but not an even function, that is S X ()  0 but S X ( )  S X ()
So, option (D) is not a valid power spectral density.
Hence, the correct options are (A) & (B).
Question 31 Digital Electronics : ADC and DAC
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an ADC with a full-scale sinusoidal input is given to be 61.96 dB. The
resolution of the ADC is _______ bits. (rounded off to nearest integer)
Ans. 10 (10 to 10)
Sol. Given :
SNR of ADC  61.96 dB
SNR  1.76  6.02n dB
61.96  1.76  6.02n
n  10
Hence, the correct answer is 10.
Question 32 Network Theory : Basic Concepts of Networks
In the circuit shown below, the current i flowing through 200  resistor is ________ mA (rounded off
to two decimal places).
Ans. 1.36 (1.30 to 1.40)

Sol. Given circuit is,
1 mA
1 k iL
2 k
2 k 1 mA 200 
+ 2V
–
Applying source transformation,

1V
V 1 k
–+
iL
2 k
2 k 1 mA 200 
+ 2V
–
Applying nodal analysis at node V,

PAGE
20
V 2 V V 1
  10 3  0
2000 2000 1200
V  0.637 V
Current through 200  is,
V  1 0.637  1
iL  
1200 1200
iL  1.36 mA
Hence, the correct answer is 1.36.
Question 33 Network Theory : Two port Networks
For the two port network below, the [Y]-parameters is given as
 2 1
1 
[Y]  4  S
100  1
 3
The value of load impedance ZL (in  ), for maximum power transfer will be _______ (rounded off to the
nearest integer).
Ans. 80 (80 to 80)

Sol. Method 1 :
Given two-port network and Y-parameters are given below,
 2 1
1 
[Y ] 
 4 
100 1
 3
 2 1 
100 100 
[Y ]   
 1 4 
100 300 
Obtaining  -network from given [Y] parameters

PAGE
21
YB
+ +
V1 YA YC V2
– –
2
Y11  YA  YB 
100
1
Y12  Y21  YB 
100
4
Y22  YB  YC 
300
From the above equations,
1 1 1
YA  S , YB  S , YC  S
100 100 300
Now replacing this pie network in two port network.
10  100 
120 V 100  300  ZL
For maximum power transfer, Z L  Zth .

For Z th , circuit becomes.
10  100  100 
9.09  300 
100  300 Z th Z th
Zth  300 || 109 .09  79.99

Zth  80 
For maximum power transfer
Z L  Zth  80 
Method 2 :
 2 1
1 
Given : [Y ]  4  S
100  1
 3

PAGE
22
To find the value of Z L for maximum power transfer, all the independent sources will be disabled and
the given 2-port network can be drawn as shown below,
10  I1 I2 I
+ +
V1 [Y ] V2 + 1V
–
– –
1
ZL =
I
Figure (a) : Two-port network for maximum power transfer to Z L
Equations for Y-parameter’s are,
2 1
I1  V1  V2 …(i)
100 100
1 4
I2  V1  V2 …(ii)
100 300
From figure (A),
V
V1  10I1  I1  1 …(iii)
10
V2  1 …(iv)
I2  I …(v)
Substituting equation (iii) and (iv) in equation (i), we get
V 2 1
 1  V1 
10 100 100
12V1 1

100 100
12V1  1
1
V1  …(vi)
12
Substituting equation (v) and (vi) in equation (ii), we get
1 1 4
I   
100 12 300
16  1 15
I 
1200 1200
1 1200
 ZL    80
I 15
Question 34 Digital Electronics : Logic Gates
For the circuit shown below, the propagation delay of each NAND gate is 1 ns. The critical path delay, in
ns, is _______ (rounded off to the nearest integer).

PAGE
23
A
Q
Q
B
Ans. 2 (02 to 02)
Sol. Given circuit is
A
Q
Q
B
Redrawing the circuit as
1 ns
A 1 ns
Critical path delay  11  2 ns

Question 35 Network Theory : Transient Analysis
In the circuit shown below, switch S was closed for a long time. If switch is opened at t = 0, the maximum
magnitude of the voltage VR, in volts, is ______ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
2
S
1 +V –
R
Vs = 2 V + 1H
–
Ans. 4 (04 to 04)

PAGE
24

2
S
1 +V –
R
Vs = 2 V + 1H
–
At t  0  , switch is closed circuit is in steady state and inductor acts as S.C.

2
1
2V iL (0  )
iL (0 )  2 A
At t  0  , switch is open and inductor acts as O.C.
2
1 + VR –
2V
2A
VR  2  2  4V
Magnitude of VR   4
VR  4V
..Q.36 to Q.65 Carry Two Marks Each..
Question 36 Communication Systems : Random Variables & Random Processes
A random variable X, distributed normally as N(0, 1), undergoes the transformation Y  h( X ) , given in
the figure. The form of probability density function of Y is
(In the options given below, a, b, c non-zero constant and g ( y ) is piecewise continuous function)
y = h( x)
1
–2 –1
x
0 1 2
-1

PAGE
25
(A) aδ  y  1  bδ  y  1  g  y  (B) aδ  y  1  bδ  y   cδ  y  1  g  y 
(C) aδ  y  2  bδ  y   cδ  y  2  g  y  (D) aδ  y  2   bδ  y  2   g  y 
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given that the random variable X, undergoes the transformation Y  h( X ) .
From the given figure, it can be concluded that, Y takes the discrete set of values {– 1, 0, 1}.
So, probability density function of Y will consist of impulses at y   1 , y  0 and y  1 .
 The probability density function of Y can be represented as,
f ( y )  a[ y  1]  b[ y ]  c[ y  1]  g[ y ]
Question 37 Mathematics : Integral & Differential Calculus
Q
The value of the line integral P
( z 2 dx  3 y 2 dy  2 xz dz ) along the straight line joining the points P(1,1,2)
and Q(2,3,1) is
(A) 20 (B) 24
(C) 29 (D)  5
Ans. (B)
Sol. Method 1 :
Q
Given integral is, I   ( z 2 dx  3 y 2 dy  2 xzdz )

P
Also given points P(1,1, 2) and Q (2,3,1)

Equation of line joining the points P and Q is,
x 1 y 1 z  2
 
1 2 1
x 1 y 1 z  2
Let   t
1 2 1
x  t  1  dx  dt
y  2t  1  dy  2dt
z  2  t  dz  dt
t limits t  0 to t  1
1
I  [(2  t )  3(2t  1) 2  2(t  1)(2  t )]dt
2
t 0
1
I  (27t  18t  6)dt
2
t 0
1
 27t 3 18t 2 
I    6t 
 3 2 0
27 18
I   6  24
3 2

PAGE
26
Method 2 :
Q
Given integral is, I   ( z 2 dx  3 y 2 dy  2 xzdz )

P
Q x  2, z 1 y 3
I   (d ( xz 2 )  3 y 2 dy )   d ( xz 2 )   3 y dy
2
P x 1, z  2 y 1
3
2 x  2, z 1  y3   27  
I  ( xz ) x 1, z  2  3    2(1) 2  1(2) 2  3   
 3 1  3 3
I  2  4  26  24
Let x be an n1 real column vector with length l  x x . The trace of matrix P  xxT is
T
l2
(A) l2 (B)
4
l2
(C) l (D)
2
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given that x is a n1 column vector.
 x1 
x 
Let, x   
2
:
 
 xn 
xT  [ x1 x2 ..........xn ]
Given length of vector x .
l  xT x
l 2  xT x
 x1 
x 
l  [ x1 x2 ............xn ]  2 
2
:
 
 xn 
l 2  x12  x22  ........  xn2 …(i)
Now we have to find trace of matrix, P  xxT
 x1 
x 
P   2  [ x1 x2 .........xn ]
:
 
 xn 

PAGE
27
 x12 x1 x2 ..........x1 xn 
 
xx x22 .............x2 xn 
P 2 1
 : 
 
 xn x1 xn x2 ............xn2 
 Trace of matrix P will be, tr ( P)  x12  x22  .......  xn2 …(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii),
tr ( P)  l 2
Question 39 Analog Electronics : Operational Amplifiers
Vout
The of the circuit shown below is
Vin
R2
R1 VCC R4
VIN
R3 VCC
- VEE
Vout
R3
- VEE
VCC
R1 - VEE
R2
R4 R4
(A)  (B)
R3 R3
R4 R4
(C) 1  (D) 1 
R3 R3
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given circuit can be drawn as shown below
R2
R1 VEE R4
Vin –
+ R3 VEE
- VEE –
VO1 Vout
R3 +
VEE
VEE
+
VO2
–
R1 - VEE
R2

PAGE
28
R2
From the above figure, V01    Vin …(i)
R1
 R 
V02   1  2  Vin …(ii)
 R1 
 Vout   R4 V01  R4 V02
R3 R3
 R4
Vout  V01  V02  …(iii)
R3
Substituting equations (i) and (ii) in equation (iii), we get
R  R R  R V R
Vout  4  2 Vin  Vin  2 Vin   4 Vin  out  4
R3  R1 R1  R3 Vin R3
Question 40 Analog Electronics : Diode Circuits & Applications
In the circuit shown below, D1 and D2 are silicon diodes with cut-in voltage of 0.7 V. VIN and VOUT are
input and output voltages in volts. The transfer characteristic is
D1
VIN VOUT
D2
1 k
+ 1V
–
(A) VOUT (B) VOUT
1
1
1 1
– 0.7
VIN VIN
0.3 1.7 0.7
1 1
(C) VOUT (D) VOUT
1
1
1
0.3
VIN VIN
– 1.7 1.7 1.7
1
1
Ans. (A)

PAGE
29
Sol. Given : Given circuit is as shown below,

D1
VIN VOUT
D2
1 k
+ 1V
–
Case 1 : When VIN  0.3 V , D1 is OFF and D2 is ON. So, the circuit becomes,
VIN VOUT
– + 1 k
0.7 V
+ 1V
–
 Vout  VIN  0.7

Case 2 : When 0.3 V  VIN  1.7 V , both D1 and D2 are OFF. So, the circuit becomes.
VIN VOUT
1 k
+ 1V
–
 Vout  1 V
Case 3 : When VIN  1.7 V , D1 is ON and D2 is OFF. So, the circuit becomes,
0.7 V
+ –
VIN VOUT
1 k
+ 1V
–
 Vout  VIN  0.7

PAGE
30
So, the transfer characteristics can be drawn as shown below,

Question 41 Control Systems : Time Response Analysis
A closed loop system is shown in the figure where K > 0 and   0 . The steady state error due to a ramp
 
input  R ( s )  2  is given by
 s 
 + E (s ) K
R (s )  Y (s )
s2  s(s  2)
2 
(A) (B)
K K
 
(C) (D)
2K 4K
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :

R( s ) 
s2
 + E (s ) K
R (s )  Y (s )
s2  s(s  2)
K
G ( s) 
s ( s  2)
Steady state error for ramp input is given by

ess 
Kv
K
Kv  lim sG( s)  lim
s 0 s 0 ( s  2)
K
Kv 
2

ess 
K /2
2
ess 
K

PAGE
31
Question 42 Control Systems : Block Diagram & Signal Flow Graph

In the following block diagram, R(s) and D(s) are two inputs. The output Y(s) is expressed as
Y (s)  G1 (s) R(s)  G2 ( s) D( s) .
G1 ( s) and G2 (s) are given by
G(s) G(s)
(A) G1 ( s)  and G2 ( s) 
1  G( s)  G( s) H ( s) 1  G(s)  G(s) H (s)
G( s) G( s)
(B) G1 ( s)  and G2 ( s) 
1  G ( s)  H ( s) 1  G ( s)  H ( s)
G(s) G(s)
(C) G1 ( s)  and G2 ( s) 
1  G( s)  H ( s) 1  G( s)  G( s) H ( s)
G( s) G(s)
(D) G1 ( s)  and G2 ( s) 
1  G( s)  G( s) H ( s) 1  G( s)  H ( s)
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
and Y (s)  G1 ( s) R( s)  G2 ( s) D( s)
Let Y (s)  Y1 (s)  Y2 (s)
Where, Y1 ( s)  Output considering only R ( s ) , Y2 (s)  Output considering only D( s ) .
When only R ( s ) is present.
+ + + G ( s)
R (s ) G ( s) Y1 (s ) R (s ) Y1 ( s)
– – – 1 + G ( s ) H ( s)
H ( s)

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32
G( s)
Y1 ( s) 1  G ( s) H ( s)

R( s ) 1  G( s)
1  G ( s) H ( s)
 G( s) 
Y1 ( s)    R( s )
1  G ( s )  G ( s ) H ( s ) 
G(s)
Hence, G1 ( s) 
1  G(s)  G(s) H (s)
When only D( s ) is present.
D ( s)
– +
G(s ) Y2 ( s) D (s ) G ( s) Y2 ( s)
– –
H (s )
1+ H ( s )
Y2 ( s ) G( s)

D( s ) 1  G ( s )[1  H ( s )]
 G( s) 
Y2 ( s)    D( s )
1  G( s)[1  H ( s)] 
Y2 ( s) G(s)

D( s ) 1  G ( s )  G ( s ) H ( s )
G( s)
Y2 ( s)  D( s )
1  G( s)  G( s) H ( s)
G( s)
G2 ( s) 
1  G( s)  G( s) H ( s)
The state equation of a second order system is x(t )  Ax(t ), x(0) is the initial condition.
Suppose 1 and  2 are two distinct Eigen values of A and V1 and V2 are the corresponding Eigen vectors.
For constant 1 and  2 , the solution, x(t) of the state equation is
2 2
(A)  i eitVi
i 1
(B)  e
i 1
i
2 i t
Vi
2 2
(C)  i e3itVi
i 1
(D)  e
i 1
i
4 i t
Vi
Ans. (A)

PAGE
33
Sol. Given : x(t )  Ax(t )

If  is the eigen value of matrix A then x(t )  x(t )
As there are 2 eigen values 1 and  2 of matrix A , the solution of state equation will be,
2
x(t )   i eitVi
i 1

Question 44 Network Theory : Transient Analysis
The switch S1 was closed and S 2 was open for a long time. At t  0 , switch S1 is opened and S 2 is closed,
simultaneously. The value of ic (0 ) , in amperes, is
S1
iC 1  S2
1A 0.01 F 25 
1H
(A) 1 (B) – 1
(C) 0.2 (D) 0.8
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given circuit is,
S1
t 0 ic 100  t 0 S2
1A 0.01 F 25 
1H

At t  0 , S1 is closed and S 2 is opened, at steady state L  S.C., C  O.C.
100 
+
1A VC (0  ) 25 
– 
iL (0 )
1 25
iL (0 )  (C.D.R)
100  25
iL (0 )  0.2 A
VC (0  )  100  0.2  20 V

At t  0 , S1 opened S 2 is closed L  O.C., C  S.C.

PAGE
34
ic (0  )
1A + 20 V
– 25 
0.2 A
Applying KCL at node A,

20
iC (0 )  0.2  0
25
iC (0  )  0.8  0.2
iC (0 )  1A
Question 45 Communication Systems : Anagle Modulation
Let a frequency modulated (FM) signal x  t   A cos[ωct  k f  m  λ  dλ] , where m(t) is the message
t

signal of bandwidth W. It is passed through a non-linear system with output y  t   2 x  t   5[ x  t ] . Let

2
BT denote the FM bandwidth. The minimum value of ωc required to recover x  t  from y  t  is

3
(A) BT  W (B) BT
2
5
(D) 2 BT  W (D) BT
2
Ans. (B)
 t

Sol. Given : x(t )  A cos  ct  k f  m()d  
  
Also, y(t )  2 x(t )  5x (t )
2
 t
  t

y (t )  2 A cos  c t  k f  m()d    5 A2cos 2  ct  k f  m()d  
     
  t

 1  cos  c
2  t  2 k f  m(  ) d   
 t

y (t )  2 A cos  ct  k f  m()d    5 A2    

   
2

 
 
 t
 5 A2  t
 5 A2
y (t )  2 A cos  c t  k f  m()d    cos  2ct  k f  m( )d   
   2    2
Om plotting the frequency spectrum of y (t )

PAGE
35
W W
W

BT C BT 2C  BT 2 C 2  C  BT
C  C 
2 2
BT 2 BT
To recover x (t ) from y (t )
BT
2c  BT  c 
2
3BT
c 
2
 Minimum value of c will be
3BT
(c )min 
2
The h-parameters of a two-port network are shown below. The condition for the maximum small signal
V
voltage gain out is
Vs
i1 i2
h11
Vs V1 h 12V2 h21 V1 h 22 V2 RL Vout
(A) h11  0, h12  0, h21  very high and h22  0

(B) h11  very high, h12  0, h21  very high and h22  0
(C) h11  0, h12  very high, h21  very high and h22  0
(D) h11  0, h12  0, h21  very high and h22  very high
Ans. (A) [MTA]
V0  h21  RL
Sol. 
Vs h11
V0  h21  RL
For  to be maximum, h11  0 and h21 should be very high. Ideally h12 and h22 should be
Vs h11
zero.

PAGE
36
In the figure of the given question the current source is modelled as h21V1 . But according to the h-
parameter model, it should be h21 I1 . Hence, it should be marks to all question (MTA). If h21 I1 had
been given instead of h21V1 , then option (A) would have been correct.
Question 47 Signals & Systems : Continuous & Discrete Time Fourier Series
Consider a discrete time periodic signal with period N = 5. Let the discrete time Fourier series (DTFS)
4 k 2πn
representation be x  n   ak e
j
5
, where, a0  1 , a1  3 j , a2  2 j , a3  2 j and a4  3 j . The value
k 0
4
4πn
of the sum  x  n sin
n0 5
is
(A) –10 (B) 10

(C) –2 (D) 2
Ans. (A)
4 k 2πn
Given : x  n   ak e
j
Sol. 5
k 0
where, a0  1 , a1  3 j , a2  2 j , a3  2 j and a4  3 j
 j 4 n  j 4 n

4n 4 e
  x ( n)  
4 5
e

5
 x(n) sin
n 0 5 n 0
 2j 
 
4
4n 1  4 j 2  (2) n 4  j 2  (2) n

 x(n) sin    x ( n )e
2 j  n 0
5
  x ( n )e 5  …(i)
n 0 5 n 0 
DTFS coefficient is given by,
 j 2 kn
1 N 1
ak  
N n 0
x ( n )e N
Given that time period of x(n) is N = 5 sec

 j 2 kn
1 4
ak  
5 n 0
x ( n )e 5
4  j 2 kn
  x(n)e
n 0
5
 5ak
4 j 2  (2) n
If k   2 then  x(n)e
n 0
5
 5a 2 …(ii)
4  j 2  (2) n
If k  2 then  x(n)e
n 0
5
 5a2 …(iii)
Substituting equation (ii) and (iii) in equation (i), we get

4
4n 1
 x(n) sin
n 0 5
 [5a 2  5a2 ]
2j
…(iv)

PAGE
37
From the property of discrete Fourier series.

ak  ak  N , where N is the time period.
 a 2  a 25  a3
So, equation (iv) is becomes,
4
4n 1
 x(n) sin  5a3  5a2   1 5  ( 2 j )  5  2 j   10
n 0 5 2j 2j
Question 48 Signals & Systems : DTFT and DFT
j  j 3 j
Let an input x[n] having discrete time Fourier transform X (e )  1  e  2e be passed through an
1
LTI system. The frequency response of the LTI system is H (e j )  1  e j 2 . The output y [ n] of the
2
system is
1 5
(A)  [n]   (n  1)  [n  2]   [n  3]   [n  5]
2 2
1 5
(B)  [n]   (n  1)  [n  2]   [n  3]   [n  5]
2 2
1 5
(C)  [n]   (n  1)  [n  2]   [n  3]  [n  5]
2 2
1 5
(D)  [n]   (n  1)  [n  2]  [n  3]  [n  5]
2 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Method 1 :
j  j 3 j
Given : X (e )  1  e  2e
1
H (e j )  1  e j 2
2
We know that, y (n)  x(n)  h(n)
Apply DTFT on both sides,
Y (e j )  X (e j ) H (e j )
 1 
Y (e j )  (1  e  j  2e 3 j ) 1  e  j 2 
 2 
1 1
 1  e j 2  e j  e j 3  2e j 3  e j 5
2 2
1 5
Y (e j )  1  e j  e j 2  e j 3  e j 5
2 2
1 5
 y(n)  (n)  (n  1)  (n  2)  (n  3)  (n  5)
2 2

PAGE
38
Method 2 :
Given : X (e j )  1  e j  2e 3 j
Taking inverse Fourier transform on both sides, we get
x(n)  (n)  (n  1)  2( n  3)
1
Also, given H (e j )  1  e j 2
2
Taking inverse Fourier transform on both sides, we get
1
h(n)  (n)  (n  2)
2
 Output y (n)  x(n)  h(n)
 1 
y (n)  [(n)  (n  1)  2(n  3)]  (n)  (n  2) 
 2 
We know, that x(n) (n  n0 )  x(n  n0 )
1 1
y(n)  (n)  (n  2)  (n  1)  (n  3)  2(n  3)  (n  5)
2 2
1 5
y(n)  (n)  (n  1)  (n  2)  (n  3)  (n  5)
2 2
Question 49 Signals & Systems : Classification of Systems
Let x(t )  10 cos (10.5Wt ) is passed through an LTI system having impulse response
2
 sin Wt 
h(t )     cos10 Wt . The output of the system is
 t 
(A) 
15W   15W 
 cos (10.5Wt ) (B)   cos 10.5Wt 
 4   2 
 15W 
(C)   cos (10.5Wt ) (D) (15W ) cos (10.5Wt )
 8 
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : x(t )  10 cos (10.5Wt)
2
 sin Wt 
h(t )     cos(10 Wt)
 t 
X1( )
sin Wt FT
 
t W 0 W

PAGE
39
X2 ()
W

sin Wt sin Wt FT
 
t t  2W 0 2W
X3 ()
2
 sin Wt 
  
FT

 t   2W 0 2W
H ()
W
2
1.5W
2
4
 sin Wt 
  cos(10Wt ) 
FT

 t   12 W 10 W –8W 8 10 W 12 W
10.5 W
1.5 W
H (10.5 W)  and H (10.5 W)  00
4
 y (t )  H (10.5 W) x(t )
1.5 W 15 W
y(t )  10cos (10.5Wt)  cos (10.5Wt)
4 4
Question 50 Communication Systems : Baseband Transmission
Let x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) are two band limited signal having bandwidth B  4π 103 rad/sec each. In the figure
below, the Nyquist sampling frequency, in rad/sec, required to sample y(t) is
cos(4π 10 3 t)
x1 (t ) 
+ y t 
x2 (t) 
cos (12π 10 3 t )
(A) 20π  103 (B) 40π  103

(C) 8π  103 (D) 32π  103
Ans. (D)

PAGE
40
Given that x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) are bandlimited to 410 rad/sec .

3
Sol.
x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) can be represented in frequency domain as shown below,
X1 () X 2 ( )
 
 4   10 3 4 10 3  4 10 3 4 10 3
From the given figure,
y (t )  x1 (t ) cos(12103 t )  x2 (t ) cos(4103 t )
The spectrum of y (t ) can be drawn as shown below
Y ( )

 16   10 3  8   10 3 0 8   10 3 16  10 3
 Maximum frequency of Y () is
m  16103 rad/sec
Nyquist sampling rate will be
s  2m  32103 rad/sec
The S-parameters of a two port network is given as
S S12 
S   11
 S 21 S22 
with reference to Z 0 . Two lossless transmission line sections of electrical lengths 1  l1 and 2  l2
are added to input and output ports for measurement purposes, respectively. The S parameters [S’] of the
resultant two port network is
1 = l 1 2 =  l2
Z0 [S ] Z0
z1 = l 1 z1 = 0 z2 = 0 z2 = l2
[S ’]
 S11e  j 2 1
S12 e 
 j ( 1 2 )
 S11e j 2 1 S12 e  j ( 1 2 ) 
(A)   j ( 1 2 )  (B)  
 S 21e S 22e  j 2 2   S 21e
 j ( 1 2 )
S 22 e j 2 2 

PAGE
41
 S11e j 2 1 S12 e j ( 1 2 )   S11e  j 2 1 S12e j ( 1 2 ) 

(C)  j ( 1 2 )  (D)  
 S 21e S 22 e j 2 2   S 21e
j ( 1 2 )
S 22 e  j 2 2 
Ans. (A)
Sol.
V1N V1  V2  V2N 
V1N V2 
V1  V2 N 
V1   S11 S12  V1 

      ….(i)
V2   S 21 S 22  V2 
To be calculated,
V1N   S11N S12 N  V1N 
     
V2 N   S 21N S 22 N  V2 N 
V1  V1N e j1
V1N  V1 e j1  V1  V1N e j1
V2  V2N e j2
V2N  V2 e j2  V2  V2N e j2
Feeding the data in equation (i),
V1N   S11N e  j (2 1 ) S12 N e  j ( 1 2 ) 
    j ( 1 2 ) 
V2 N   S 21N e S 22 N e  j 2( 2 ) 
Question 52 Electromagnetic Theory : Transmission Lines
The standing wave ratio on a 50  lossless transmission line terminated in an unknown load impedance
is found to be 2.0. The distance between successive voltage minima is 30 cm and first minimum is located
at 10 cm from the load. Z L can be replaced by an equivalent length lm and terminating resistance Rm of
same line. The value of Rm and lm , respectively, are
Z0 ZL
Z0 Rm
lm
z = zm z = 0

PAGE
42
(A) Rm  100 , lm  20cm (B) Rm  25 , lm  20cm

(C) Rm  100 , lm  5cm (D) Rm  25 , lm  5cm
Ans. (B), (C)
5 1 1
Sol. Given : s  2    
5 1 3

Also,  30    60 cm
2
First minima occurs at Z min  10 cm
 2 Zmin    
2  2π
 10  π  
60
π
  
3
1
     600
3
1   
 Z L  Z0    67.97  32.67 0
 1   
Now if Z L is replaced by an equivalent of length m and terminating resistance Rm then
 R  jZ 0 tan  
Z L  Z0  m m

 Z 0  jRm tan  m 
 R  j 50 tan  m 
 67.97 32.670  50  m 
 50  jRm tan  m 
Only options B and C satisfies the condition (i).
Hence, the correct options are (B) and (C).
Question 53 Electromagnetic Theory : Polarization
The electric field of a plane electromagnetic wave is E  aˆxC1x cos (t z )  aˆ yC1 y cos (t z  ) V/m.
Which of the following combination(s) will give rise to a left handed elliptically polarized (LHEP) wave?
 
(A) C1x  1, C1 y  1,   (B) C1x  2, C1 y  1,  
4 2
3 3
(C) C1x  1, C1 y  2,   (D) C1x  2, C1 y  1,  
2 4
Ans. (A), (B), (D)
Sol. Given electromagnetic wave will be left elliptically polarized if
(i) y component leads x component

(ii) C1x  C1 y ,  
2

(iii) C1x  C1 y ,  
2

PAGE
43

(iv) C1x  C1 y ,  
2
Only option (A), (B) and (D) satisfies the above conditions.
Hence, the correct options are (A), (B) and (D).
Question 54 Electromagnetic Theory : Transmission Lines
The following circuit(s) representing a lumped element equivalent of an infinitesimal section of a
transmission line is/are
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Ans. (B), (C) & (D)

Sol. Any transmission line can be represented in terms of primary constants R, L, G and C as shown below,
R L
Is IL
+
Vs G C VL ZL
–
It can be seen from the above representation that R and L are in series, G and C are in parallel.
With this logic, options (B), (C) and (D) will be the appropriate answer.
Hence, the correct options are (B), (C) & (D).
Question 55 Mathematics : Integral & Differential Calculus
The value of the integral  xy dx dy over the region R, given in the figure, is ________ (rounded off to
R
the nearest integer).

y
2
y  x2 y  x2
1 R
y  x yx
x
0
Ans. 0 (0 to 0)

PAGE
44
Sol. Method 1 :
From the given region R,
y  x2
yx2 …(i)
y  x  2
yx2 …(ii)
y  x
yx0 …(iii)
yx
yx0 …(iv)
Let u  y  x (5) and v  y  x (6)
 u , v  u x u y 1 1
Jacobian J   
 x, y  Vx Vy 1 1
 u, v 
J   1  1  2
 x, y 
 x, y  1
So, J   
 u, v  2
 x, y  1 1
J   
 u, v  2 2
u limits : u  0 to u  2
v limits : v  0 to v  2
From equations (v) and (vi),
v u
x
2
vu
y
2
 v  u  v  u 
2 2
  xydxdy  0 0  2   2 
 J dudv
v2  u 2 1
2 2 2 2
1
   dudv    (v 2  u 2 )dudv
0 0
4 2 800
2
1  u3 
2
1  8
2
   uv 2   dv    2v 2  dv
8 0 3 0 8 0 3
2
1  2v3 8  1 16 16 
      0
8  3 3 0 8  3 3 
PAGE
45
Method 2 :
Given region R can be drawn as shown below
y
2
2 y=
x+ - x+
y= 2
(- i,1) R1 R2 (1,1)
y=
-x x
y=
x
0
  xy dx dy   xy dx dy   xy dx dy
R R1 R2
0 x2 1  x2
  
x 1 y  x
xydydx   
x0 y  x
xydydx
2 x 2 x
 xy 2 
0 1
 xy 2 
    dx     dx
x 1 
2  x x 0 
2 x
0
 x(2  x) 2 x 3  1
 x(2  x) 2 x 3 
 
x 1

 2

2


dx  
x 0

 2
 dx
2
0 1
x x
  ( x  2) 2  ( x) 2  dx   (2  x) 2  x 2  dx
1
2 0
2
0 1
x 2 x 2
 1 2 ( x  4 x  4  x ) dx  0 2 ( x  4 x  4  x ) dx
2 2
0 1
x x
  (4 x  4) dx   (4  4 x) dx
1
2 0
2
0 1
1 1
  (4 x 2  4 x) dx   (4 x  4 x 2 ) dx
2 1 20
0 1
1  4 x3 4 x 2  1  4 x 2 4 x3 
       
2 3 2  1 2  2 3 0
1  4 4  1  4 4 
 (0  0)          
2  3 2  2  2 3 
14 4 14 4 14 4 4 4
              0
23 2 22 3 23 2 2 3

PAGE
46
Method 3 :
Given region R can be drawn as shown below,
y
2
y=
x +2 -x+
y= 2
R2
1
y= R1
-x x
y=
x
1 y 2 2 y
 xy dx dy 
R
 
y  0 x  y
xydxdy   
y 1 x  y  2
xydxdy
y 2 y
1
 x2  2
 x2 
  y   dy   y   dy  0  0 = 0
y 0 
2  y y 1 
2  y 2

In an extrinsic semiconductor, the hole concentration is given to be 1.5ni , where ni is intrinsic carrier
3
concentration of 110 cm . The ratio of electron to hole mobility for equal hole and electron drift
10
current is given as ______ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Ans. 2.25 (2.20 to 2.30)
Sol. Given : Hole concentration p  1.5ni
Intrinsic concentration ni  1.5 1010 cm3
Also given, I n  I p
 Jn  A  J p  A
 Jn  J p
 nqn E  pq p E
n p
 
p n
2
 p2  p 
 n  2  
 p ni  ni 
2
  1.5ni 
 n    2.25
 p  ni 

PAGE
47
Question 57 Control Systems : Bode Plot

The asymptotic magnitude Bode plot of a minimum phase system is shown in the figure. The transfer
K (s  z )a
function of the system is G( s)  b , where K, z, p, a, b and c are positive constants. The value of
s ( s  p)c
(a + b + c) is _______ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
|G(j )| in dB
– 20dB/decade
– 40dB/dec
1 2 log 
Ans. 4 (4 to 4)
Sol. Given bode plot is,
|G(j )| in dB
– 20dB/decade
– 40dB/dec
1 2 log 
k ( s  z )a
and G( s)  b
s ( s  p)c
Initial slope is 20 dB/dec
From bode plot, it is clear that there is one pole at origin.
Hence, b  1
At   1 , slope becomes 0 dB/dec, hence there is a zero at   1 .
Hence, a  1
At   1 , slope becomes 40 dB/dec , hence there is two pole at   2
Hence, c  2
a  b  c  11 2  4
Question 58 Signals & Systems : Continuous Time Convolution
Let x1 (t )  u(t  1.5)  u(t  1.5) and x2 (t ) is shown in the figure below. For y (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ) , the


y (t ) dt is _________ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
x2 (t )
1 1
t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Ans. 15

PAGE
48
Sol. Given : x1 (t )  u(t  1.5)  u(t  1.5)

x1 (t )
t
1.5 0 1.5
y(t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t )
  


y (t ) dt  

x1 (t ) dt   x (t ) dt  3 1 (2 1  3)  31 5  15

2

 Key Point :
If x(t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ) , then
Area of x(t )  Area of x1 (t )  Area of x2 (t )
  


 x(t )dt  

x1 (t )dt   x (t )dt

2
Question 59 Communication Systems : Random Variables & Random Processes

1
Let X (t ) be a white Gaussian noise with power spectral density W/Hz. If X (t ) is input to an LTI system
2
t
with impulse response e u (t ). The average power of the system output is ________ W (rounded off to
two decimal places).
Ans. 0.25 (0.24 to 0.26)
1
Sol. Given input power spectral density, S x ( f )  W/Hz
2
Output power spectral density will be,
SY ( f )  H ( f )  S X ( f )
2
1
SY ( f )  H ( f ) 
2
2
Output power,
 
1
P0   SY ( f )df   H ( f )  df
2
 
2

1 1
P0  
2
H ( f ) df   Energy of h (t )
2  2

1
P0    [et u (t )]2 dt
2 

PAGE
49

1

1  e2t 
P0    e 2t dt      0.25 W
2 0 2  2 0
Question 60 Electromagnetic Theory : Plane Wave Propagation
A transparent dielectric coating is applied to glass (r  4, r  1) to eliminate the reflection of red light
(0  0.75 m). The minimum thickness of the dielectric coating, in m , that can be used is _______
(rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans. 0.133 (0.12 to 0.14)
Sol. Given : r  4, r  1 and 0  0.75 m .
For no reflection to occur, impedance of glass and dielectric must be matched.
 dielectric   glass 0
120 120π
 120π
rdielectric 4
120π 120π
 
rdielectric 2
 rdielectric  2
Also impedance matching will be seen if thickness of dielectric is

t
4
0
 t
4 rdielectric
0.75 106
t  0.133 μm
4 2
In a semiconductor device, the Fermi-energy level is 0.35 eV above the valence band energy. The effective
density of states in the valence band at T  300 K is 1 1019 cm 3 . The thermal equilibrium hole
concentrate in silicon at 400 K is ______ 1013 cm 3 (rounded off to two decimal places).
Given : kT at 300 K is 0.026 eV .
Ans. 69.87
Sol. Given : EF  EV  0.35 eV
NV (T  300 0 K )  11019 cm3
T
We know that, VT 
11,600
VT 1 T1
 
VT 2 T2

PAGE
50
0.026 300
 
VT 2 400
0.026  4
 VT 2   0.035V
3
 kT2  0.035 eV
3
Also NV  T 2
3 3
 T   3 2
NV1 2
   1    
NV2  T2   4 
NV1
  0.6495
NV2
NV1 11019
 NV  
2
0.6495 0.6495
 NV (T  400 0 K )  1.539 1019
 Hole concentration at 400 0 K will be
 E E 
 F V  
0.35
P NV2 e  kT2 
 1.539 10 e19 0.035  69.87 1013 cm 3
Question 62 Analog Electronics : Operational Amplifiers
A sample and hold circuit is implemented using a resistive switch and a capacitor with a time constant of
1 s . The time for the sampling switch to stay closed to charge a capacitor adequately to a full-scale
voltage of 1V with 12-bit accuracy is _______ s (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans. 8.317 (8.30 to 8.34)
Sol. Given : VFS  1V , n  12
Time constant   1 μsec
t
 VFS
e 

2n
t V 
 ln  FSn 
  2 
t  2n 
 ln  
  VFS 
 2n  6  212 
t   ln    10 ln    8.317 μsec
 VFS   1 

PAGE
51
Question 63 Digital Electronics : Sequential Circuits

In a given sequential circuit, initial states are Q1  1 and Q2  0 . For a clock frequency of 1 MHz, the
frequency of signal at Q2 in kHz, is _________ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
D1 Q1 D2 Q2
D D
Flip Flop Flip Flop
Q1 Q2
CLK = 1 MHz
Ans. 250 (250 to 250)
D1  Q2 , D2  Q1
Initially Q1  1 , Q2  0
CLK D1  Q2 D2  Q1 Q1 Q2
Initially 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 1
3 1 1 1 1
4 1 0 1 0 repeat
Hence, given counter having MOD-4 output frequency,
f 1000 k
f0  i   250 kHz
4 4
Question 64 Electronic Devices & Circuits : MOSFET
In the circuit below, the voltage VL is _______ V (rounded off to two decimal places).
VDD
W/L=10
W/L=10
W/L=1
VL
1 mA W/L=10 W/L=5
Ans. 2 (2.00 to 2.00)

PAGE
52
Sol. Given circuit can be drawn as shown below

VDD
I1 I2
W/L=7
W/L=10
W/L=1 I2
I1 x VL
I3 I
1 mA W/L=10 1 k
W/L=5
From the above figure,

10
I1  1 mA  10 mA
1
I 2  7 1 mA  7 mA
5
I3  10 mA  5 mA
10
KCL at node x  I  I 2  I 3  I  7 mA  5 mA  2 mA
 VL  2 mA 1 k  2V
Question 65 Communication Systems : Information Theory & Error Correction
The frequency of occurrence of 8 symbols (a-h) is shown in the table below. A symbol is chosen and it is
determined by asking a series of "yes/no" questions which are assumed to be truthfully answered. The
average number of questions when asked in the most efficient sequence, to determine the chosen symbol,
is _______ (rounded off to two decimal places).
Symbols a b c d e f g h
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Frequency of occurrence
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 128
Ans. 1.98 (1.97 to 1.99)
Sol. Given data is as shown below,
Symbols a b c d e f g h
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Frequency of occurrence
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 128
Average number of questions asked in the most efficient sequence will be equal to the entropy H(x)
8
1
H ( x)   PK log 2
K 1 PK
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
H ( x)  log2 2  log2 4  log 2 8  log 2 16  log 2 32  log 2 64  log 2 128  log 2 128
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 128
H ( x)  1.98


Q.1 To Q.5 Carry One Mark Each: General Aptitude: Verbal Ability

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..Q.1 to Q.5 Carry One Mark Each..

 To Unlock All Courses of GATE/ESE/AE-JE Use Code “GA1111”. 

 To Unlock All Courses of GATE/ESE/AE-JE Use Code “GA1111”. 

 To Unlock All Courses of GATE/ESE/AE-JE Use Code “GA1111”. 

 To Unlock All Courses of GATE/ESE/AE-JE Use Code “GA1111”. 

 To Unlock All Courses of GATE/ESE/AE-JE Use Code “GA1111”. 

By doing this we can observe, number of creases visible is equals to (2n  1) ,

..Q.11 to Q.35 Carry One Mark Each..

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Length e  (1  2)2  (2  )2  (3)2

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Singular points of f ( z ) can be obtained by equating denominator I m(z)

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Question 16 Electronic Devices & Circuits : Basic Semiconductor Physics

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For option (B) :

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Sol. When Vg  V fb  Wdep  0

When Vg  Vt  Wdep becomes constant

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Hence, the correct option is (D).

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Sol. Given circuit is Serial In Serial Out shift register,

G( j)  900  tan 1 T1  tan 1 T2

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Energy of m (t ) will be,

Let y(t )  m(t ) cos 0t

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Hence, the correct option is (C).

Ans. (A), (B)

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S X ()  e ( ) cos2 ()  e cos2 

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Ans. 1.36 (1.30 to 1.40)

Applying source transformation,

Applying nodal analysis at node V,

Ans. 80 (80 to 80)

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120 V 100  300  ZL

For maximum power transfer, Z L  Zth .

Zth  300 || 109 .09  79.99

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Critical path delay  11  2 ns

Ans. 4 (04 to 04)

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Sol. Given circuit is

At t  0  , switch is closed circuit is in steady state and inductor acts as S.C.

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Given integral is, I   ( z 2 dx  3 y 2 dy  2 xzdz )

Also given points P(1,1, 2) and Q (2,3,1)

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Given integral is, I   ( z 2 dx  3 y 2 dy  2 xzdz )

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(A) VOUT (B) VOUT

(C) VOUT (D) VOUT

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Sol. Given : Given circuit is as shown below,

 Vout  VIN  0.7