Introduction To Marine Biology 4Th Edition Karleskint Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Introduction to Marine Biology 4th
Edition Karleskint Test Bank

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Chapter 10—Marine Fishes
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The earliest fish are represented today by:

a. hagfish.
b. lamprey.
c. sharks.
d. both a and b.
e. both b and c.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 257
2. What characteristic does not describe a vertebrate?

a. notochord.
b. backbone.
c. exoskeleton.
d. gills or lungs.
e. posterior tail.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 257
3. The feeding mode of hagfishes is considered:

a. predation.
b. scavenging.
c. suspension feeding.
d. both a and b.
e. b and c only.
4. Hagfish are caught commercially for their

a. oil.
b. mucus.
c. meat.
d. hide.
e. scales.
5. A defense mechanism of hagfish is ____.

a. to tie into a knot to prevent them from being swallowed.
b. foul odor.
c. abundant mucus.
d. detection by the semicircular canals followed by avoidance.
e. a sharp fin spine.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 259
140 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

6. The feeding mode of adult lampreys is considered:
a. parasitism.
b. scavenging.
c. predation.
d. grazing.
e. filter feeding.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260
7. Ammocoetes, the larval forms of lampreys, feed:

a. on suspended particles.
b. on other fishes.
c. on benthic deposits.
d. by parasitizing other fish.
8. The largest known fish is:

a. the blue whale.
b. the whale shark.
c. the megamouth shark.
d. the great white shark.
e. the humpback whale.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260
9. The skin of sharks is covered with scales called:

a. placoid.
b. cycloid.
c. ctenoid.
d. ganoid.
e. circular.
10. The forward thrust of swimming sharks is created by:

a. the pectoral fins.
b. the pelvic fins.
c. the dorsal fin.
d. the caudal fin.
e. the anal fin.
11. A fish in which a sharp spine is associated with the dorsal fins is the:
a. spiny dogfish.
b. sea bass.
c. hagfish.
d. sea horse.
e. goldfish.

12. The claspers of cartilaginous fishes are used for:
a. clasping onto prey.
b. clasping onto the sediment.
c. reproduction.
d. propulsion.
e. balance.
13. Sharks obtain neutral buoyancy by producing an oil called:

a. buoyancy.
b. squalene.
c. Omega-3.
d. fish oil.
e. ambergris.
14. Squalene is produced by the ____ of sharks.

a. kidneys
b. heart
c. livers
d. muscle
e. gall bladder
15. The majority of a shark's brain is devoted to processing signals of:

a. touch.
b. olfaction.
c. taste.
d. electricity.
e. vision.
16. About 2/3 of a shark's brain is used for:

a. control of body movement.
b. processing electrical currents from the water.
c. olfaction.
d. vision.
e. processing water pressure differences.
17. The nictitating membrane of sharks is used to:

a. protect the gills.
b. line the mouth.
c. enclose the internal organs.
d. detect smells.
e. cover the eye.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 274

18. Neuromast cells are associated with the ____ of sharks.
a. eyes
b. lateral line
c. nostrils
d. brain
e. ampullae
19. The neuromast cells are part of the system to

a. process light.
b. sense electrical currents in the water.
c. control balance.
d. detect vibrations.
e. detect dissolved chemicals.
20. The ampullae of Lorenzini are specialized organs for detecting ____ that are found in sharks.
a. smells
b. vibrations of the water
c. tastes
d. electrical output
e. water pressure
21. The spiral valve is a specialized structure found within:

a. bony fishes.
b. sharks.
c. sea turtles.
d. lampreys.
e. sea birds.
22. The rectal gland of sharks is involved in the excretion of:

a. urea.
b. sodium chloride.
c. calcium and magnesium.
d. trimethyamine oxide.
e. carbon dioxide.
23. The kidneys of sharks excrete ions of:

a. urea.
b. salts.
c. calcium and magnesium.
d. trimethyamine oxide.
e. ammonia.

24. A shark reproduction scheme in which the embryos develop within eggs that supply all their
nourishment inside the oviduct of the female is called:
a. ovoviviparous.
b. viviparous.
c. spawning.
d. oviparous.
25. Which of the following is not a measure to avoid a shark attack?

a. Swimming where people, fish and/or blood are in the water
b. Swimming at night, dusk or in murky water
c. Swim with erratically behaving schools of fish
d. Avoid splashing or wearing shiny jewelry
26. Unique features of skates and rays are their

a. gill slits.
b. adipose tissues.
c. flat bodies.
d. spiracles.
e. countershaded bodies.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 262–263
27. The forward thrust of swimming stingrays is created by:

a. the pectoral fins.
b. the pelvic fins.
c. the dorsal fin.
d. the caudal fin.
e. the anal fin.
28. The spiracle in conjunction with a ventral gill in skates and rays is an adaptation that allows them to:
a. be nekton.
b. have a bottom existence.
c. position their mouth ventrally.
d. avoid detection by predators.
e. filter feed on plankton.
29. Most skates are:

a. ovoviviparous.
b. oviparous.
c. live bearers.
d. viviparous.
e. broadcast spawners.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 264 | 278

30. The toxins of stingrays are destroyed with hot water, therefore they are a type of:
a. protein.
b. carbohydrate.
c. fat.
d. lipid.
e. DNA.
31. A first aid for stingray injury is:

a. place the injured area in cold water or apply ice packs.
b. pour ammonia over the injured area.
c. place the injured area in hot water.
d. apply MSG to the injured area.
e. urinate onto the wound.
32. The subclass of Chondrichthyes with an operculum is called:

a. sharks.
b. skates.
c. rays.
d. chimaeras.
e. hagfish.
33. A bony fish that lives in the marine environment that was once thought to be extinct is the:
a. coelacanth.
b. African lung fish.
c. sturgeon fish.
d. mud skipper.
e. puffer fish.
34. The coelacanth gave rise to the ____.

a. ray-finned fish
b. chimaeras
c. tetrapods
d. dogfish
e. lungfish.
35. The skin of the subclass Chondrosti is covered with scales called:
a. placoid.
b. cycloid.
c. stenoid.
d. ganoid.
e. rhomboid.

36. Tails that have equally sized upper and lower lobes are called:
a. heterocercal.
b. ganoid.
c. cycloid.
d. homocercal.
e. ctenoid.
37. Fishes that are very active swimmers have a ____ body.
a. fusiform
b. laterally compressed
c. globular
d. flattened
e. dorso-ventrally compressed
38. Fishes that exhibit a sedentary lifestyle have ____ bodies.

a. fusiform
b. laterally compressed
c. globular
d. flattened
e. streamlined
39. The following are all main points of the section Adaptations to Extreme Cold except:
a. 90% of fish biomass in Antarctic seas belongs to a single species of fish.
b. sugar and protein molecules in fish cells prevent fish from freezing
c. some Antarctic fish lack hemoglobin in their blood.
d. some Antarctic fish lack red blood cells.
e. global warming may place these fish in danger of extinction.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 275–276
40. Utilizing pigments for camouflage is common in ____ fishes.

a. benthic
b. tuna
c. pelagic
d. reef
e. angler
41. Which of the following is not a camouflage device?

a. chromatophores
b. iridophores
c. thigmotaxis
d. obliterative countershading

42. Countershading is a common form of camouflage in ____ fishes.
a. coral reef
b. eel grass bed
c. pelagic
d. deep sea
43. Which of the following does not use a swim bladder to regulate buoyancy?
a. mackerel
b. sea bass
c. grouper
d. sheepshead
e. butterfly fish
44. Snappers swim by:

a. flexing only the area before the caudal fin.
b. flexing only the posterior portion of the body.
c. using only their fins.
d. undulating the entire body.
45. Which function below is not performed by the gills of bony fishes?
a. extract nutrients from the water
b. extract oxygen form the water
c. eliminate carbon dioxide from their body
d. aid in osmoregulation
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 271
46. Most sodium chloride is excreted from marine bony fishes through:
a. the kidneys.
b. the gills.
c. salt glands.
d. the feces.
e. diffusion.
47. The mechanism for gas exchange in the gills includes:

a. chloride cells.
b. rete mirable.
c. countercurrent multiplier system.
d. swim bladder inflation.
e. hormonal controls.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 271 | 272

48. The following are all main points about toxic fish poisoning except:
a. ciguatera poisoning is not usually fatal.
b. ciguatera is due to blooms of dinoflagellates.
c. puffer fish poisoning can be fatal.
d. there are safe and effective antidotes for ciguatera poisoning.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 277
49. The gill rakers of anchovies are modified for:

a. respiration.
b. excretion of salts.
c. filtering plankton.
d. crushing their fish prey.
e. detecting vibrations in the water column.
50. The sucker of clingfishes is modified from:

a. the mouth.
b. the pectoral fins.
c. a disc on top of the head.
d. the pelvic fins.
e. the first dorsal fin.
51. Deoxygenated blood is initially collected by the:

a. dorsal aorta.
b. sinus venosus.
c. atrium.
d. bulbus arteriosus.
e. vena cava.
52. Bony fish usually do not need to adjust pupil size because:
a. their eyelids protect their eyes from bright light.
b. the quantity of light is relatively low.
c. they can move their lens forward and backward.
d. a in conjunction with c
53. The nervous system of fish includes:

a. olfactory pits.
b. taste receptors.
c. eyes.
d. otoliths.
e. all of the above.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 273–274

54. The lateral line is part of the system to
a. process light.
b. sense electrical currents in the water.
c. control balance.
d. detect vibrations.
e. detect dissolved substances.
55. The majority of bony fishes show the ____ reproductive strategy.
a. viviparous
b. oviparous
c. internal fertilization
d. ovoviviparous
56. Fishes that reproduce in fresh water and migrate out to sea as adults are considered:
a. catadromous.
b. anadromous.
c. polyandrous.
d. polygynous.
e. demersal.
57. ____ are good examples of catadromous fishes.

a. Lampreys
b. Salmon
c. Freshwater eels
d. Hagfish
e. Sea horses
TRUE/FALSE
58. The skeletons of both hagfish and sharks are made of the same cartilaginous material.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 259 | 260
59. The reproductive biology of hagfishes is well understood.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 259
60. Sharks are positively buoyant in seawater.
61. The eyes of sharks are designed for optimal color vision.

62. Fertilization is internal in sharks.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 278
63. The annual risk of death from lighting is 47 times the risk of death from shark attack.
64. The discharge of the electric organ of electric rays delivers up to 220 volts.
65. The fins of bony fishes are more maneuverable than those of cartilaginous fishes.
66. Fast moving fishes tend to propel themselves by undulating their entire bodies.
67. Marine bony fishes have blood that is just as salty as seawater.
68. Unlike cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes do not have a keen sense of smell.
69. The eyes of fishes are adapted for black and white vision.
70. Most bony fishes swallow their prey whole rather than chew it.
MATCHING
Match the animal with the swimming method it is most closely associated with.
a. moving caudal fin side-to-side
b. wave travels along the edge of pectoral fins
c. pectoral fins flap up and down
d. eel-like undulation of body
71. Skate
72. Ray
73. Shark
74. Lamprey
71. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 264

72. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 264
73. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 260
74. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 260

Match the body form with its most closely associated species.
a. flattened
b. snakelike bodies
c. fusiform
d. globular
75. Tuna
76. Flounder
77. Pufferfish
78. Moray eels
75. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 268

76. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 268
77. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 268
78. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 268
Match the reproductive type of sharks with its characteristic.

a. development in mother's uterus without an egg
b. egg released outside of body
c. egg hatched in mothers uterus
79. Oviviparity
80. Ovoviparity
81. Viviparity
79. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 278

80. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 278
81. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 278
Match the word with the one it is most closely associated with.
a. iridophores
b. chromataphores
c. obliterative
82. Pigments
83. Structural Colors
84. Countershading
82. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 268–269

83. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 268–269
84. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 268–269
Match the words with the terms they are most closely associated with.
a. blend with environment
b. aposematic
c. vertical lines/eyestripes
85. Disruptive coloration
86. Cryptic coloration
87. Bright colors

85. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 269
86. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 269
87. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 269
Match the swimming type with the appropriate type of fish.

a. only the area before the caudal fin is flexed
b. flexing only the posterior portion of the body
c. undulating the entire body
88. Eels
89. Swift swimmers
90. Body is encased in a rigid dermal skeleton
88. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 270

89. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 271
90. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 271
Match the osmoregulatory function with the most closely associated organ.
a. Excretion of magnesium sulfate
b. Removal of most excess salt
c. Magnesium, calcium and sulfate ions eliminated
d. Retained in the body fluids of sharks
91. Chloride cell
92. Kidney
93. Gut
94. Urea
91. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 271

92. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 271
93. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 271
94. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 271
Match the swim bladder filling mechanism with the appropriate term.
a. gulping air and "spitting it out"
b. gas gland
95. Herrings and eels
96. Gases diffused into blood
95. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 273

96. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 273
Match the fish with its feeding type.

a. Anchovies
b. Grouper
c. Surgeonfish
d. Hagfish
97. Carnivore
98. Herbivore
99. Filter Feeder
100. Scavenger

97. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 275
98. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 275
99. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 275
100. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 275
Match the hermaphroditism with the appropriate term.

a. Changing from females to males
b. Having both male and female gonads simultaneously
c. Changing from males to females
d. Changing from one sex to another
101. Synchronous
102. Protogyny
103. Protandry
104. Sequential
101. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 279

102. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 279
103. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 279
104. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 280
ESSAY
105. Explain how hagfish are still able to consume their dead or dying prey, even though hagfish lack jaws.
ANS:
Hagfishes rely on sharp teeth located on their tongues for rasping away at the flesh of their food. They
also use knot-tying as a means of providing leverage for tearing off bits of flesh.
PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 259
106. Even though the caudal fin of sharks tends to direct the fish downward when swimming (due to slight
downward force generated by the heterocercal tail) the shark still manages to swim at a fairly
consistent depth. Explain how can this be so.
ANS:
The pectoral fins of sharks have a cross-section resembling the cross-section of the wing of an aircraft.
The shape of the fins provides lift just as a wing would and this offsets the effect of the heterocercal
tail.
PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: enrichment | not in text

107. Compare a shark and a bony fish in regard to how they maintain buoyancy.
ANS:
Both sharks and bony fish are negatively buoyant. In order to maintain somewhat neutral buoyancy
sharks have evolved a very large liver that produces an oily material called squalene. Squalene is less
dense than seawater and thus it makes the sharks slightly positively buoyant. In addition, the wing-like
pectoral fins of sharks aid in maintaining the buoyancy of the shark when it is swimming. Bony fishes
do not produce squalene, although a few produce other oily materials. Many bony fishes rely on a gas-
filled swim bladder as their only means of maintaining buoyancy. As a result, bony fishes with swim
bladders, unlike many sharks, do not have to swim in order to maintain a certain level.
PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 273
108. How are the eyes of sharks well adapted to the environment in which they live?
ANS:
In the marine environment colors, especially red and orange, tend to get absorbed within the first few
meters of water. As a result, color in the shallow marine environment is composed mostly of grays and
shades of blue. The eyes of sharks, with their high rod content, are well adapted for viewing objects in
dim environments where gray and black colors prevail.
109. How can sharks use their ampullae of Lorenzini to discern between healthy and injured prey items?
ANS:
All living organisms put out low-level electrical fields. Under conditions of stress or injury, the injured
animal increases the strength of the electric field around it and the shark is able to recognize this
heightened electrical field as that of an injured animal that would make easy prey.
110. Compare sharks and bony fishes in regard to how they ingest their food. In your answer, discuss how
both the position of the mouth and the presence of a gill cover confers a feeding advantage to bony fish
ANS:
When sharks ingest prey items, they must make full contact with the prey before they can begin to bite
down on it. This is because sharks lack a gill cover, which could otherwise be used to create negative
pressure within the mouth of the shark and which would draw the prey item in without having to
actually bite down on the prey. Bony fishes, with their well developed operculum and protrusible jaws,
can suck in prey items without having to bite down on them. Furthermore, because of the ventral
placement of the mouth in sharks, they lose site of their prey in the last crucial moments before they
bite their prey, which could end in an escape by the prey. Most bony fishes, on the other hand, have
terminal mouths, which means they have their prey in sight until it enters their mouth. Obviously, the
way in which bony fishes feed is more efficient than that of sharks.
PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: enrichment, not in text | 275

111. How does the spiral valve within the shark intestine increase the efficiency of food digestion?
ANS:
The spiral valve does two things. It aids in more efficient digestion by increasing the available surface
area for uptake of digested materials. The spiral valve also slows the progression of food within the
short intestine in order to allow more time for complete digestion of the food.
112. How do marine biologists know that sharks and bony fishes evolved in freshwater but then later
migrated to the marine environment?
ANS:
Both sharks and bony fishes are hypoosmotic to the seawater around them. As a result, they constantly
lose water to the marine environment. These fishes have evolved adaptations against losing water. If
these fishes had evolved in a marine environment then one would expect their tissues to be isotonic to
their environment.
113. Outline how bony fish regulate their osmotic balance lower than the salinity of the surrounding
seawater.
ANS:
Most marine fish have an internal salinity lower than the surrounding seawater resulting in an osmotic
imbalance where water flows out of the fish. The fish drinks seawater to avoid dehydration.
Absorption of salts in the gut is reduced; absorbed salts are removed in concentrated urine and through
the gills.
PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 271–272
114. What are 3 adaptations of skates and rays for living on the bottom? Contrast these adaptations to those
of the bony flatfishes such as halibut.
ANS:
The skates and rays are adapted to their benthic lifestyle by having flattened bodies that may not be
very obvious to potential prey or predators. Likewise, bony fishes such as flatfishes are also flat. The
skates and rays also have spiracles on their dorsal surfaces, which they use for drawing in water that is
passed over the gills. The bony flatfishes do not have such a structure but rely on the opening of their
mouths and their operculum for drawing in water through the mouth. Both the skates and rays and the
flatfishes show strong countershading, with light underside and a dark dorsal surface that blends in
with the environment.
PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 262–264
115. What are 2 pieces of anatomical evidence that lead ichthyologists to consider that sturgeons are a fairly
old group of fishes?
ANS:
The sturgeon fishes share a number of characteristics with sharks, which are considered to be more
primitive by many scientists. These shared characters include: heterocercal tail, and a ventral mouth.

116. Most bony fishes are considered to be much more efficient at maneuvering than cartilaginous fishes.
Explain why this is so and how it arose.
ANS:
Many bony fishes, such as those that live on coral reefs, are better at maneuvering then a shark
because their fins are much more flexible. The evolution of these flexible fins was probably the result
of the evolution of the swim bladder of bony fishes, which freed the pectoral fins from their previous
role of maintaining buoyancy. With the advent of the swim bladder, the fins of bony fish became less
stiff and flexibility was added with the introduction of rays and spines within the fins.
PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: enrichment | not in text
117. Seasonal migration is common among marine fisheries. Describe the types and indicate the primary
causes of migration.
ANS:
Spawning, changing temperatures, and following prey items are primary causes of fish migrations.
Catadromous fish move from freshwater to the ocean to spawn and anadromous fish move from the
ocean to freshwater to spawn.
PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 281–282
118. What advantage does bright coloration confer upon venomous fishes?
ANS:
Bright colors in venomous fishes advertise the danger that these fishes pose to potential predators.
Fishes, like many vertebrates, will learn from trial and error not to harass certain fishes. Perhaps this
learned behavior is genetically imprinted, as it would surely be a selective advantage.
119. How does human activity drastically affect the reproductive success of salmon?
ANS:
Human construction, such as dams, can interfere with the progress of salmon up rivers that they use for
spawning. In addition, humans alter the chemical makeup of streams and rivers on a massive scale and
this could lead to the loss of recognition by the salmon of their native streams, and could ultimately
have an effect on their reproductive success.

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XLIV.—No. 16, LITTLE WILD STREET
(Demolished).
Little Wild Street was formed about 1690, for a deed,[484]

dated 1st September in that year, refers to a “toft, peece or parcell of
ground, being parcell of the garden late belonging to Weld House in
or near Weld Streete ... abutting towards the south to a new streete
or passage of thirty foote in breadth there made or intended to be
made, to lead out of Weld Streete towards Duke Streete [Sardinia
Street] and the arch in Great Lincolne’s Inn Fields.”
Plate 34 shows the south side of the street in 1906. The
tenement houses were probably some of the original houses erected
about 1690, and their effect is charming.
The name of the street was altered in 1905 to Keeley Street.
On Plate 15 is a drawing showing the frieze of an 18th-century
deal mantelpiece now on loan at the London Museum.
The house has recently been demolished.
In the Council’s collection are:—
[485] Little Wild Street. View in 1906 looking north-east
(photograph).
[485] No. 16, Little Wild Street. Frieze, etc., of carved deal mantelpiece
(measured drawing).
Baptist Chapel, Little Wild Street. Exterior before demolition of
adjoining stables (photograph).
Baptist Chapel, Little Wild Street. Exterior after demolition of stables
(photograph).
Baptist Chapel, Little Wild Street. Interior (photograph).
XLV.—No. 1, SARDINIA STREET
(Demolished).
The land lying to the south of Sardinia Street between Wild

Street and Drury Lane, was leased by Henry Holford to John Ittery
on 20th April, 1618, when it was described[486] as “one hundred foote
of ground from the south side of the ... close, called Oldwich Close, as
the same then was marked and measured out north and south in
bredth, and extending in length downe to the ditch there towardes
the east, which plott of ground was then to be forthwith inclosed by
the said John Ittery from the residue of the close.” Before 1629, this
ground had been “inclosed with a trench or ditch on the north side ...
and on the west end ... with a mudd wall.” The southern and eastern
boundaries were respectively the lands of the Earl of Clare and the
common sewer. At the latter date what soon afterwards became
known as Duke Street, and was subsequently called Sardinia Street,
was described as “the pathway on the south side thereof, leading
from Princes Streete towardes Holbourne, the said pathway
conteyning in breadth 10 foote.” It may, therefore be taken for
granted that no houses had at that time been built on the north side
of Sardinia Street. In 1652 the land came into the hands of
Humphrey Weld[487] who apparently developed the Duke Street
frontage of his property at the same time as the Wild Street frontage.
There is a record of one house in Duke Street built by Weld “to which
hee added a yard or backside” and let on 5th October, 1661, on a 21
years’ lease.[488] Moreover, it will be noticed that Hollar’s Plan of
1658 (Plate 3) shows the Duke Street frontage fully built.
No. 1 was demolished in 1906, in connection with the
formation of Kingsway and its subsidiary streets, when old Sardinia
Street itself was abolished.
The ground floor treatment of the premises (Plate 11) was
typical of the 18th-century tenement design. The windows were
strongly shuttered to afford protection when required.
A boundary stone of the parish of St. Clement Danes and an
iron tablet of that of St. Giles were attached to the premises, and
appear in the view.
The Council’s collection contains:—
Sardinia Street—View looking west in 1906 (photograph).
[489]No. 1, Sardinia Street—ground floor (photograph).
Sardinia Place—View looking north from Sardinia Street (1906)

(photograph).
Sardinia Place—View looking north from Little Wild Street (1906)
(photograph).
XLVI.—SITE OF LENNOX HOUSE.
In 1590 William Short, the same who ten years later bought
Rose Field, purchased of John Vavasour two messuages, two gardens
and four acres of land, with appurtenances, in St. Giles.[490] The
precise position of the property is not stated, but from evidence
which will be referred to, it is known that it lay to the west of Drury
Lane, and comprised The Greyhound inn in Broad Street, with land
to the south lying on both sides of what is now Short’s Gardens.
A portion of this property he leased,[491] in 1623–
4, to Esmé Stuart, Earl of March (afterwards Duke of
Lennox), for a term of 51 years as from Michaelmas,
1617. It is possible to ascertain within a little the
boundaries of this part of the Short estate. In a deed[492]
dated 10th January, 1614–5, relating to Elm Field, the
land lying between Castle Street and Long Acre, the Esmé
Stuart,
northern boundary is stated to be “certain closes called Seigneur
by the name of Marshlands alias Marshlins, and a D’Aubigny,
garden sometime in the tenure of William Short or his Duke of
assignes”; and in a later deed,[493] dated 2nd February, Lennox.
1632–3, relating to a portion of the same field, the
northern boundary, said to be 249 feet distant from
Long Acre, is referred to as “a way or back lane of 20 feet adjoining
the garden wall of the Right Honble. the Duchess of Lenox.”
The distance of the “back lane” from Long Acre corresponds
exactly with that of the present Castle Street, and it is therefore clear
that this was the southern boundary. The property afterwards came
into the possession of the Brownlow family, and an examination of
the leases which were granted in the early part of the 18th century,
shows that it reached as far as Drury Lane on the east and Short’s
gardens on the north. On the west it stretched as far as Marshland.
[494]
Whether the house leased to the Earl of March was one of the
two (the other being The Greyhound) purchased by Short in 1590, or
a house quite recently built, there is no evidence to show.
The Earl, in February, 1623–4, succeeded to the dukedom of
Lennox, and on 30th July of the same year he died. His widow[495]
continued to reside at the house. Letters from her, headed “Drury
Lane,” and dating from 1625 to 1629, are extant,[496] and she also, in
1628, joined with other “inhabitants adjoining the house of the
Countess of Castlehaven, in Drury Lane,” in a petition to the Privy
Council.[497] There is, therefore, ample evidence that she actually
resided at the house.
In 1632 she married James Hamilton, second Earl of
Abercorn, and died on 17th September, 1637, leaving to her husband,
in trust for their son James, “all that my capitall house, scituate in
Drury Lane.”[498]
The Earl sold the remainder of the lease[499] to the Duchess’s
cousin, Adrian Scroope, who apparently let the house, as the Subsidy
Roll for 1646 shows the “Earl of Downe” as occupying the premises.
[500]
In 1647 Sir Gervase Scroope, Adrian’s son, sold the lease to Sir
John Brownlow,[499] who certainly acquired the freehold also, though
no record of the transaction has come to light. Finding the house too
large[501] Sir John divided it in two, and in 1662 Lady Allington[502]
was paying a rent of £50 for the smaller of the two residences.[499] Sir
John died in November, 1679. By his will[503] (signed 10th April,
1673) he left to his wife all the plate, jewels, etc. “which shall be in
her closett within or neare our bedd chamber at London in my house
at Drury Lane ... and the household stuffe in the said house, except
all that shall then be in my chamber where the most part of my
bookes and boxes of my evidences are usually kept, and except all
those in the same house that shall then be in the chamber where I
use to dresse myselfe, both which chambers have lights towardes the
garden.” He also left to his wife “that part of my house in Drury Lane
which is now in my own possession for her life if she continue my
widowe,” together with “that house or part of my house wherein the
Lady Allington did heretofore live, ... by which houses I meane yards,
gardens and all grounds therewith used”; and moreover the furniture
“of two roomes in my house in Drury Lane where I use to dresse
myself, and where my evidences and bookes are usually kept.”
The estate afterwards came into the hands of Sir
John Brownlow, son of his nephew, Sir Richard
Brownlow, who at once took steps to develop the
property, letting plots on building lease for a term of
years expiring in 1728. Except in one case, information is
not to hand as to the date on which these leases were
Brownlow. granted, but in that instance it is stated to be 21st May,
1682,[504] a date which may be regarded as
approximately that of the beginning of the development of the
interior part of the estate by building,[505] though at least a part of the
frontages to Drury Lane and Castle Street had been built on before
1658 (see Plate 3).
At the same time (circ. 1682) apparently Lennox House was,
either wholly or in part, demolished. A deed of 1722[506] relates to the
assignment of two leases of a parcel of ground “lately belonging to
the capital messuage or tenement of Sir John Brownlow then in part
demolished, scituate in Drury Lane, in St. Giles, sometime called
Lenox House.” The description is obviously borrowed from the
original leases, since reference is also made to “a new street there
then to be built, intended to be called Belton Street,” which street
was certainly in existence in 1683.[507] What is apparently Lennox
House is shown in Morden and Lea’s Map of 1682 as occupying a
position in the central portion of the estate, with a wide approach
from Drury Lane, and this is to a certain extent confirmed by the
tradition that the first Lying-In Hospital in Brownlow Street
(occupying the site of the present No. 30) was a portion of the
original building. It is remarkable, however, that no hint of a house
in this position is given either in Hollar’s Plan of 1658 (Plate 3) or in
Faithorne’s Map of the same date (Plate 4).
The name of Brownlow Street was in 1877 altered to Betterton
Street.
XLVII.–XLVIII.—Nos. 24 and 32,
BETTERTON STREET.
General description and date of
structure.
No. 24, Betterton Street, dating from the 18th century, must at
one time have been a fine residence, but there is now nothing in it to
record. The doorcase is illustrated on Plate 35.
No. 32 also dates from the 18th century. Attached to these
premises is a boldly recessed carved wooden doorcase of interesting
design, illustrated on Plate 36. The interior of the house contains a
wood and compo chimney piece of some interest in the front room of
the ground floor, and one of white marble, relieved with a little
carving and red stone inlay, in the corresponding room on the floor
above.
Condition of repair.
The houses are in fair repair.
Biographical notes.
The sewer ratebook for 1718 shows “John Bannister” in occupation of
No. 32. This was probably John Bannister, the younger, “who came from an
old St. Giles’s family, his father having been a musician, composer and
violinist, and his grandfather one of the parish waits. He himself was in the
royal band during the reigns of Charles II., James II., William and Mary,
and Anne, and played first violin at Drury Lane theatre, when Italian operas
were first introduced into England.”[508]
In the Council’s collection are:—
No. 24, Betterton Street—General exterior (photograph).
[509]No. 24, Betterton Street—Entrance doorway (measured
drawing).
[509]No. 32, Betterton Street—Entrance doorway (photograph).
No. 32, Betterton Street—Marble chimneypiece, front room, first

floor (photograph).
XLIX.—No. 25, ENDELL STREET.
Ground landlords.
The Trustees of the late John King, Esq.
General description and date of
structure.
Plots of land on both sides of Belton Street were leased for
building by Sir John Brownlow, apparently in 1682,[510] and a stone
tablet[511] gave the date of the street’s formation as 1683. The name
obviously refers to the seat of the Brownlow family at Belton in
Lincolnshire.
About 1846 the street was widened on the eastern side and
renamed Endell Street, after the Rev. James Endell Tyler, then
Rector of St. Giles.
At the expiration of the original leases in 1728, Peter Walter
purchased portions of the Brownlow property, including a house in
Belton Street “in the occupation of Daniel Holme,[512] surgeon, and
used by him as a bagnio.”[513] Holme’s Bagnio was, it appears, the
fourth house (inclusive) from the corner of Castle Street, and is
therefore to be identified with the present No. 25, Endell Street.
At the rear of these premises is an apartment, about 16 feet by
9 feet, which is known as “Queen Anne’s Bath.” It has a coved ceiling
surmounted by a small lantern, and on each side bull’s eye windows
are constructed in the coved part of the ceiling. The roof is covered
with tiles. The form of the chamber can be seen by Plate 37, which is
taken from a watercolour drawing made by J. W. Archer in 1844.
There are some blue and white tiles still affixed to the walls, but
there is insufficient evidence to enable a definite date to be given to
these. The level of the top of the steps is about 10 feet below the
present street pavement. The floor of the bath is said to be about 18
feet below that level, but it cannot be seen as the bath is filled with
soil and rubbish to an estimated depth of about 8 feet. The structure
is dilapidated and floored over at about 18 inches below pavement
level, and is now used as an iron merchant’s store.
Tradition asserts that the bath was frequented by Queen
[514]
Anne, a statement that it is not possible to confirm. The
apartment is, however, very possibly a relic of the old “bagnio.”
The Council’s collection contains:—
[515]No.25, Endell Street—Queen Anne’s Bath (photograph).
No. 41, Endell Street—Exterior (photograph).
L.—NORTH OF SHORT’S GARDENS.
The land to the north-east of Short’s Gardens seems also to

have formed part of that acquired by William Short in 1590, for
certain premises which can be identified as occupying a site to the
rear of the centre of the frontage to Drury Lane between Short’s
Gardens and Broad Street, are stated to be bounded on the south by
ground of Robert Clifton, “which ground was heretofore the
inheritance of William Short, deceased.”[516] The fact that the
property in Crown Court sold by Thomas Short in 1679[517] was also
bounded on the south by land “late in the possession of Robert
Clifton” shows that the Short property originally extended further
westwards. It stretched, in fact, as far as the eastern boundary of
Marshland.[518]
The Subsidy Roll for 1646 gives three names between that of
the Earl of Downe, probably representing Lennox House, and
Paviors Alley, afterwards Ashlin Place. The first is that of “Mr. Edw.
Smyth,” who was taxed 6s. 8d. for land, and 8s. for goods, and was
evidently a person of much more substance than his two neighbours,
who figure each at 2s. for land only. Mr. Smith had caused much
concern by his building. As early as June, 1618, the Privy Council
wrote[519] to the justices pointing out that “there is a faire building
now goeing up in Drury Lane, wch is by credible information erected
upon a new foundacion,” that the “said building is under his Maties
eye as he passeth that way, and is observed as a speciall marke of
contempt amongst all the rest,” and asking for particulars as to the
date of the foundation, etc. As a result it was found that Smith’s new
building, which had been assigned him by William Short,[520] was
contrary to the proclamation as going beyond the old foundations,
and converting a stable into a dwelling house,[521] and order was
accordingly given for the demolition of that part,[522] but Smith seems
to have made a successful protest. Eighteen years elapsed, and Smith
was again in trouble. On 20th June, 1636, the Earl of Dorset reported
to the Privy Council that “one Smith hath lately erected an house in
or neare Drury Lane suddenly and for the most part by stealth in the
night, not onely contrary to His Maties proclamation, but after he was
commanded by his Lopp to forbeare to proceed in the building
thereof.” Smith was thereupon committed to prison until the house
should be wholly demolished.[523]
The north-eastern angle of land formed by Drury Lane and
Broad Street, like the land on the opposite side of the way, is one of
the very few sites which can be identified with certainty in the book
of grants to the Hospital of St. Giles. In some unknown year, but
apparently in the reign of Henry III., John de Cruce demised to
Hugh, the smith, “all that his land situate at the angle or corner
formed by the meeting of the two streets, whereof the one comes
from St. Giles and is called St. Giles Street, and the other goes
towards the Thames by the forge of the said Hugh, and is called
Aldewych. And which land begins on the east part of the said corner,
and stretches westwards towards the Hospital of St. Giles; and again
beginning at the said corner or forge, and facing the spring,[524]
extends southwards towards the Thames, in a line with the street
called Aldewych, by the garden of Roger, the son of Alan.”[525] Before
Elizabethan times the forge had disappeared, and the site in question
was occupied by The Bear inn, and property connected therewith.
In 1567 George Harrison purchased[526] from Lord and Lady
Mountjoy, inter alia, the messuage called The Bear, two messuages
lying between The Bear on the east and the tenement of Godfrey
Matthew (i.e., The Swan) on the west, and all other houses, etc.,
lying between Godfrey Matthew’s tenement on the west and the
Queen’s highway from the Strand to St. Giles on the east. Harrison
sold the property in 1568 to John Walgrave who in the following year
parted with it to Johanna Wise, who subsequently married James
Briscowe, and in 1582[527] the property, including brewing vessels
and other implements belonging to the inn and the brewhouse, was
acquired by James Mascall, brewer, who was then actually in
occupation of The Bear. The property continued in the Mascall
family, and in 1634, according to a deed[528] relating to the marriage
portion of Frances Godman, daughter of Olive Godman (née Mascall)
it included (i.) a messuage sometime in the tenure of John Vavasour
and then of Matthew Quire, (ii.) the messuage, inn or tenement
commonly called The Black Bear, sometime in the tenure of Richard
Robins and then of Matthew Quire, (iii.) ten messuages in Black Bear
Yard, (iv.) a number of other messuages,[529] and (v.) two gardens to
the rear of Black Bear Yard, one of them formerly in the tenure of
John Vavasour, and the other occupied with the inn. Vavasour’s
house, it is known, occupied the site of Ragged Staff Court,[530] which
was situated about 60 feet northwards from Paviors Alley,[531] and as
no mention of it occurs in the sale to Mascall, it may be taken for
granted that it was built either by the latter within the course of the
next three years,[532] or by John Vavasour, who married Mascall’s
widow. The first building on that spot therefore was erected some
time between 1582 and 1608.[533]
To the west of The Bear property was The Swan. In 1566 Lord
and Lady Mountjoy sold to Thomas Allen[534] all that messuage or
tenement “sometyme called ... The Swanne,” in the tenure of
Geoffrey Matthew, abutting to the east on The Bear, west on the
tenement of Robert Bromeley, “sometyme called The Grayhounde,”
south-west on Matthew’s stables, south on the Greyhound Close, and
north on the Queen’s highway. It has unfortunately not proved
possible to trace the later history of The Swan, but there can be no
doubt that the property is identical with that sold in 1723 by William
Gyles to Peniston Lamb and Thos. Hanson,[535] and which consisted
of three houses in the main street with the alley behind, formerly
called Cock alley and then Gyles’ Court, and is described as having a
frontage to the street of 44½ feet and a depth of 114 feet, and
bounded on the south by the brewhouse late Mr. Theedham’s,[536] on
the east partly by messuages and lands in the occupation of
Theedham, and on the west by messuages and lands “heretofore of
one Short” (i.e., The Greyhound).
A comparison between the names of the occupiers of the three
houses as given in the deed of 1723, and the entries in various issues
of the sewer ratebook, shows that the houses in question
corresponded with the present Nos. 59 to 61 (formerly 56 to 58).
There does not seem any reason to doubt the identity of The
Swan of the time of Elizabeth with Le Swan on le Hop,[537] demised
by the Hospital of St. Giles to John de Polton in 1360–61. It was then

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Introduction to Marine Biology 4th

Edition Karleskint Test Bank

1. The earliest fish are represented today by:

2. What characteristic does not describe a vertebrate?

3. The feeding mode of hagfishes is considered:

4. Hagfish are caught commercially for their

5. A defense mechanism of hagfish is ____.

140 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

7. Ammocoetes, the larval forms of lampreys, feed:

8. The largest known fish is:

9. The skin of sharks is covered with scales called:

10. The forward thrust of swimming sharks is created by:

141 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

13. Sharks obtain neutral buoyancy by producing an oil called:

14. Squalene is produced by the ____ of sharks.

15. The majority of a shark's brain is devoted to processing signals of:

16. About 2/3 of a shark's brain is used for:

17. The nictitating membrane of sharks is used to:

142 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

19. The neuromast cells are part of the system to

21. The spiral valve is a specialized structure found within:

22. The rectal gland of sharks is involved in the excretion of:

23. The kidneys of sharks excrete ions of:

143 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

25. Which of the following is not a measure to avoid a shark attack?

26. Unique features of skates and rays are their

27. The forward thrust of swimming stingrays is created by:

29. Most skates are:

144 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

31. A first aid for stingray injury is:

32. The subclass of Chondrichthyes with an operculum is called:

34. The coelacanth gave rise to the ____.

145 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

38. Fishes that exhibit a sedentary lifestyle have ____ bodies.

40. Utilizing pigments for camouflage is common in ____ fishes.

41. Which of the following is not a camouflage device?

146 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

44. Snappers swim by:

47. The mechanism for gas exchange in the gills includes:

147 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

49. The gill rakers of anchovies are modified for:

50. The sucker of clingfishes is modified from:

51. Deoxygenated blood is initially collected by the:

53. The nervous system of fish includes:

148 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

57. ____ are good examples of catadromous fishes.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 259 | 260

59. The reproductive biology of hagfishes is well understood.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 259

60. Sharks are positively buoyant in seawater.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 273

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 274

149 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 278

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 262

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 263

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 266

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 271

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 271

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 273

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 274

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 275

71. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 264