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c. fish kills
d. pesticide residues in water, food, and air.
e. desertification.
ANSWER: d
10. What is the rank these food production systems in order of proportion of the world’s food supplied from biggest to
smallest?
a. cropland, rangeland, and fisheries
b. rangeland, cropland, and fisheries
c. fisheries, rangeland, and cropland
d. cropland, fisheries, and rangeland
e. rangeland, fisheries, and cropland
ANSWER: a
ANSWER: e
12. Cattle and dairy cows are responsible for producing around 16% of the world's annual emissions of which greenhouse
gas?
a. carbon dioxide
b. nitrous oxide
c. carbon monoxide
d. chlorofluorocarbons
e. methane
ANSWER: e
16. In natural ecosystems, what types of organisms feed off pest species and control the pest populations?
a. prey
b. rodents
c. pesticides
d. natural enemies
e. insects
ANSWER: d
17. A pesticide that is toxic to many pests and non-pest species, is called a
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a. monoapplication.
b. natural application.
c. pest target.
d. broad-spectrum agent.
e. narrow-spectrum agent.
ANSWER: d
18. If an aphid is an example of a crop-eating pest, what is a lady bird beetle (lady bug) that eats the aphid?
a. A natural enemy
b. A pesticide
c. A parasite
d. An invasive species
e. A nematode
ANSWER: a
19. Which scientist is responsible for alerting the public and scientific community to the threats of pesticides?
a. Rhonda Stavinski
b. Rachel Carson
c. Jacques Cousteau
d. Linda Applebaum
e. Tracy Lee
ANSWER: b
20. A United States corporation manufactures a pesticide that is banned for use in the USA. The corporation markets the
pesticide overseas, where it is applied to tropical produce. The tropical produce is imported into the U.S. for consumption
by consumers such as you. What is this process called?
a. circle of poison
b. IPM
c. trickle-down effect
d. bioaccumulation
e. chemical disruption
ANSWER: a
25. IPM (integrated pest management) is becoming widespread as a way to control pests. This method
a. first uses chemical controls to maximize yields.
b. has been shown not to be effective in commercial agriculture.
c. first uses cultivation such as intercropping, then uses biological controls, and then uses chemical controls in
hard hit areas.
d. uses a mixture of several modern pesticides applied at one time.
e. first uses chemical controls, then biological controls and then cultivation.
ANSWER: c
27. Pesticides used to kill only a selective, target species are referred to as
a. broad spectrum.
b. insecticides.
c. natural enemies.
d. narrow spectrum.
e. persistent.
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ANSWER: d
31. A farmer with 1,000 acres desires to reduce soil erosion on her land. Her acreage is open fields on a steep mountain
slope. What is her best option to reduce erosion?
a. terracing
b. alley cropping
c. strip cropping
d. contour farming
e. leveling the mountain
ANSWER: a
36. What are the two main approaches the government uses to influence food production?
a. eliminating subsidies and controlling prices
b. importing needed crops and controlling pricing
c. providing subsidies and recycling
d. eliminating subsidies and importing needed crops
e. controlling prices and providing subsidies
ANSWER: e
38. Global food supplies can be made more available and affordable by
a. purchasing food from big box stores.
b. consuming more meat.
c. eliminating subsidies.
39. Soil conservation on farms is best implemented by which of the following methods?
a. terracing, contour farming, and alley cropping
b. contour farming, plowing, and cover crops
c. alley cropping, cover crops, and plowing
d. plowing, tilling, and contour farming
e. cover crops, alley cropping, and tilling
ANSWER: a
41. People who are underfed and people who are overfed face similar health problems.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
42. Malnourished individuals may become more prone to infections and may eventually develop a specific deficiency
disease.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
44. The small number of livestock and grains that humans depend on for food places us in an advantageous position to
withstand the effects of environmental degradation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
45. Plantation agriculture is primarily used to reduce soil erosion and restore soil fertility.
a. True
b. False
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ANSWER: False
46. Crossbreeding is a quick and reliable process that combines genes from genetically dissimilar species to produce a
valuable new crop.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
48. The United States’ agricultural system employs more people than the automotive, steel, and housing industries
combined.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
49. The need for large inputs of commercial inorganic fertilizers is a disadvantage to the green revolution.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
50. Livestock production generates more of the world’s greenhouse gases than the transportation sector.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
51. Pesticide use has resulted in increased pest resistance and therefore an increased use of pesticides.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
52. Even if a country has banned the use of DDT, the pesticide can still enter the country as it can be carried by vectors
such as wind.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
55. Polyculture farms produce higher yields than high-input monoculture farms.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
57. ____________________ is the condition under which all or most of the people in a population have daily access to
enough nutritious food to live active and healthy lives.
ANSWER: Food security
58. More-developed countries primarily use ____________________ agriculture for food production.
ANSWER: industrialized
high-input
59. _____________________ result from altering an organism’s genetic material to produce desirable traits and therefore,
are very controversial.
ANSWER: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Genetically modified organisms
GMOs
60. Since the 1950s, the ____________________ has increased global food production by planting monocultures of key
crops, increasing yields, and increasing the number of crops grown per year.
ANSWER: green revolution
61. Two problems associated with ____________________ are salination and waterlogging.
ANSWER: irrigation
63. ____________________ occurs when the productive potential of topsoil falls by 10% or more because of prolonged
drought and human activities.
ANSWER: Desertification
64. Although highly efficient, ____________________ destroys mangrove forests, produces large amounts of waste, and
demands large inputs of land, feed, and water.
ANSWER: aquaculture
65. A(n) ____________________ is the specific type of pesticide used to kill rats and mice.
ANSWER: rodenticide
67. What are three problems associated with synthetic pesticide use in large-scale agriculture?
ANSWER: Answers might include the following: harm to natural predators; harm to wildlife; harm to people; persistence
in the environment; genetic resistance; and loss of biodiversity.
68. What can an individual do to reduce exposure to pesticides? List at least three ways.
ANSWER: Individuals can grow organic food or buy certified organic food. Individuals can also wash all fresh fruit and
vegetables thoroughly, eat less meat or certified organic meat, and trim fat from meat before cooking.
69. Explain how eating fish or poultry leads to more sustainable agriculture.
ANSWER: Fish and chicken take approximately half as much grain than pig or cattle to add one kilogram of body weight
to the animal - they are more grain-efficient. Choosing fish or chicken eases some of the strain on agricultural
land to produce grain for animal feed.
70. Describe the current state of the green revolution and where you see the future going.
ANSWER: Answers will vary.
The green revolution is a high input industrialized process of food production. It includes planting
monoculture crops of high yield varieties, using large amounts of industrial fertilizers, pesticides and water,
and multicropping. GMOs are being used to increase yields, with some controversy.. The green revolution
increased industrialized crop production worldwide for many years, but plant production has declined in recent
years. Meat production has increased due to feedlots and fish farms. In the future we may move toward local,
sustainable agriculture to, prevent or repair natural capital degradation; decrease dependence on fossil fuels,
water and energy; restore biodiversity; and save money. If we don't, we will continue to deplete ecological
services, pests will increase, and costs will rise.
71. Why are genetically modified organisms controversial? Do you think they should be used to increase food security?
ANSWER: GMOs are advantageous because they take half as long to develop a new crop (compared to traditional
crossbreeding), usually costs less, and can be developed to be resistant to heat, cold, drought, parasites, etc.
They are already used in 80% of food products in the US. However, GMOs have unknown genetic and
ecological effects, may put toxins in food, and could produce pesticide resistant insects, etc.
Students can argue yes or no using the reasons listed above.
72. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of commercial pesticides and more sustainable pesticides? Which
do you think is the best choice for the future?
ANSWER: Possible answers include:
-Sustainable pest control advantages: long term increased food production, long term profits for farmers,
independence for local farmers, better quality product, supports natural enemies, does not harm the
environment (water and soil), supports soil nutrients.
-Sustainable pest control economic disadvantages: labor intensive, can be expensive.
-Commercial pest control economic advantages: short term increased food production, short term profits,
faster production, new technologies increase safety and effectiveness, saves lives.
-Commercial pest control economic disadvantages: are increasingly more expensive and less effective in the
long term, promotes genetic pest resistance, kills natural enemies thus increasing pest outbreaks, kills
unintended species, pollutes and builds up in the environment, depletes soil quality, harms wildlife, harms
people, overexposure is linked to cases of death.
Students can justify either choice using the reasons listed above.
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Labeling
73. In the accompanying world food production map, choose the location that principally involves industrialized
agriculture.
ANSWER: a
74. In the accompanying world food production map, choose the location that has essentially no agriculture.
ANSWER: f
75. In the accompanying world food production map, choose the location that principally involves intensive traditional
agriculture.
ANSWER: c