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Name: Class: Date:
2. Discouraged workers are included in the labor force figures but not in unemployment figures.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
6. The unemployment rate rises any time there is an increase in the number of unemployed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
7. The labor force consists of all adults who are currently employed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
8. Inmates from the county prison who are on work release are counted as part of the labor force.
a. True
b. False
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10. Which of the following people would be counted in the labor force?
a. Chou, who lost his job and last looked for work three months ago
b. Stephanie, who holds a Ph.D. in history, but can only find part-time employment at a fast-food restaurant
c. Jordan, who would like to work as a stockbroker but is now a househusband
d. Steffan, who thinks he could easily earn $100,000 per year, despite the opinion of the psychiatrist at the state
hospital where he is a patient
e. Monique, age 90, who is enjoying her retirement in Montana
ANSWER: b
11. People who are not currently employed, but say they want a job, are counted as unemployed only if they
a. have previously held a job
b. are actively seeking employment
c. are willing to accept a reasonable offer
d. are between 16 and 65 years of age
e. are willing to accept any offer of employment
ANSWER: b
13. Consider an economy made up of 100 people, 60 of whom hold jobs, 10 of whom are looking for work, and 15 of
whom are retired. The number of people in the labor force is
a. 30
b. 60
c. 85
d. 90
e. 70
ANSWER: e
16. Consider an economy with an adult population of 100, 50 of whom hold jobs, 10 of whom are looking for work, and
15 of whom are retired. The labor force participation rate is
a. 100 percent
b. 60 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 40 percent
e. 10 percent
ANSWER: b
17. Suppose U = the number of adults who are unemployed; E = the number of adults who are employed; and NLF = the
number of adults not in the labor force. Which expression would equal the unemployment rate?
a. U/(E + NLF)
b. U/E
c. U/(U + E)
d. U/(E + NLF)
e. U/(U + E - NLF)
ANSWER: c
18. Suppose U = the number of adults who are unemployed; E = the number of adults who are employed; and NLF = the
number of adults not in the labor force. Which expression would equal the labor force participation rate?
a. U/(U + E)
b. E/(U + E)
c. U/(U + E + NLF)
d. E/(U + E + NLF)
e. (U + E)/(U + E + NLF)
ANSWER: e
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22. If top government officials claim that "more people are working now than ever before," which of the following must
be true?
a. The unemployment rate is lower now than ever before.
b. The number of people unemployed is lower now than ever before.
c. The employment rate is higher now than ever before.
d. The number of people in the labor force is higher now than ever before.
e. The number of people employed is higher now than ever before.
ANSWER: e
26. Which of the following people would be counted among the unemployed?
a. a new college graduate selling newspaper advertising part-time while looking for other work
b. a new college graduate selling newspaper advertising full-time while looking for other work
c. a new college graduate selling newspaper advertising part-time and not looking for other work
d. a new college graduate who gets tired of selling newspaper advertising and takes off on a motorcycle trip to
Alaska
e. a new college graduate not qualified for any of the jobs available in his small town
ANSWER: e
29. The labor force participation rate for women in the United States has
a. stayed the same over the last 30 years
b. increased significantly since the 1950s
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30. Which of the following is true regarding labor force participation rates in the United States since the 1950s?
a. The rates for both men and women have risen.
b. The rate for women has fallen; that for men has risen.
c. The rate for men has fallen; that for women has increased.
d. The rates for both men and women have fallen.
e. The rates for both men and women have remained fairly constant.
ANSWER: c
32. Since the end of World War II, the U.S. unemployment rate
a. has displayed a downward trend
b. has displayed an upward trend
c. has remained almost constant from year to year
d. was generally higher during the 1970s than during the 1990s
e. has not displayed any clear pattern
ANSWER: b
33. Since World War II, the U.S. economy has experienced
a. a decrease in the civilian labor force
b. a decrease in the number of unemployed persons
c. a decrease in the number of employed persons
d. an increase in the labor force participation rate of women
e. a declining unemployment rate as a general trend
ANSWER: d
34. When workers are over-qualified for their current jobs or can find only part-time work, we say they are
a. unemployed
b. discouraged workers
c. not in the labor force
d. overemployed
e. underemployed
35. The unemployment rate for blacks in the United States is higher than that for whites.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
37. Which of the following groups tends to have the highest unemployment rate in the United States?
a. black teenagers
b. black men
c. white women
d. black women
e. white teenagers
ANSWER: a
38. Since World War II, labor force participation rates have
a. increased for males and females
b. remained nearly constant for males and increased for females
c. decreased for males and decreased for females
d. increased for males and decreased for females
e. decreased for males and increased for females
ANSWER: e
39. An individual with a Ph.D. in physics, who can find employment only in a pizza parlor, would be considered as
a. a discouraged worker
b. underemployed
c. overemployed
d. unemployed
e. not in the labor force
ANSWER: b
40. A recent college graduate who is still looking for their first job, would be considered as
a. a discouraged worker
b. underemployed
c. overemployed
d. unemployed
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41. An accountant who lost their job in the last recession who gives up looking for work after 12 months of unsuccessful
job search, would be considered as
a. a discouraged worker
b. underemployed
c. not in the labor force
d. unemployed
e. both a and c
ANSWER: e
42. Which of the following groups has historically had the highest unemployment rate?
a. professional workers
b. white teenagers
c. black teenagers
d. black adults
e. white adults
ANSWER: c
43. Since World War II, the average duration of unemployment in the U.S.
a. increased
b. decreased
c. has shown no change
d. decreased until 1972, then increased down to the present
e. decreased until 1984, then increased down to the present
ANSWER: a
44. Government fiscal policies that attempt to stimulate aggregate demand are often aimed at reducing cyclical
unemployment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
45. A person whose skills do not match the available job openings is considered frictionally unemployed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
46. Ginger quits her job as a secretary because she cannot handle the stress. It takes her three weeks of solid effort to land
a job as a receptionist. Over these three weeks, she would be considered frictionally unemployed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
48. Sharon was being treated unfairly by her boss, so she stormed off the job and two weeks later found another position.
For two weeks Sharon experienced
a. cyclical unemployment
b. structural unemployment
c. seasonal unemployment
d. frictional unemployment
e. being out of the labor force
ANSWER: d
49. Juanita earned a B.S. in engineering and went to work for a defense contractor. When the government cut spending,
Juanita and 99 others were laid off. The only other business in the town is growing grapes, but the growers refuse to hire
laid-off engineers, knowing they will leave at the first opportunity. The unemployment Juanita is experiencing is
a. cyclical
b. structural
c. seasonal
d. frictional
e. voluntary
ANSWER: b
50. The only job Justin ever holds is preparing income tax forms at H&R Block from January 2 to April 15. In March,
while he is still working, he sends his resume to prospective employers. In March, he was counted as
a. cyclically unemployed
b. structurally unemployed
c. frictionally unemployed
d. part of the labor force
e. out of the labor force
ANSWER: d
51. Your cousin recently graduated from Harvard Law School and has not found a job after looking for one last week. She
can be described as
a. frictionally unemployed
b. structurally unemployed
c. seasonally unemployed
d. not part of the labor force
e. a discouraged worker
ANSWER: a
52. The type of unemployment most likely to be experienced by a touring professional golfer is
a. frictional unemployment
57. Jacqueline, a brilliant new Ph.D. in economics, has turned down many job offers because she hopes eventually to
teach at one of the top ten universities in her field. The type of unemployment she is experiencing is
a. frictional
b. structural
c. seasonal
58. Jamal lost his job as a shipbuilder during 2004. His shipyard never reopened, and so his very specialized skills are no
longer in demand. Jamal's unemployment is best classified as
a. cyclical
b. structural
c. seasonal
d. frictional
e. voluntary
ANSWER: b
59. In which of the following industries are workers least likely to suffer from cyclical unemployment?
a. new home construction
b. automobile manufacturing
c. carpet installation
d. education
e. tourism
ANSWER: d
60. Most of the unemployment experienced in the United States during the Great Depression was
a. cyclical
b. structural
c. seasonal
d. frictional
e. voluntary
ANSWER: a
62. Which type of unemployment is most likely to help the economy become more efficient?
a. cyclical
b. structural
c. seasonal
d. frictional
e. underemployment
63. The impact of __________ unemployment is removed from official unemployment figures that are reported monthly.
a. cyclical
b. structural
c. seasonal
d. frictional
e. involuntary
ANSWER: c
67. If the official unemployment rate increases in August from its July level, we can conclude that __________
unemployment is responsible for the increase.
a. seasonal
b. cyclical
c. structural
d. frictional
e. any of the causes of
ANSWER: e
68. If the official unemployment rate increases in January from its December level because the Christmas season is over,
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69. If the official unemployment rate increases in March from its February level because of sluggish sales in the auto
industry, we can conclude that __________ unemployment is responsible for the increase.
a. seasonal
b. cyclical
c. structural
d. frictional
e. any one of the causes of
ANSWER: b
70. Which type of unemployment is experienced by a person who is laid off at an office because new technology reduces
the need to handle customer service inquiries?
a. seasonal
b. cyclical
c. voluntary
d. structural
e. frictional
ANSWER: d
73. Workers who are temporarily unemployed but who normally find jobs quickly are called
a. frictionally unemployed
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77. When the economy is at full employment, what types of unemployment may exist?
a. none
b. structural and frictional
c. seasonal and cyclical
d. frictional, cyclical, and structural
e. cyclical
ANSWER: b
82. Which of the following will most likely qualify for unemployment compensation benefits?
a. a new college graduate who cannot find work despite a desperate job search
b. an unemployed coal miner who has been receiving benefits for the past six months
c. a former retail clerk who quit her job because the boss was too demanding
d. a spot welder who has just gotten his first "pink slip" in the mail after ten years of continuous employment
e. an accountant who was fired from his last position for drinking alcohol on the job
ANSWER: d
83. It is difficult to compare unemployment rates across countries because methods of measuring unemployment are not
standardized.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
84. If a new Ph.D. in philosophy finds work as a taxi driver, but continues to look for a college teaching position, he is
counted as being employed.
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85. The official unemployment rate disguises the extent of the unemployment problem because
a. children are not counted as unemployed
b. retired persons are not counted as unemployed
c. full-time students are not counted as unemployed
d. discouraged workers are counted as unemployed
e. people overqualified for their current job are not considered unemployed
ANSWER: e
86. Exclusion of which of the following tends to understate the true extent of unemployment in the economy?
a. children
b. retired persons
c. students
d. people who do not want to work
e. discouraged workers
ANSWER: e
87. Assuming the total population is 150 million, the labor force is 100 million, and 94 million workers are employed, the
unemployment rate is
a. 4 percent
b. 8 percent
c. 6 percent
d. 10 percent
e. 15 percent
ANSWER: c
89. The unemployment rate does not measure all of the "unemployment problem." Which of the following groups is not
counted as unemployed in the official unemployment statistics?
a. the underemployed and the cyclically unemployed
b. the underemployed and the discouraged workers
c. the discouraged workers and the frictionally unemployed
d. the frictionally unemployed and the structurally unemployed
e. the cyclically unemployed and the frictionally unemployed
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90. The official unemployment rate would be higher if it included the existence of hidden unemployment or individuals
who are
a. on unemployment compensation
b. not working
c. working part-time but prefer full-time work
d. voluntarily retired
e. unemployed and looking for work
ANSWER: c
91. Which of the following factors makes the official unemployment rate an overstatement of the actual level of
unemployment in the economy?
a. exclusion of discouraged workers
b. inclusion of those only working part-time
c. inclusion of those who are overqualified for their current jobs
d. exclusion of those who work at a family business
e. inclusion of those who pretend to look for work in order to qualify for welfare programs
ANSWER: e
92. Because of the way discouraged workers and part-time employment are measured, the official unemployment rate
a. overstates the unemployment problem
b. understates the unemployment problem
c. truly reflects the level of unemployment
d. overstates the size of the labor force
e. understates the size of the labor force
ANSWER: b
93. If the price level increases by 2 percent each year, the inflation rate is increasing.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
96. Inflation is
97. If the inflation rate is higher than expected, which of the following groups in society would be most likely to gain?
a. borrowers
b. lenders
c. persons holding large amounts of money
d. persons on fixed incomes
e. workers under contract without a cost of living adjustment
ANSWER: a
98. The view that union wage demands may be a source of inflation would be best associated with the
a. supply shock view of inflation
b. demand pull view of inflation
c. cost push view of inflation
d. demand push view of inflation
e. monetary view of inflation
ANSWER: c
99. During periods of high inflation, people want to hold as much money as possible.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
101. During the late 1960’s the inflation experienced in the United States as a result of the spending on the Vietnam War
is referred to as
a. hyperinflation
b. demand-pull inflation
c. wartime inflation
d. cost-push inflation
e. cyclical inflation
ANSWER: b
102. During the 1970’s the inflation experienced in the United States as a result of OPEC oil price increases is referred to
as
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103. Demand-pull inflation is worse for an economy than cost-push inflation because in addition to higher prices,
demand-pull inflation also reduces employment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
106. Anticipated inflation causes more problems in the economy than unanticipated inflation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
107. The nominal interest rate is equal to the real interest rate minus the anticipated inflation rate.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
110. Joel just graduated from college and is looking for a job. Economists would classify Joel as
a. cyclically unemployed
b. structurally unemployed
c. seasonally unemployed
d. frictionally unemployed
e. out of the labor force
ANSWER: d
116. The difference between demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation is that
a. demand-pull inflation is caused by movements of the aggregate supply curve; cost-push inflation is caused by
changes in firms' costs of production
b. cost-push inflation is caused by movements of the aggregate demand curve; demand-pull inflation is caused by
cyclical activity in the economy
c. demand-pull inflation is caused by movements of the aggregate demand curve; cost-push inflation is caused by
movements of the aggregate supply curve
d. demand-pull inflation is caused by government deficit spending; cost-push inflation is caused by firms
e. demand-pull inflation is caused by foreign demand; cost-push inflation is caused by domestic production
problems
ANSWER: c
Exhibit 7-1
120. What was the result of increased oil prices during the 1970s?
a. Aggregate demand decreased, causing cost-push inflation.
b. Aggregate demand increased, causing demand-pull inflation.
c. Aggregate supply increased, causing demand-pull inflation.
d. Aggregate supply increased, causing cost-push inflation.
e. Aggregate supply decreased, causing cost-push inflation.
ANSWER: e
123. If the CPI in 2003 was 150 and the CPI in 2004 was 160, the inflation rate over the year was 10 percent.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
124. If the CPI is 200, then the price level has doubled since the base year.
a. True
b. False
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126. Which period in U.S. economic history was not characterized by inflation?
a. 1917-1920
b. 1929-1933
c. 1947
d. 1978-1980
e. 1980-1989
ANSWER: b
127. Which of the following is true about U.S. history prior to 1945?
a. The inflation rate remained constant during this period.
b. Cost-push inflation led to depressions, followed by slowly-rising price levels.
c. The price level remained constant during this period.
d. Major wars resulted in high inflation rates, after which the inflation rate tapered off.
e. Major wars resulted in high inflation rates that were usually followed by deflation.
ANSWER: e
128. During which of the following decades was the U.S. inflation rate highest?
a. 1920s
b. 1930s
c. 1950s
d. 1970s
e. 1980s
ANSWER: d
130. Since the end of World War II, the U.S. price level has
a. increased eightfold
b. increased by an average of 10 percent each year
c. increased and decreased with equal regularity, leaving the price level almost constant
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131. Suppose the price levels in four successive years are 100, 120, 133, and 140. Which of the following is true?
a. The economy is experiencing hyperinflation.
b. The economy is experiencing deflation.
c. The economy is experiencing inflation.
d. The economy is experiencing increasing inflation.
e. The economy is experiencing reflation.
ANSWER: c
133. Since World War II, the Consumer Price Index has increased by an average of
a. 1.4% per year
b. 2.1% per year
c. 6.4% per year
d. 5.6% per year
e. 3.9% per year
ANSWER: e
134. If nominal wages increase 7 percent while the price level rises by 5 percent, real wages rise.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
135. Anticipated inflation distorts markets more than does unanticipated inflation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
136. Suppose you received a 3 percent increase in your nominal wage. Over the year, inflation ran about 6 percent. Which
of the following is true?
a. Your real wage fell.
b. Your nominal wage fell.
c. Both your nominal and real wages decreased.
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137. Suppose you received a 5 percent increase in your nominal wage. Over the year, inflation ran about 2 percent. Which
of the following is true?
a. Your real wage fell.
b. Your nominal wage fell.
c. Both your nominal and real wages decreased.
d. Although your nominal wage fell, your real wage increased.
e. Both your nominal and real wages increased.
ANSWER: e
138. Suppose you received a 5 percent increase in your nominal wage. Over the year, inflation ran about 2 percent. Which
of the following is true?
a. Your real wage increased.
b. Your nominal wage decreased.
c. Both your nominal and real wages decreased.
d. Although your nominal wage fell, your real wage increased.
e. Although your nominal wage rose, your real wage decreased.
ANSWER: a
139. Suppose you received a 4 percent increase in your nominal wage. Over the year, inflation runs about 7 percent.
Which of the following is true?
a. Your real wage increased.
b. Both the nominal and real wages increased.
c. Both your nominal and real wages decreased.
d. Although your nominal wage fell, your real wage increased.
e. Although your nominal wage rose, your real wage decreased.
ANSWER: e
143. If the inflation rate is 5 percent and you receive a wage increase of 5 percent,
a. your nominal income declines but your real income increases
b. both your nominal income and your real income increase by 5 percent
c. your nominal income increases but your real income declines
d. both your nominal income and your real income decrease by 5 percent
e. your nominal income increases by 5 percent but your real income is unchanged
ANSWER: e
144. The higher you think the inflation rate is likely to be,
a. the higher the nominal interest rate you will offer as a borrower and want as a lender
b. the higher the nominal interest rate you will offer as a borrower, and the lower the rate you will want as a
lender
c. the lower the nominal interest rate you will offer as a borrower and want as a lender
d. the higher the real interest rate you will want as a lender
e. the higher the real interest rate you will offer as a borrower
ANSWER: a
145. If the expected inflation rate is 4 percent and the nominal interest rate is 9 percent, the expected real interest rate is
a. 13 percent
b. -5 percent
c. 9 percent
d. -13 percent
e. 5 percent
ANSWER: e
148. If future price changes were perfectly anticipated by both borrowers and lenders, what would happen to the real
interest rate in the future if the price level changed?
a. it would increase
b. it would decrease
c. it would decrease by the amount of the price increase
d. it would increase by the amount of the price increase
e. it would not change
ANSWER: e
151. Some economists have argued that inflation during the 1970s contributed to the U.S. economy's relatively slow
growth rate. What is the basis for this view?
a. Inflation usually lowers employment, thus slowing growth.
b. If inflation is anticipated, it is particularly harmful because cost of living increases are built into wage
settlements, which only worsens the problem.
c. High and variable inflation rates increased uncertainty, thus making business decisions more difficult.
d. Lenders were less interested in making short-term loans than in making long-term loans.
e. Inflation during the 1970s created increased activity on Wall Street, which drew funds that could have been
used for truly productive purposes.
ANSWER: c
154. Relative prices describe the terms at which individual goods are exchanged for one another.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
158. The problems that inflation creates for society are caused primarily by
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162. If the expected inflation rate is high, the nominal interest rate will be low.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
163. An increase in the interest rate will increase the demand for loanable funds.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
164. An increase in the demand for loanable funds, other things constant, will increase the interest rate.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
165. If Dave loans funds at 2 percent while the inflation rate is 4 percent, his real rate of interest is -2 percent.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
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166. An increase in the supply of loanable funds, other things constant, will increase the interest rate.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
167. The supply of loanable funds curve slopes downward to the right.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
168. The nominal interest rate is determined in the market for loanable funds.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
173. If the nominal interest rate is 6 percent and the inflation rate is 4 percent,
a. the real interest rate is 10 percent
b. the real interest rate is 2 percent
c. the real interest rate is -2 percent
d. the real interest rate is -10 percent
e. there is insufficient information to determine the real rate of interest
ANSWER: b
174. If two parties to a loan contract agree that the lender should earn an 8 percent increase in purchasing power as a
result of a loan, and the inflation rate is 5 percent, what is the nominal interest rate?
a. 13 percent
b. 8 percent
c. 5 percent
d. 3 percent
e. 1 percent
ANSWER: a
179. If people suddenly become more willing to lend money, what happens to the equilibrium rate of interest?
a. An increase in demand for loanable funds will increase the interest rate.
b. An increase in the supply of loanable funds will increase the interest rate.
c. An increase in the supply of loanable funds will decrease the interest rate.
d. An increase in demand for loanable funds will decrease the interest rate.
e. A simultaneous increase in both the supply of and demand for loanable funds makes it impossible to predict
what will happen to the rate of interest.
ANSWER: c
180. Unanticipated inflation redistributes income across groups in society. Among the winners are
a. those who loan money
b. those on fixed incomes
c. small savers
d. those who borrow at fixed interest rates
e. those who hold large amounts of cash
ANSWER: d
181. Raul borrowed $1,000 from Marta for a year and agreed to repay her $1,050 at the end of the year. If the inflation
rate was 3 percent, what is the real rate of interest Marta received?
a. 10 percent
b. 5 percent
c. 3 percent
d. 2 percent
e. -2 percent
ANSWER: d
182. Tony lent Dave $1,000 for one year with the understanding that Dave would repay $1,070. If the actual inflation rate
was 7 percent, what was the real rate of interest Tony received?
a. 14 percent
b. 7 percent
c. 4 percent
d. 0 percent
e. -7 percent
ANSWER: d
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183. Which of the following events would most likely cause the nominal interest rate to fall?
a. The supply of loanable funds decreases.
b. Both the supply of and the demand for loanable funds increase.
c. Both the supply of and the demand for loanable funds decrease.
d. The supply of loanable funds increases and the demand for loanable funds decreases.
e. The supply of loanable funds decreases and the demand for loanable funds increases.
ANSWER: d
185. During periods of inflation, the real value (purchasing power) of a given amount of nominal dollars decreases.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
186. Inflation
a. always reduces real income
b. never reduces real income
c. reduces the real income of workers when wages increase more than prices do
d. reduces the real income of workers when wages increase less than prices do
e. increases the real income of workers only when wages increase less than prices do
ANSWER: d
190. In April of 2010, the US economy added 290,000 jobs but the unemployment rate still rose from 9.7% to
9.9%. Which of the following best explains how this can happen?
a. the size of the labor force shrunk
b. the number of unemployed workers also rose but by a smaller percentage
c. the number of illegal immigrants rose substantially
d. it was a mistake
e. the number of unemployed workers also rose but by an even greater percentage
ANSWER: e
192. Unemployment rates __________ during contractions and __________ during expansions.
a. rise, fall
b. fall, fall
c. rise, stay the same
d. stay the same, fall
e. fall, rise
ANSWER: a
193. The unemployment rate trended down from the early 1980s to 2000 because there were fewer people in the
workforce like
a. Juan, age 28
b. Chien, age 38
c. Billy, age 18
d. Daniel, age 48
e. Gregory, age 58
ANSWER: c
195. Construction workers at times face high rates of unemployment because their work is both seasonal and subject to
wide swings over the business cycle.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
199. Inflation rates differ across regions mostly because of differences in housing prices.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
Exhibit 7-2
202. The “long-term unemployed” are those who are unemployed for:
a. 8 weeks or longer
b. 12 weeks or longer
c. 18 weeks or longer
d. 27 weeks or longer
e. 52 weeks or longer
ANSWER: d