CH - 57 Fo

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their needs is:
a. environmental sustainability.
b. species richness.
c. biosphere diversity.
d. resource conservation.
e. habitat regeneration.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 1243 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
2. Building roads, parking lots, buildings and bridges all contribute to:
a. biotic pollution.
b. commercial harvest.
c. habitat destruction.
d. ex situ conservation.
e. restoration ecology.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 1246 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension
3. When a species dies, the species is said to be:

a. extinct.
b. extant.
c. endangered.
d. threatened.
e. endemic
4. When the death of species is less eminent, but the population of a particular species is quite small, it is
defined as being:
a. extinct.
b. extant.
c. endangered.
d. threatened.
e. endemic.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 1244 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
5. When a species' numbers are so severely reduced that it is in imminent danger of extinction throughout
all or a significant part of its range, it is called:
a. extinct.
b. extant.
c. endangered.
d. threatened.
e. endemic.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 1244 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 901

6. Biological diversity is an index of the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem, and includes:
a. species richness only.
b. species richness, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
c. species richness, biosphere diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
d. population diversity and ecosystem diversity.
e. genetic diversity only.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 1243 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
7. Estimates vary, but reasonable estimations of extinction rates suggest that extinction is occurring at a
rate approximately __________ above the normal background rate.
a. 10
b. 100
c. 1000
d. 10,000
e. 1,000,000
8. All of these are reported to cause deformities in amphibians except:

a. pesticides.
b. pollution.
c. trematodes.
d. atrazine.
e. predators.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 1245 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
9. Today, the major danger to species is:

a. hunting by humans.
b. introduction of exotic species.
c. destruction of habitats.
d. predator control.
e. commercial harvesting.
10. The breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches is called:
a. extinction.
b. habitat fragmentation.
c. invasive species.
d. unsuitable territory.
e. habitat endangerment.
11. An unprotected area of naturally occurring plant and animal assemblages that is surrounded by
unsuitable territory due to development or habitat destruction is referred to by biologists as:
a. an island.
b. ex situ conservation.
c. a reserve.
d. a park.
e. a refuge.

12. The introduction of a foreign species into an area where it is not native is called:
a. parasitization.
b. infestation.
c. fragmentation.
d. biotic pollution.
e. commercial harvest.
13. Foreign species that have negative effects on native species are called:
a. prey species.
b. non-native species.
c. invasive species.
d. predator species.
e. endemic species.
14. Harmful introduced species usually come into an area by:

a. human beings.
b. the species themselves.
c. hurricanes.
d. floods.
e. parasites.
15. Biotic pollution has been particularly harmful to native species:

a. in deserts.
b. in tundra.
c. on islands.
d. in tropical rain forests.
e. in grasslands.
16. Select the animal that is incorrectly matched with its desired product:
a. tigerfur
b. beargallbladder
c. anteatersbush meat
d. rhinoshorns
e. cheetah–liver
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 1248 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension
17. Which of the following does not result from commercial harvest?
a. birds in pet stores.
b. deer in a nature reserve.
c. fish in aquaria.
d. lions in a zoo.
e. elephants in a circus

18. Examples of animals already extinct, or facing extinction as a direct result of deliberate efforts to
exterminate them because of their perceived harm to economically useful species, include:
a. cheetahs and rhinos.
b. passenger pigeons and cheetahs.
c. prairie dogs and rhinos.
d. rhinos and macaws.
e. mountain lions and wolves.
19. An example of an animal already extinct, as a result of poaching, is the:

a. rhino.
b. passenger pigeon.
c. macaw.
d. Carolina parakeet.
e. wolf.
20. Animals that are being hunted (often illegally) for body parts thought to have medicinal value include:
a. rhinos and bears.
b. cheetahs and snow leopards.
c. snow leopards and bears.
d. wolves and mountain lions.
e. mountain lions and black-footed ferrets.
21. A biodiversity hotspot is a(n) :

a. protected area with few humans present.
b. type of island from which humans are leaving.
c. an area rich in endemic species and high in human population.
d. a type of corridor to which humans are rapidly migrating.
e. an area poor in endemic species in a tropical location.
22. In situ conservation includes:

a. zoos.
b. aquaria.
c. parks and preserves.
d. seed storage banks.
e. sperm banks.
23. An example of ex situ conservation is a(n):

a. a national park.
b. a zoo.
c. a reserve.
d. a pet store.
e. a circus.

24. The use of the principles of ecology to return a degraded environment as close as possible to its former
state is called:
a. in situ conservation.
b. ex situ conservation.
c. conservation biology.
d. restoration ecology.
e. corridor formation.
25. The collection of sperm from a male and the use of that sperm to impregnate a female of the same
species is called:
a. host mothering.
b. artificial insemination.
c. in situ conservation.
d. in vitro fertilization.
e. ex situ conservation.
26. All of the following are examples of ex situ conservation except:

a. breeding captive species in zoos.
b. collecting eggs from nature.
c. artificial insemination.
d. breeding captive species and collecting eggs from nature.
e. designating a large area as a national reserve.
27. In __________, fertilized eggs from a rare species may be implanted in a related and less rare species.
a. host mothering
b. captive breeding
c. artificial insemination
d. commercial harvesting
e. sperm banking
28. What bird, due to human efforts, has been removed from the endangered species list and is now listed
as threatened?
a. passenger pigeon
b. dusky seaside sparrow
c. hyacinth macaw
d. bald eagle
e. Carolina parakeet
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 1251-1252
OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

29. Perhaps the biggest problem associated with the Endangered Species Act as it currently stands is that
it:
a. tends to protect a limited number of organisms.
b. tends to protect plants and some animals, but often under-represents mammals and insects.
c. protects animals whose populations are currently on the increase.
d. currently protects ecosystem diversity.
e. has not been amended since its passage in 1962.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 1252 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension
30. In the United States, the largest group of endangered species is:
a. mammals.
b. flowering plants.
c. insects.
d. birds.
e. amphibians.
31. Deforestation:
a. retards soil erosion.
b. releases carbon dioxide that may contribute to global warming.
c. has no effect on the extinction of biological species.
d. promotes the preservation of tropical birds.
e. is only a threat to tropical rain forests.
32. Slash-and-burn agriculture:

a. is practiced by international corporations.
b. is practiced by large scale cattle ranchers.
c. includes fuel wood consumption.
d. is practiced by many people in highly developed countries.
e. is practiced by subsistence farmers.
33. This is a practice in which a family produces enough food to feed itself. It accounts for perhaps 60% of
tropical deforestation.
a. monoculture
b. subsistence agriculture
c. slash-and-burn agriculture
d. cattle ranching
e. subsistance ranching.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 1254-1255
34. The problems associated with slash-and-burn agriculture are most closely related to:
a. greed by international corporations.
b. overpopulation of indigenous people.
c. consumption by highly developed countries.
d. cattle ranching.
e. timber for export.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 1255 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

35. Deforestation in the boreal forests is due primarily to:
a. commercial logging for rare woods to be used in furniture.
b. commercial logging subsistance agriculture.
c. clear-cut logging for industrial wood.
d. slash-and-burn agriculture for farming
e. slash-and-burn agriculture for cattle ranching.
36. Commercial logging:

a. cuts trees primarily for use by developing countries.
b. cuts trees for subsistence farmers.
c. cuts trees primarily for export.
d. is a very sustainable practice in the tropics.
e. is most prevalent in temperate deciduous forests.
37. Which of the following is not considered a contributor to global warming?

a. carbon dioxide
b. chlorofluorocarbons
c. nitrous oxide
d. ethane
e. surface ozone
38. Which of the following will not prevent the further buildup of greenhouse gases?
a. Plant a tree or, better yet, plant many trees.
b. Use your automobile less, and ride a bicycle more.
c. Produce less waste that goes to landfills.
d. Buy an air conditioner that uses chlorofluorocarbons.
e. Buy an automobile that is more fuel-efficient.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 1256 | p. 1259
OBJ: Bloom's: Application
39. Climate change occurs because greenhouse gases absorb _______ radiation.
a. UVA
b. UVB
c. visible
d. infrared
e. cosmic
40. All of the following are predicted effects of continued global warming except:
a. greater impact on plant species due to their inability to move about.
b. thermal expansion of a warmer ocean.
c. increased precipitation and flooding in mid-latitude continental interiors.
d. increased frequency and intensity of storms.
e. reproductive failure in some species, such as Adélie penguins.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 1256-1258

41. Global warming would result from an increase in which of the following components of the
accompanying figure?
a. 1 and 2
b. 2
c. 2 and 3
d. 3
e. 4
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 1257 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension
42. Stratospheric ozone is important, as it:

a. traps reradiated heat from the earth.
b. prevents heat penetration from the sun.
c. replenishes the surface ozone layer.
d. dissipates the surface ozone layer.
e. blocks solar UV radiation.
43. Which of the following is not considered a contributor to the destruction of stratospheric ozone?
a. carbon dioxide
b. chlorofluorocarbons
c. methyl chloroform
d. methyl bromide
e. carbon tetrachloride
44. Which of the following has increased as a direct result of stratospheric ozone depletion?
a. CO2
b. UVB
c. CFCs
d. nitrous oxides
e. sulfur oxides

45. Increased exposure to UV radiation is expected to increase rates of __________ in humans.
a. cataracts
b. glaucoma
c. psoriasis
d. shingles
e. alopecia
46. The Montreal Protocol:

a. has not yet resulted in measurable decreases in the quantity of global warming chemicals.
b. has not yet been ratified by the U.S. Senate.
c. banned global use of CFCs by 1998.
d. was signed by all 50 states.
e. stipulated a 50% reduction in CFCs.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Differentiate between the following terms: threatened species, endangered species, and extinct species.
ANS:
An extinct species is one that is lost forever; i.e., extinction occurs when the last member of that
species dies. An endangered species is a species that is in imminent danger of extinction throughout all
or a significant part of its range. A threatened species is a species that is likely to become endangered
in the foreseeable future.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 1243-1244 OBJ: Bloom's: Analysis
2. Identify three greenhouse gases and briefly explain how these gases are contributing to global
warming.
ANS:
Although carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas, trace gases such as methane, surface ozone,
nitrous oxide, and CFCs also contribute to global warming. These gases absorb infrared radiation in
the atmosphere, and this absorption slows the flow of heat into space, thus warming the lower
atmosphere.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 1256 | p. 1257 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

3. Differentiate between the problems and effects of global warming and ozone depletion.
ANS:
Global warming occurs due to the buildup of greenhouse gases which absorb infrared radiation and
thus slow the flow of heat from the Earth into the atmosphere. Probable effects include a rise in sea
level, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in the ranges of organisms, changes in patterns of
agriculture, and deleterious effects on human health.
Ozone depletion is due to the buildup of certain bromine- and chlorine-containing substances
(particularly CFCs) in the atmosphere. These compounds react with UV radiation, releasing chlorine
or bromine which breaks ozone molecules apart. Because ozone shields the Earth from much of the
UV radiation from the sun, depletion of the ozone layer results in an increase in the amount of UV
radiation hitting the Earth’s surface. Probably effects include an increase in the mutation rate, an
increase in human health problems (such as cataracts, skin cancer, and a weakened immune system),
and damage to ecosystems (such as reduced productivity of phytoplankton, damage to fish, and
damage to crops and forests).
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
1. The term species richness refers to the number of species in a specific location.
____________________
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 1243

2. A(n) threatened species is a species in imminent danger of extinction.

___________________
ANS: F, endangered
PTS: 1 REF: p. 1244 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
3. By definition, a(n) endemic species is a species that is not found anywhere else in the world.
___________________

4. An example of commercial harvest is the introduction of a foreign species into an area where it is not
native.
___________________
ANS: F, biotic pollution

PTS: 1 REF: p. 1247-1248 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
5. An example of ex situ conservation is a national park.

___________________
ANS: F, in situ

6. An example of in situ conservation is a zoo.
___________________
ANS: F, ex situ
7. An example of a(n) ecosystem service is the boreal forest contributing to the proper functioning of the
global nitrogen cycle.
___________________

8. Habitat corridors allow animals to move from one habitat fragment to another.
___________________

9. Host mothering is technique important in in situ conservation.

___________________
ANS: F, ex situ
10. In slash-and-burn agriculture, the yield from the first crop is usually quite high.
___________________

11. Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming by absorbing UV radiation.

___________________
ANS: F, infrared
12. The greenhouse gas presently at highest concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere is methane.
___________________
ANS: F, carbon dioxide

13. Ozone molecules in the stratosphere shield the Earth from damaging UV radiation.
___________________


14. An example of an atom or molecule that directly breaks down O3 is CFC.
___________________
ANS: F, chlorine or bromine

PTS: 1 REF: p. 1259-1260 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
ESSAY
1. List four reasons for deforestation in the tropics. Which of these are associated with consumption by
persons in highly developed countries? Which are associated with overpopulation of indigenous
persons?
ANS:
Concepts to Consider: subsistence agriculture (slash and burn agriculture), by increasing populations
of indigenous persons in developing countries; commercial logging by large international companies,
with consumption primarily by persons in highly developed countries; cattle ranching by many large
international companies, with consumption by persons in highly developed countries; fuel-wood
gathering (particularly in dry forests), with consumption by large populations of persons in developing
countries.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 1253-1255 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

TOP: Discussion or Thought Questions
2. Give several examples of in situ and ex situ conservation. What are advantages and disadvantages of
each approach to conservation?
ANS:
Concepts to Consider: In situ conservation efforts include national parks, forests, and refuges--
disadvantages revolve around their multiple uses, including allowing hunting, livestock grazing,
development for fossil fuels, and military uses, but advantages include large size, and the possibility of
conserving biodiversity in the wild; ex situ conservation efforts include zoos, aquaria, botanical
gardens, as well as artificial insemination, host mothering, and captive breeding--drawbacks are related
to their relatively limited focus on a few species, but advantages allow countries with more financial
resources to captive breed endangered species for reintroduction.

3. Give examples of at least two species that are either extinct or facing extinction due to each of the
following: 1) destruction of habitat, 2) biotic pollution, 3) unregulated hunting and poaching, 4)
deliberate pest or predator control, and 5) commercial harvesting.
ANS:
Concepts to Consider: 1) almost any species with relatively limited or very large habitat requirements
or range; 2) introduction of the zebra mussel to the American Great Lakes has impacted native bivalve
populations; goats to some of the Galapagos Islands; sheep and other mammals to Hawaii; all of which
have had impacts on terrestrial endemic species, particularly birds; 3) the passenger pigeon, tigers,
bears, rhinos, elephants; 4) prairie dogs, Carolina parakeet, wolves; 5) imported or collected animals
for sale as pets; both plants and animals sold to collectors; and plants, particularly carnivorous plants,
cacti, and orchids.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 1246-1248 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

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Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology

3. When a species dies, the species is said to be:

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 901

8. All of these are reported to cause deformities in amphibians except:

9. Today, the major danger to species is:

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 902

14. Harmful introduced species usually come into an area by:

15. Biotic pollution has been particularly harmful to native species:

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 903

19. An example of an animal already extinct, as a result of poaching, is the:

21. A biodiversity hotspot is a(n) :

22. In situ conservation includes:

23. An example of ex situ conservation is a(n):

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 904

26. All of the following are examples of ex situ conservation except:

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 905

32. Slash-and-burn agriculture:

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 906

36. Commercial logging:

37. Which of the following is not considered a contributor to global warming?

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 907

42. Stratospheric ozone is important, as it:

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 908

46. The Montreal Protocol:

PTS: 1 REF: p. 1243-1244 OBJ: Bloom's: Analysis

PTS: 1 REF: p. 1256 | p. 1257 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 909

PTS: 1 REF: p. 1257-1260 OBJ: Bloom's: Analysis

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 1243

2. A(n) threatened species is a species in imminent danger of extinction.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 1245

ANS: F, biotic pollution

5. An example of ex situ conservation is a national park.

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 910

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 1249

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 1250

9. Host mothering is technique important in in situ conservation.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 1255

11. Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming by absorbing UV radiation.

ANS: F, carbon dioxide

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 1259

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 911

ANS: F, chlorine or bromine

PTS: 1 REF: p. 1253-1255 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

PTS: 1 REF: p. 1249-1251 OBJ: Bloom's: Analysis

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 912

Chapter 57—Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 913

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