Test Bank For Statistics Learning From Data 2nd Edition Roxy Peck Tom Short

Test Bank for Statistics: Learning from Data, 2nd Edition, Roxy Peck Tom Short
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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

True / False
1. A random variable is discrete if the value of the random variable depends upon the outcome of a chance experiment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
2. A random variable is continuous if the set of possible values includes an entire interval on the number line.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
3. The distribution of all values of a random variable is called a normal distribution.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
4. For a continuous random variable x, the height of the density curve over an interval a to b represents the probability that
x is between a and b.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
5. For every random variable, .

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
6. For a discrete random variable x, .

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
7. For a discrete random variable, .

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
8. If x is a random variable, and random variable y is defined as follows, y = a + bx, then .

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1

Name: Class: Date:
9. For random variables, x and y, if y = a + bx, then .

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
10. If random variables and are independent, then .

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
11. The standard normal distribution has a mean of 1 and standard deviation of 0.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
12. A normal probability plot suggests that a normal probability model is plausible if there is no obvious pattern in the
scatter of points.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
Multiple Choice
13. Which of the following random variables are discrete?

I). the volume of a balloon in liters
II). the number of helium atoms in a balloon
II). the number of balloons at a birthday party
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. II and III only
e. I, II, and III
ANSWER: d
14. Which of the following random variables are continuous?

I). the air pressure in an automobile tire (in pounds per square inch)
II). the diameter of an automobile tire (in centimeters)
III). the number of miles traveled by an automobile tire
a. I only
b. I and III only
c. II and III only
d. I, II, and III
e. None of the variables is continuous.

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: e
15. A box contains four slips of paper marked 1, 2, 3, and 4. Two slips are selected without replacement. List the possible
values for the following random variable.
number of slips marked “1”
a.
b.
c. 2
d. 0
e. 1
ANSWER: a
16. Suppose that fund-raisers at a university call recent graduates to request donations for campus outreach programs.
They report the following information for last year’s graduates:
Size of donation $0 $10 $25 $50

Proportion of calls 0.35 0.15 0.40 0.10
Consider the variable x = amount of donation for a person selected at random from the population of last year’s graduates
of this university.What is ?
a. 0.10
b. 0.50
c. 0.55
d. 0.75
e. 0.90
ANSWER: e
17. Suppose x is a continuous random variable with the probability distribution shouwn below.
What probability is represented by the shaded area?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e. none of these
ANSWER: b
Name: Class: Date:
18. A chemical supply company currently has in stock 100 pounds of a certain chemical, which it sells to customers in 5-
pound lots. Let the number of lots ordered by a randomly chosen customer. The probability distribution of x is as
follows:
x 2 3 4 5
p(x) 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3
Calculate the mean value of x.
a. 2.2
b. 2.5
c. 2.7
d. 3.3
e. 3.7
ANSWER: e
19. Determine the area under the z curve to the right of –1.82
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANSWER: d
20. A gasoline tank for a certain car is designed to hold 19 gallons of gas. Suppose that the random variable x = actual
capacity of a randomly selected tank has a distribution that is well approximated by a normal curve with mean 19.0
gallons and standard deviation 0.2 gallon.
What is the probability that a randomly selected tank will hold at least 18.9 gallons?
a. 0.19
b. 0.69
c. 1
d. 0.31
e. 0.81
ANSWER: b
21. Thirty-seven percent of the customers of a grocery store use an express checkout. Consider four randomly selected
customers, and let x denote the number among the four who use the express checkout.
Calculate .
a. 0.53
b. 0.85
c. 0.70
d. 0.30

Name: Class: Date:
e. 0.50
ANSWER: b
22. A business has five customer service telephone lines. Let x denote the number of lines in use at any given time.
Suppose that the probability distribution of x is as follows:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
p(x) 0.10 0.20 0.35 0.15 0.15 0.05
Find the standard deviation of x. Round your answer to two decimal places.
a. 2.5
b. 1.33
c. 0.98
d. 1.22
e. 1.25
ANSWER: b
Subjective Short Answer
23. What is a random variable?

ANSWER: A random variable is a numerical variable whose value is the outcome of a chance experiment.
24. Using the notation C = continuous and D = discrete, indicate whether each of the random variables are discrete or
continuous.
a) The number of defective lights in your school's main hallway
b) The barometric pressure at midnight
c) The number of staples left in a stapler
d) The number of sentences in a short story
e) The average oven temperature during the cooking of a turkey
f) The number of lightning strikes during a thunderstorm

ANSWER: a) D
b) C
c) D
d) D
e) C
f) D
25. Using the notation C = continuous and D = discrete, indicate whether each of the random variables are discrete or
continuous.
a) The number of stair steps to the principal's office
b) The average night time temperature in July at the top of Long's Peak in Colorado
c) The number of forks in your kitchen

Name: Class: Date:
d) The number of sentences in a short story
e) The circumference of a California redwood tree
f) The number of grains of sand it takes to fill a quart jar

ANSWER: a) D
b) C
c) D
d) D
e) C
f) D
26. From your own experience, give an example of a continuous random variable and a discrete random variable. In a few
sentences, explain why each is categorized as continuous or discrete.
ANSWER: Examples will vary.
Explanation for continuous random variable must include the idea of an interval of values on a number line.
Explanation for discrete random variable must include the idea of isolated values on a number line.
27. At the College of Warm & Fuzzy, good grades in math are very easy to come by. The grade distribution is given in the
table below:
Grade A B C D F
Proportion 0.30 0.35 0.25 0.09 0.01
Suppose three students are to be selected at random. As each is selected their math grades are written down and they are
replaced back into the population of students. Three possible outcomes of this experiment are listed below. Calculate the
probabilities of these sequences appearing.
a) BAC
b) CFF
c) ABA
ANSWER: a) P(BAC) = P(B) P(A) P(C) = (.35)(.30)(.25) = 0.02625
b) P(CFF) = P(C) P(F) P(F) = (.25)(.01)(.01) = 0.000025
c) P(ABA) = P(A) P(B) P(A) = (.30)(.35)(.30) = 0.0315
28. At the University of Tough Love, good grades in math are very hard to come by. The grade distribution is shown in
the table below:
Grade A B C D F
Proportion 0.10 0.15 0.35 0.35 0.05
Suppose three students are to be selected at random. As each is selected their math grades are written down and they are
replaced back into the population of students. Three possible outcomes of this experiment are listed below. Calculate the
probabilities of these sequences appearing.
a) ABC
b) CCF
c) BBA

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: a) P(ABC) = P(A) P(B) P(C) = (.10)(.15)(.35) = 0.00525

b) P(CCF) = P(C) P(C) P(F) = (.35)(.35)(.05) = 0.006125
c) P(BBA) = P(B) P(B) P(A) = (.15)(.15)(.10) = 0.00225
29. Fifty-five percent of the students at Thomas Jefferson High School use "lunch cards" to charge their lunch, rather than
bringing money to school. Assuming that the method of payment (cash or lunch card) for one student is independent of
the method of payment for the next student in line, what is the probability of observing the following sequence for the first
five students through the lunch line?
Cash, Card, Cash, Card, Cash
ANSWER: P(Cash, Card, Cash, Card, Cash) = (.45)(.55)(.45)(.55)(.45) = 0.0276
30. One common method used to forecast the results of elections is to take an "exit poll," asking people who they
supported as they come out of the voting place. Suppose Smith and Jones are running for City Dogcatcher. In point of
fact, 60% of the voting public in the neighborhood of the polling place support Smith. Assuming that the candidate of
choice for a voter leaving the polling place is independent of the candidate of choice for the next person to leave, what is
the probability that the first 5 voters to leave the polling place would have this sequence for candidate of choice?
Smith, Smith, Smith, Jones, Smith
ANSWER: P(Smith,Smith,Smith,Jones,Smith) = (.6)(.6)(.6)(.4)(.6) = 0.05184
31. In a major study by the statistics classes at Jefferson High School, parking spaces were examined for compliance with
the requirement to put money in the meters. Overall, the students found that 80% of metered parking places had meters
that had not expired, and 20% had expired. If the traffic officer in charge of ticketing cars with expired meters, and starts
at a random location in the City, what is the probability he or she will find an expired meter before the 3rd one?
ANSWER: P(expired before 3rd) = 1 − P(1st not expired and 2nd not expired) = 1 − 0.802 = 0.36.
32. In a major study by the statistics classes at Washington High School, city parking spaces were examined for
compliance with the requirement to put money in the parking meters. Overall, the students found that 76% of metered
parking places had meters that had not expired, and 24% had meters that were expired. If the traffic officer in charge of
ticketing cars with expired meters checks meters at random, what is the probability he or she will find an expired meter
before the 3rd one?
ANSWER: P(expired before 3rd) = 1 − P(1st not expired and 2nd not expired) = 1 − 0.762 = .4224
33. During World War II The German forces launched "flying-bombs" (missiles) against London. In a study of the
effectiveness of these flying-bombs, a researcher divided the south of London into 575 squares of area equal to 0.25
square km and counted the number of these squares that had sustained exactly k hits. The data for 0 - 4 hits in an area is
given in the table below.
k Flying-Bomb Number squares

hits sustaining k hits
0 229
1 211
2 93
3 35
4 7
Let the random variable x = number of flying-bombs hitting in a randomly selected square in south London.
Fill in the table below with the estimated probability distribution of x, and sketch a
a)
probability histogram for x.

Name: Class: Date:

Probability distribution
x P(x)
0
1
2
3
4
Probability histogram
b) Using your estimated probabilities in part (a), estimate the following:
i) P(x = 1), the probability that 1 flying bomb hit in a randomly selected square.
ii) P(x < 3), the probability that fewer than 3 flying bombs hit.
iii) P(x ≥ 3), the probability that at least 3 flying bombs hit.
ANSWER: a) Probability Distribution:
Histogram
b) i) P(x = 1) = 0.398
ii) P(x < 3) = 0.927
iii) P(x ≥ 3) = 0.0730
34. The famous physicist, Ernest Rutherford, was a pioneer in the study of radioactivity using electricity. In one
experiment he observed the number of particles reaching a counter during time 1700 intervals of 7.5 seconds each. The
number of intervals that had 0 - 4 particles reaching the counter is given in the table below.
Name: Class: Date:
Number of time
intervals with k
k particles particles
0 57
1 203
2 383
3 525
4 532
Let the random variable x = number of particles counted in a 7.5 second time period.
Fill in the table below with the estimated probability distribution of x, and sketch a
a)
probability histogram for x.
Probability distribution
x P(x)
0
1
2
3
4
Probability histogram
b) Using the estimated probabilities in part (a), estimate the following:
i) P(x = 1), the probability that 1 particle was counted in 7.5 seconds.
ii) P(x < 3), the probability that fewer than 3 particles were counted.
iii) P(x ≥ 3), the probability that at least 3 particles were counted.
ANSWER: a) Probability Distribution:
Histogram: Number of particles

Name: Class: Date:
b) i) P(x = 1) = 0.1194
ii) P(x < 3) = 0.3782
iii) P(x ≥ 3) = 0.6218
35. The density curve for a continuous random variable is shown below. Use this curve to find the following probabilities:
a) P(x < 1)
b) P(2 < x < 3)
c) P(x is at least 3)
You may use the following area formulas in your calculations:

Area of a rectangle: A = lw
Area of a trapezoid:
Area of a right triangle:
ANSWER:
a) area of trapezoid:
b) area of trapezoid:
c) area of triangle:

Name: Class: Date:
36. The density curve for a continuous random variable is shown below. Use this curve to find the following probabilities:
a) P(x < 1)
b) P(2 < x < 3)
c) P(x is at least 3)
You may use the following area formulas in your calculations:

Area of a rectangle: A = lw
Area of a trapezoid:
Area of a right triangle:
ANSWER:
a) area of triangle:
b) area of trapezoid:
c) area of triangle:
37. In a certain very large city, the Department of Transportation (D.O.T.) has organized a complex system of bus
transportation. In an advertising campaign, citizens are encouraged to use the new "GO-D.O.T!" system and head for the
nearest bus stop to be transported to and from the central city. Suppose that at one of the bus stops the amount of time (in
minutes) that a commuter must wait for a bus is a uniformly distributed random variable, T. The values of T run from 0
minutes to 30 minutes.
a) Sketch the probability distribution of T.
What is the probability that a random commuter will spend more than 12 minutes waiting
b)
for GO-D.O.T?
ANSWER: a) Density curve is a rectangle, length 20, height 1/30 (at left below).

Name: Class: Date:
b) . Illustrated at right above.
38. In a certain very large city, the Department of Transportation (D.O.T.) has organized a complex system of bus
transportation. In an advertising campaign, citizens are encouraged to use the new "GO-D.O.T!" system and head for the
nearest bus stop to be transported to and from the central city. Suppose that at one of the bus stops the amount of time (in
minutes) that a commuter must wait for a bus is a uniformly distributed random variable, T. The possible values of T run
from 0 minutes to 20 minutes.
a) Sketch the probability distribution of T.
What is the probability that a randomly selected commuter will spend more than 7 minutes
b)
waiting for GO-D.O.T?
ANSWER: a) Density curve is a rectangle, length 20, height 0.05 (at left below).
b) P(T > 7) = 13(0.05) = 0.65. Illustrated at right above.
39. What information about a probability distribution do the mean and standard deviation of a random variable provide?
ANSWER: The mean of a random variable is the long-term average of many, many trials. The standard deviation of a
random variable measures the typical variation from the mean in many, many trials.
40. The sales of a newsmagazine vary from week to week, depending on the importance of the news of the previous week.
From empirical data over many years, the following distribution of sales (rounded to the nearest million) has been
carefully constructed. What are the mean and standard deviation of this distribution?
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.15 0.25 0.40 0.20
ANSWER: μ
x
σx
= (−1.65)2(0.15) + (−0.65)2(0.25) + (0.35)2(0.40) + (1.35)2(0.20)

Name: Class: Date:
= 0.9631
41. At a large university students have either a final exam or a final paper at the end of a course. The table below lists the
distribution of the number of final exams that students at the university will take, and their associated probabilities. What
are the mean and standard deviation of this distribution?
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.05 0.25 0.40 0.30
ANSWER: μ
x =
σx
= (−1.95)2(0.05) + (−0.95)2(0.25) + (0.05)2(0.40) + (1.05)2(0.30)
= 0.8646
42. While playing Monopoly, Andi estimated the probabilities of the non-zero rents according to the following probability
distribution:
x $2 $14 $20 $100

P(x) 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.20
Consider the random variable x = dollar amount in rent collected in a Monopoly roll.
If the table above specifies the probability distribution of x, what is the mean of the random
a)
variable x?
If the probabilities are associated with the outcomes as in the table above, what is the
b)
standard deviation of the random variable x?
ANSWER: a)
b)
43. While playing Monopoly, Laura estimated the probabilities of the non-zero rents according to the following
probability distribution:
x $10 $20 $50 $130

P(x) 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.20
Consider the random variable x = dollar amount in rent in a Monopoly roll.
If the table above specifies the probability distribution f(x), what is the mean of the random
a)
variable x?
If the probabilities are associated with the outcomes as in the table above, what is the
b)
standard deviation of the random variable x?
ANSWER: a)

Name: Class: Date:
b)
44. Suppose that the maximum daily temperature in Hacienda Heights, CA, for the month of December has a mean of
17°Celsius with a standard deviation of 3°Celsius. Let F be the random variable maximum daily temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit. (Degrees .)
a) What is the mean of F?
b) What is the standard deviation of F?

ANSWER:
a)
b)
45. When driving the nation's highways Anna is known as something of a lead foot. The number of miles per hour over
the speed limit varies, but has a mean of 7.5 mph and standard deviation of 2 mph. Unfortunately, the state in which she
goes to college adjusts the fines so that the amount of the fine is given by the formula:
F = 10(MPH) + 112,
where F is the amount of the fine, and MPH is the number of miles over the speed limit. Let random variable F be the
amount of her fine if she is randomly stopped for speeding.
a) What is the mean of F?
b) What is the standard deviation of F?

ANSWER: a)
b)
46. A State Dept. of Education is writing a state-wide math test, and by law must decide how many points will count as a
"failing score." The test consists of 50 True/False questions and 40 multiple choice questions with 5 answer options. The
total score (TS) will be equal to the number of true/false items correct plus twice the number of multiple-choice items
correct. A decision has been made to make the failing score the score that a student would be expected to get if they
randomly guessed on all the questions.
If a student is randomly guessing, the 50 True/False questions can be regarded as a binomial
chance experiment with probability of success equal to 0.50. If we define the random
a)
variable T = score from T/F items, what are the mean and standard deviation of T for a
random student who is guessing?
If a student is randomly guessing, the 40 multiple choice questions can be regarded as a

binomial chance experiment with probability of success equal to 0.20. If we define the
b)
random variable M = score from MC items, what are the mean and standard deviation of the
M for a random student who is guessing?
c) The total score, TS, is a random variable formed by calculating T + 2M. What are the mean
Name: Class: Date:

and standard deviation of the random variable TS?
If a student is randomly guessing on the multiple choice part of the test, what is the
d)
probability that the first multiple choice question correct is the 4th multiple choice question?
ANSWER: a) mean true/false:
standard deviation true/false:
b) mean multiple choice:

standard deviation multiple choice:
c) mean total score:

st. deviation total score:
d) P(first missed is 4th) = P(3 wrong)P(correct) = (0.8)3(0.2) = 0.1024
47. In the somewhat less than towering ski slopes of northeastern Iowa new skiers come to learn to ski. On Big Bunny
Slope skiers will fail to make the turn at Big Bend. On Little Bunny Slope, skiers will sometimes tumble at Little Hill. The
ski instructors send the new skiers down the two slopes in groups of 25, wait a few moments, and then send the Ski Patrol
Ambulance down after them, stopping at Big Bend and then Little Hill. The skiers descend the slopes far enough apart
that they don't run into each other, so their spills are all independent.
The probability that a random new skier in the group will need to be carried to the First Aid
Station after a spill at Big Bend is 0.3. If we define the random variable B = number of new
a)
skiers needing to be driven to the First Aid Station from Big Bend, we can model this
situation as a binomial chance experiment. What is the mean and standard deviation of B?
The probability that a random new skier in the group will need to be carried to the First Aid
Station after a spill at Little Hill is 0.1. If we define the random variable L = number of new
b)
skiers needing to be driven to the First Aid Station from Little Hill, what is the mean and
standard deviation of L?
The total number of injuries requiring the Ambulance, T, is a random variable formed by
c)
calculating B + L. What are the mean and standard deviation of the random variable T?
When the 25 skiers are sent down from the top of Big Bunny Slope, they are sent one at a
d) time. What is the probability that the first one needing the Ambulance is the 7th one to be
sent down the slope?
ANSWER: a) mean B:
standard deviation B:
b) mean L:
standard deviation L:
c) mean B+L:
st. deviation B+L:
Name: Class: Date:
d) P(first fall is 7th) = P(6 OK) * P(fall) = (0.7)6(0.3) = 0.0353
48. Inspecting meat is a very important part of the process of ensuring healthy food. So that meat inspectors do not fall
into a pattern of inspection, they use a 4-sided die to decide whether or not to sample the meat from a particular "side" of
beef. The meat inspector rolls the die and if it comes up a 4, a sample is taken of that meat. Forty sides of beef are
available for possible inspection. Define random variable x = number of sides selected for inspection out of the 40
available.
a) What is the mean of the random variable x?
b) What is the standard deviation of the random variable x?

ANSWER: a) mean:
b) standard deviation:
49. When planning for the big Statistics Department Super Bowl party, it is sometimes not clear what kinds of chips that
people will want to have available, nor is it clear how many people will actually show up at the party. Because of this
Professor Mean takes a 4-sided die to the grocery store, starts at one end of the chips aisle, and travels to the other end. At
each different kind of chips, Dr. Mean rolls the die. If it comes up a 4, she purchases the chips for the party. There are 40
different kinds of chips in the aisle. Define random variable x = number of types of chips purchased out of 40.
a) What is the mean of the random variable x?
b) What is the standard deviation of the random variable x?

ANSWER: a) mean:
b) standard deviation:
50. At the last home football game, the senior football players walk through a specially constructed welcoming arch, 2
abreast. It is considered unseemly to bump each other on the way through, so the arch must be wide enough for two
players to go through. The distribution of widths of football players with shoulder pads on is approximately normal; the
mean padded football player width is 30 inches, and the standard deviation is 5 inches. Let random variable w = width in
inches of a randomly selected padded football player.
Since this is a statistics test, the carpenter who will be constructing the arch has only metric
measuring tools, and must convert all the information above to metric measures. 1 inch =
a)
2.54 centimeters, and we define random variable m = width in centimeters of a randomly
selected padded football player. What are the mean and standard deviation of m?
Suppose the football players are paired randomly to go through the arch. Define random
b) variable v = w1 + w2 to be the collective width (in inches) of two randomly selected football
players. What are the mean and standard deviation of v?
Suppose that in the original specifications of the arch a 10 inch separation of the football
players is specified so that the football players have room to avoid each other. This leads to
c) random variable a = 10 + w1 + w2. Describe how this addition of 10 inches of "wiggle
room" would change the mean and standard deviation in part (b). Do not recalculate the
mean and standard deviation.

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: a)
b)
c) The mean would increase by 10". [to 70"]

The standard deviation would remain unchanged. [7.07"]
51. In the old Roman Coliseum, two horses would be placed in tandem (side by side) and hitched to a chariot. Since the
fast chariots needed to be able to pass the slow chariots, it was of some importance that the horses have room to run, but
also they should not be too large. For chariot hitching purposes, the widest measure across a horse occurs in the rump
area. The mean rump width is approximately 27" with a standard deviation of about 2". Let random variable w = width in
inches across the rump of a randomly selected horse
The usual length measure as it applies to horses is the "hand," which is by definition equal
a) to 4". Define random variable h = width in hands across the rump of a randomly selected
horse. What are the mean and standard deviation of h?
Suppose horses are randomly chosen for a particular Roman chariot. Define random
b) variable c = h1 + h2 to be the rump width of two randomly selected horses. What are the
mean and standard deviation of c?
Suppose that in the original chariot design a 16 inch separation of the horses is specified so
that the horses have room to avoid each other. This leads to random variable a = 16 + w1 +
c)
w2. Describe how this addition of 16 inches of "wiggle room" would change the mean and
standard deviation in part (b). Do not recalculate the mean and standard deviation.
ANSWER: a)
b)
c) The mean would increase by 16 inches. [to 64"]

The standard deviation would be unchanged. [2.83"]
52. Determine the following areas under the standard normal (z) curve.
a) The area under the z curve to the left of 2.53
b) The area under the z curve to the left of −1.33
c) The area under the z curve to the right of 0.76
d) The area under the z curve to the right of −1.47
e) The area under the z curve between −1 and 3

Name: Class: Date:
f) The area under the z curve between −2.6 and −1.2

ANSWER: a) 0.9943
b) 0.0918
c) 0.2236
d) 0.9292
e) 0.8400
f) 0.1104
53. Determine the following areas under the standard normal (z) curve.
a) The area under the z curve to the left of 1.56
b) The area under the z curve to the left of −2.13
c) The area under the z curve to the right of 0.88
d) The area under the z curve to the right of −1.23
e) The area under the z curve between −2 and 3
f) The area under the z curve between −2.4 and −1.4

ANSWER: a) 0.9406
b) 0.0166
c) 0.1894
d) 0.8907
e) 0.9759
f) 0.0726
54. For a variable that has a standard normal distribution,

a) What is the probability that z < −1.34?
b) What is the probability that z < +2.56?
c) What is the probability that z is between −1.5 and +1.5.
What value of z separates the smaller 5% of the standard normal distribution from the larger
d)
95%?
What values of −z and +z separate the middle 90% of the standard normal distribution from
e)
the extreme 10%?
ANSWER: a) 0.0901
b) 0.9948
c) 0.8664
d) z = −1.645
e) z = −1.645 to z = 1.645
55. For a variable z that has a standard normal distribution,

a) What is the probability that z < −2.45?

Name: Class: Date:

b) What is the probability that z < +1.67?
c) What is the probability that z is between −1.43 and +1.43?
What value of z separates the smaller 10% of the standard normal distribution from the
d)
larger 90%?
What values of −z and +z separate the middle 95% of the standard normal distribution from
e)
the extreme 5%?
ANSWER: a) 0.0071
b) 0.9525
c) 0.8473
d) z = −1.282
e) z = −1.960 to z = 1.960
56. Let z denote a random variable having a standard normal distribution. Determine each of the following probabilities.
a) P(z < 1.28)
b) P(z < −1.05)
c) P(z > −2.51)
d) P(−1.30 < z < 1.54)

ANSWER: a) 0.8997
b) 0.1469
c) 0.9940
d) 0.8414
57. Let z denote a random variable having a standard normal distribution. Determine each of the following probabilities.
a) P(z < 1.36)
b) P(z < −2.05)
c) P(z > −1.15)
d) P(−1.10 < z < 2.54)
ANSWER: a) 0.9131
b) 0.0202
c) 0.8749
d) 0.8588
58. A gasoline tank for a certain model car is designed to hold 12 gallons of gas. Suppose that the actual capacity of the
gas tank in cars of this type is well approximated by a normal distribution with mean 12.0 gallons and standard deviation
0.2 gallons. What is the probability that a randomly selected car of this model will have a gas tank that holds at most 11.7
gallons?
ANSWER:
59. The owners of the Burger Emporium are looking for new supplier of onions for their famous hamburgers. It is
important that the onion slice be roughly the same diameter as the hamburger patty. After careful analysis, they determine
that they can only use onions with diameters between 9 and 10 cm. Company A provides onions with diameters that are
Name: Class: Date:

approximately normally distributed with mean 10.3 cm and standard deviation of 1.2 cm. Company B provides onions
with diameters that are approximately normally distributed with mean 10.6 cm and standard deviation of 0.9 cm. Which
company provides the higher proportion of usable onions? Justify your choice with an appropriate statistical argument.
ANSWER: The onions from Company A will be between 9 and 10 cm diameter with probability
The onions from Company B will be between 9 and 10 cm diameter with probability
.
There are a greater proportion of the onions from Company A that are the correct size.
60. The owners of the Burger Emporium are looking for new supplier of tomatoes for their famous hamburgers. It is
important that the tomato slice be roughly the same diameter as the hamburger patty. After careful analysis, they
determine that they can only use tomatoes with diameters between 9 and 10 cm. Company A provides tomatoes with
diameters that are approximately normally distributed with mean 10.5 cm and standard deviation of 1.1 cm. Company B
provides tomatoes with diameters that are approximately normally distributed with mean 10.3 cm and standard deviation
of 0.8 cm. Which company provides the higher proportion of usable tomatoes? Justify your choice with an appropriate
statistical argument.
ANSWER: The onions from Company A will be between 9 and 10 cm diameter with probability
The onions from Company B will be between 9 and 10 cm diameter with probability
There are a greater proportion of the onions from Company B that are the correct size.
61. In a study of the reaction times of left- and right-handers' reaction times to tones delivered to the right ear, the right-
handers' scores were approximately normally distributed with a mean of 210 milliseconds and standard deviation of 40
milliseconds. The mean score for left-handers was 240 ms.
Sketch a normal distribution that describes right-handers' reaction times, and locate the
a)
mean reaction time for left-handers in this distribution.
About what proportion of right-handers reaction times would be "better" (i.e. smaller) than
b)
the mean reaction time for left-handers?
ANSWER: Sketch of right-handers' reaction times with mean of left-handers marked at 240 ms. Mean
a)
of the distribution should be at 210, and the inflection points at 170 and 250.

Name: Class: Date:
b) P(R < μL) = P(z < 0.75) = 0.7734
62. In a study of the reaction times of left- and right-handers' reaction times to tones delivered to the right ear, the right-
handers' scores were approximately normally distributed with a mean of 240 milliseconds and standard deviation of 32
milliseconds. The mean score for right-handers was 210 ms.
Sketch a normal distribution that describes left-handers' reaction times, and locate the mean
a)
reaction time for right-handers in this distribution.
About what proportion of left-handers reaction times would be "better" (i.e. smaller) than
b)
the mean reaction time for right-handers?
ANSWER: Sketch of left-handers' reaction times with mean of right-handers marked at 210 ms. Mean
a)
of the distribution should be at 240, and the inflection points at 208 and 272.
b)
63. The time that it takes a randomly selected employee to perform a certain task is approximately normally distributed
with a mean value of 120 seconds and a standard deviation of 20 seconds. The slowest 10% (that is, the 10% with the
longest times) are to be given remedial training. What times qualify for the remedial training?
ANSWER: To qualify for remedial training, the time would be greater than or equal to the highest 10% of the times.
. Solve to get x > 145.6.
64. The graphs below are normal probability plots of the vocabulary and math concept scores on a standardized exam for
a large sample of students. One of the score distributions is approximately normal. Identify the score distribution that is
approximately normal and explain the reason for your choice.

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: The Math Concepts Score appears to be normally distributed, since the normal probability plot shows a
straight line. The plot of Vocabulary Score shows a distinct "S" shape, indicating the distribution is not
normal.
65. Briefly describe how one would decide which of two transformations was better for transforming skewed data to
obtain a distribution that was approximately normal.
ANSWER: By looking at a normal probability plot of each of the transformed data, you can determine which is more
successful in making the transformed data closer to a normal distribution by choosing the one for which the
normal probability plot is has more of a straight-line pattern.
66. Briefly describe how the correlation coefficient can be used to check for normality.
ANSWER: By calculating the correlation coefficient between normal scores and data values, an assessment can be made
about the plausibility that a given data set comes from a normal distribution. If the correlation coefficient
exceeds a certain value, different for different sample sizes, then it is reasonable to believe that the
underlying distribution is approximately normal.
Multi-Mode
67. Suppose that the random variable
has the probability distribution described by the following density curve.

Name: Class: Date:
What probability is represented by the shaded area? Suppose the shaded area . Interpret this probability in the
context of this problem.
a. . About 65% of U.S. population consuming diet drinks are people aged less than 20 years.
b. . About 65% of U.S. population consuming diet drinks are people aged 50 years and over.
c. . About 65% of U.S. population consuming diet drinks are people aged between 20 and 50
years.
d. . About 0.65% of U.S. population consuming diet drinks are people aged between 20 and 50
years.
e. . About 35% of U.S. population consuming diet drinks are people aged between 20 and 50
years.
ANSWER: c
68. Suppose that in a certain metropolitan area 18% of all automobiles are equipped with an electric engine. Let denote
the number among of 9 randomly selected automobiles that are equipped with an electric engine. Calculate . Let
the random variable denote the number of passing automobiles that are equipped with an electric engine until you find
automobile with another type of engine. Calculate .
a. ,
b. ,
c. ,
d. ,
e. ,
ANSWER: b
69. Suppose that 73% of the visitors to a certain barbershop have a beard. Let the random variable x denote the number of
coming visitors that have a beard until the visitor without beard comes. What is the probability that at most three visitors
Name: Class: Date:

with beard must come? What is the probability that more than five visitors with beard must come?
a. ;
b. ;
c. ;
d. ;
e. ;
ANSWER: d
70. Seventy-five percent of the computers sold by a certain store are laptops. Among 150 randomly selected computer
purchases, what is the approximate probability that at most 125 are laptops? What is the approximate probability that
between 100 and 120 (inclusive) are laptops?
a. ; .
b. ; .
c. ; .
d. ; .
e. ; .
ANSWER: d
71. Suppose that call-center receives on average 1.7 calls per minute. The graphs below show the probability of receiving
calls. Determine the distribution curve with the shaded region that corresponds to the probability of the event that call
happens between two and six minutes.
Chose the correct graph.
a. b.

Test Bank for Statistics: Learning from Data, 2nd Edition, Roxy Peck Tom Short
Name: Class: Date:
c. d.
e.
ANSWER: b
72. Ron rolls a six-sided dice until the number six is shown. What is the probability that he rolls a dice at least three
times? What is the probability that he rolls a dice at most four times?
a. 0.3056; 0.5177.
b. 0.3056; 0.4823.
c. 0.6944; 0.5177.
d. 0.6944; 0.4823.
e. 0.5787; 0.4213.
ANSWER: c
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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

3. The distribution of all values of a random variable is called a normal distribution.

5. For every random variable, .

6. For a discrete random variable x, .

7. For a discrete random variable, .

8. If x is a random variable, and random variable y is defined as follows, y = a + bx, then .

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

9. For random variables, x and y, if y = a + bx, then .

10. If random variables and are independent, then .

13. Which of the following random variables are discrete?

14. Which of the following random variables are continuous?

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Size of donation $0 $10 $25 $50

What probability is represented by the shaded area?

Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Subjective Short Answer

23. What is a random variable?

b) The barometric pressure at midnight

c) The number of staples left in a stapler

d) The number of sentences in a short story

e) The average oven temperature during the cooking of a turkey

f) The number of lightning strikes during a thunderstorm

c) The number of forks in your kitchen

Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

d) The number of sentences in a short story

e) The circumference of a California redwood tree

f) The number of grains of sand it takes to fill a quart jar

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

ANSWER: a) P(ABC) = P(A) P(B) P(C) = (.10)(.15)(.35) = 0.00525

k Flying-Bomb Number squares

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

b) Using your estimated probabilities in part (a), estimate the following:

Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

b) Using the estimated probabilities in part (a), estimate the following:

Histogram: Number of particles

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

You may use the following area formulas in your calculations:

Area of a right triangle:

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

You may use the following area formulas in your calculations:

Area of a right triangle:

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

b) . Illustrated at right above.

b) P(T > 7) = 13(0.05) = 0.65. Illustrated at right above.

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions

x $2 $14 $20 $100

x $10 $20 $50 $130

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Chapter 6 - Random Variables and Probability Distributions