Sustaining the Earth 11th Edition Miller

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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

1. More than enough food is produced to meet every human being's needs, but one-sixth of the population in less-
developed countries goes hungry. What is the primary reason for this?
a. uneven food distribution
b. not having enough meat products produced
c. lack of nutrients contained in food
d. not enough fish farms
e. pest attacks on farms
ANSWER: a

2. What is the leading cause of food insecurity in the world?

a. political upheaval
b. inability to transport food safely
c. poverty
d. destruction of harvest by parasites/herbivores
e. war
ANSWER: c

3. The term chronic malnutrition refers to people who

a. eat less than the basic minimum number of daily calories.
b. eat balanced meals.
c. eat too much.
d. do not eat enough proteins and key nutrients.
e. eat too much protein.
ANSWER: d

4. Anemia can be the result of a deficiency in

a. cobalt.
b. iodine.
c. iron.
d. calcium.
e. potassium.
ANSWER: c

5. Roughly how many people worldwide are either undernourished or malnourished?

a. 50 million
b. 100 million
c. 500 million
d. 1 billion
e. 3 billion
ANSWER: d

6. Which aspect of food production most negatively affects human health?

a. conversion of grasslands to rangeland
b. erosion
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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

c. fish kills
d. pesticide residues in water, food, and air.
e. desertification.
ANSWER: d

7. Which type of agriculture is most characteristic of more-developed countries?

a. plantation agriculture
b. traditional intensive agriculture
c. traditional subsistence agriculture
d. industrialized agriculture
e. sustainable agriculture
ANSWER: d

8. What is a monoculture crop?

a. A cloned plant species
b. A large crop of a single species
c. A cultural identity of a species
d. A large farm that grows many varieties of crops
e. A crop that has been severely stricken by disease or drought
ANSWER: b

9. Which of the following is characteristic of subsistence farming?

a. human labor and draft animals
b. monoculture
c. feedlots to raise many animals in a small space
d. large amounts of fossil fuels during cultivation and harvesting
e. industrialized agriculture
ANSWER: a

10. What is the rank these food production systems in order of proportion of the world’s food supplied from biggest to
smallest?
a. cropland, rangeland, and fisheries
b. rangeland, cropland, and fisheries
c. fisheries, rangeland, and cropland
d. cropland, fisheries, and rangeland
e. rangeland, fisheries, and cropland
ANSWER: a

11. What causes waterlogging?

a. desertification
b. an excess of saltwater intrusion
c. heavy rain
d. erosion
e. a rise in the water table from irrigation
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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

ANSWER: e

12. Cattle and dairy cows are responsible for producing around 16% of the world's annual emissions of which greenhouse
gas?
a. carbon dioxide
b. nitrous oxide
c. carbon monoxide
d. chlorofluorocarbons
e. methane
ANSWER: e

13. Which of the following are advantages of animal feedlots?

a. increased meat production, higher profits, and reduced soil erosion
b. higher profits, less overcrowding, and reduced overgrazing
c. reduced overgrazing, greenhouse gas emissions, and higher profits
d. increased genetic resistance in humans, increased meat production, and higher profits
e. reduced soil erosion, less overcrowding, and increased genetic resistance in humans
ANSWER: a

14. Which of the following are benefits of aquaculture?

a. high yields, less waste output, and high profits
b. use of small amounts of feed, high profits, and high yields
c. high profits, high yields, and reduction of the overharvesting of some wild fish
d. high profits, resistance to disease, and less waste output
e. reduction of the overharvesting of some wild fish, less waste output, and high profits
ANSWER: c

15. What causes most soil erosion?

a. severe weather
b. wind, water, and human activities
c. water, human activities, and wild animals
d. volcanoes and earthquakes
e. grazing
ANSWER: b

16. In natural ecosystems, what types of organisms feed off pest species and control the pest populations?
a. prey
b. rodents
c. pesticides
d. natural enemies
e. insects
ANSWER: d

17. A pesticide that is toxic to many pests and non-pest species, is called a
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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

a. monoapplication.
b. natural application.
c. pest target.
d. broad-spectrum agent.
e. narrow-spectrum agent.
ANSWER: d

18. If an aphid is an example of a crop-eating pest, what is a lady bird beetle (lady bug) that eats the aphid?
a. A natural enemy
b. A pesticide
c. A parasite
d. An invasive species
e. A nematode
ANSWER: a

19. Which scientist is responsible for alerting the public and scientific community to the threats of pesticides?
a. Rhonda Stavinski
b. Rachel Carson
c. Jacques Cousteau
d. Linda Applebaum
e. Tracy Lee
ANSWER: b

20. A United States corporation manufactures a pesticide that is banned for use in the USA. The corporation markets the
pesticide overseas, where it is applied to tropical produce. The tropical produce is imported into the U.S. for consumption
by consumers such as you. What is this process called?
a. circle of poison
b. IPM
c. trickle-down effect
d. bioaccumulation
e. chemical disruption
ANSWER: a

21. What is a pheromone?

a. A new form of chemical insecticide waiting approval by the EPA
b. A strong herbicide
c. A species-specific chemical sex attractant
d. A chemical that travels in the bloodstream and controls an organism's growth and development
e. A safe, natural pesticide
ANSWER: c

22. What is a hormone?

a. A new form of chemical insecticide waiting approval by the EPA
b. A strong herbicide
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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

c. A species-specific chemical sex attractant

d. A chemical that travels in the circulatory system and controls an organism's growth and development
e. A safe, natural pesticide
ANSWER: d

23. Which of the following would be used to kill weeds?

a. herbicides
b. rodenticides
c. fungicides
d. insecticides
e. natural enemies
ANSWER: a

24. Integrated pest management ____ than pesticides.

a. is more labor intensive
b. is faster acting
c. requires more fertilizer and irrigation
d. is less environmentally sound
e. is easier to use
ANSWER: a

25. IPM (integrated pest management) is becoming widespread as a way to control pests. This method
a. first uses chemical controls to maximize yields.
b. has been shown not to be effective in commercial agriculture.
c. first uses cultivation such as intercropping, then uses biological controls, and then uses chemical controls in
hard hit areas.
d. uses a mixture of several modern pesticides applied at one time.
e. first uses chemical controls, then biological controls and then cultivation.
ANSWER: c

26. Which of the following categories includes all of the others?

a. insecticides
b. herbicides
c. pesticides
d. fungicides
e. rodenticides
ANSWER: c

27. Pesticides used to kill only a selective, target species are referred to as
a. broad spectrum.
b. insecticides.
c. natural enemies.
d. narrow spectrum.
e. persistent.
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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

ANSWER: d

28. Contour farming involves

a. converting a steep slope into a series of terraces.
b. building a series of small dams.
c. plowing and planting in rows across the slope rather than up and down.
d. plowing straight down-slope or straight up-slope.
e. stimulating the growth of soil bacteria.
ANSWER: c

29. What agricultural style prevents erosion on steep slopes?

a. windbreaks
b. conservation tillage farming
c. terracing
d. strip cropping
e. crop rotation
ANSWER: c

30. In alley cropping,

a. crops are planted between rows of trees or shrubs that are used for fruit or firewood.
b. terraces are built to prevent swift water runoff.
c. plowing runs across slopes.
d. special tillers are used so the topsoil is not disturbed.
e. a small series of dams are built.
ANSWER: a

31. A farmer with 1,000 acres desires to reduce soil erosion on her land. Her acreage is open fields on a steep mountain
slope. What is her best option to reduce erosion?
a. terracing
b. alley cropping
c. strip cropping
d. contour farming
e. leveling the mountain
ANSWER: a

32. Which of the following characterize sustainable agriculture?

a. Promoting monoculture, use of organic fertilizers, and conserving topsoil
b. Lack of need of substantial fossil fuels, maintaining current aquaculture, and using organic fertilizers
c. Conserving topsoil, using of organic fertilizers, and lessening the use of genetically engineered crops
d. Maintaining current aquaculture, using of organic fertilizers, and promoting monoculture
e. Promoting monoculture, lessening the use of genetically engineered crops, and using organic fertilizers
ANSWER: c

33. Sustainable agriculture is characterized by the major use of

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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

a. massive irrigation projects.

b. fossil fuels.
c. pesticides.
d. organic fertilizers.
e. inorganic fertilizers.
ANSWER: d

34. Sustainable agriculture

a. treats agriculture as an industry.
b. treats long-term soil quality as a top priority.
c. has a goal of increasing short-term crop production.
d. depends on genetic engineering of high-yield crops.
e. never includes crop rotation.
ANSWER: b

35. How can an individual support the concept of sustainable agriculture?

a. Eat higher on the food chain.
b. Purchase food primarily from chain retailers.
c. Eat more meat products.
d. Use pesticides in his/her home garden.
e. Eat locally grown food.
ANSWER: e

36. What are the two main approaches the government uses to influence food production?
a. eliminating subsidies and controlling prices
b. importing needed crops and controlling pricing
c. providing subsidies and recycling
d. eliminating subsidies and importing needed crops
e. controlling prices and providing subsidies
ANSWER: e

37. What are the three major types of organic fertilizer?

a. green manure, nitrate spray, and animal manure
b. sewage sludge, compost, and green manure
c. compost, liquid manure, and nitrate spray
d. animal manure, compost, and green manure
e. liquid manure, sewage sludge, and animal manure
ANSWER: d

38. Global food supplies can be made more available and affordable by
a. purchasing food from big box stores.
b. consuming more meat.
c. eliminating subsidies.

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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

d. wasting less food.

e. promoting free trade.
ANSWER: d

39. Soil conservation on farms is best implemented by which of the following methods?
a. terracing, contour farming, and alley cropping
b. contour farming, plowing, and cover crops
c. alley cropping, cover crops, and plowing
d. plowing, tilling, and contour farming
e. cover crops, alley cropping, and tilling
ANSWER: a

40. Planting crops in alternating rows of close-growing plants

a. creates windbreaks.
b. is called strip cropping.
c. is called crop rotation.
d. increases erosion rates.
e. decreases soil's water holding capacity.
ANSWER: b

41. People who are underfed and people who are overfed face similar health problems.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

42. Malnourished individuals may become more prone to infections and may eventually develop a specific deficiency
disease.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

43. Current worldwide food production is less than in previous decades.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

44. The small number of livestock and grains that humans depend on for food places us in an advantageous position to
withstand the effects of environmental degradation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

45. Plantation agriculture is primarily used to reduce soil erosion and restore soil fertility.
a. True
b. False
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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

ANSWER: False

46. Crossbreeding is a quick and reliable process that combines genes from genetically dissimilar species to produce a
valuable new crop.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

47. Aquaculture is the world's fastest growing type of food production.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

48. The United States’ agricultural system employs more people than the automotive, steel, and housing industries
combined.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

49. The need for large inputs of commercial inorganic fertilizers is a disadvantage to the green revolution.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

50. Livestock production generates more of the world’s greenhouse gases than the transportation sector.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

51. Pesticide use has resulted in increased pest resistance and therefore an increased use of pesticides.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

52. Even if a country has banned the use of DDT, the pesticide can still enter the country as it can be carried by vectors
such as wind.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

53. One of the best ways to overcome undernutrition is to reduce poverty.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

54. Crop rotation depletes nutrients in the topsoil more than when only a single crop is used year after year.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

55. Polyculture farms produce higher yields than high-input monoculture farms.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

56. Goiter is caused by a deficiency of ____________________.

ANSWER: iodine

57. ____________________ is the condition under which all or most of the people in a population have daily access to
enough nutritious food to live active and healthy lives.
ANSWER: Food security

58. More-developed countries primarily use ____________________ agriculture for food production.
ANSWER: industrialized
high-input

59. _____________________ result from altering an organism’s genetic material to produce desirable traits and therefore,
are very controversial.
ANSWER: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Genetically modified organisms
GMOs

60. Since the 1950s, the ____________________ has increased global food production by planting monocultures of key
crops, increasing yields, and increasing the number of crops grown per year.
ANSWER: green revolution

61. Two problems associated with ____________________ are salination and waterlogging.
ANSWER: irrigation

62. ____________________ is the movement of surface litter and topsoil.

ANSWER: Soil erosion

63. ____________________ occurs when the productive potential of topsoil falls by 10% or more because of prolonged
drought and human activities.
ANSWER: Desertification

64. Although highly efficient, ____________________ destroys mangrove forests, produces large amounts of waste, and
demands large inputs of land, feed, and water.
ANSWER: aquaculture

65. A(n) ____________________ is the specific type of pesticide used to kill rats and mice.
ANSWER: rodenticide

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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

66. U.S. consumers pay less than the market price of their total food costs. What are three of the hidden costs related to
their food consumption?
ANSWER: Answers will vary and could include taxes for farm subsidies, pollution in transporting to markets, human
health effects from pesticides, polluted water supplies, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss.

67. What are three problems associated with synthetic pesticide use in large-scale agriculture?
ANSWER: Answers might include the following: harm to natural predators; harm to wildlife; harm to people; persistence
in the environment; genetic resistance; and loss of biodiversity.

68. What can an individual do to reduce exposure to pesticides? List at least three ways.
ANSWER: Individuals can grow organic food or buy certified organic food. Individuals can also wash all fresh fruit and
vegetables thoroughly, eat less meat or certified organic meat, and trim fat from meat before cooking.

69. Explain how eating fish or poultry leads to more sustainable agriculture.
ANSWER: Fish and chicken take approximately half as much grain than pig or cattle to add one kilogram of body weight
to the animal - they are more grain-efficient. Choosing fish or chicken eases some of the strain on agricultural
land to produce grain for animal feed.

70. Describe the current state of the green revolution and where you see the future going.
ANSWER: Answers will vary.
The green revolution is a high input industrialized process of food production. It includes planting
monoculture crops of high yield varieties, using large amounts of industrial fertilizers, pesticides and water,
and multicropping. GMOs are being used to increase yields, with some controversy.. The green revolution
increased industrialized crop production worldwide for many years, but plant production has declined in recent
years. Meat production has increased due to feedlots and fish farms. In the future we may move toward local,
sustainable agriculture to, prevent or repair natural capital degradation; decrease dependence on fossil fuels,
water and energy; restore biodiversity; and save money. If we don't, we will continue to deplete ecological
services, pests will increase, and costs will rise.

71. Why are genetically modified organisms controversial? Do you think they should be used to increase food security?
ANSWER: GMOs are advantageous because they take half as long to develop a new crop (compared to traditional
crossbreeding), usually costs less, and can be developed to be resistant to heat, cold, drought, parasites, etc.
They are already used in 80% of food products in the US. However, GMOs have unknown genetic and
ecological effects, may put toxins in food, and could produce pesticide resistant insects, etc.
Students can argue yes or no using the reasons listed above.

72. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of commercial pesticides and more sustainable pesticides? Which
do you think is the best choice for the future?
ANSWER: Possible answers include:
-Sustainable pest control advantages: long term increased food production, long term profits for farmers,
independence for local farmers, better quality product, supports natural enemies, does not harm the
environment (water and soil), supports soil nutrients.
-Sustainable pest control economic disadvantages: labor intensive, can be expensive.
-Commercial pest control economic advantages: short term increased food production, short term profits,
faster production, new technologies increase safety and effectiveness, saves lives.
-Commercial pest control economic disadvantages: are increasingly more expensive and less effective in the
long term, promotes genetic pest resistance, kills natural enemies thus increasing pest outbreaks, kills
unintended species, pollutes and builds up in the environment, depletes soil quality, harms wildlife, harms
people, overexposure is linked to cases of death.
Students can justify either choice using the reasons listed above.
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Chapter 7 - Food, Soil, and Pest Management

Labeling

73. In the accompanying world food production map, choose the location that principally involves industrialized
agriculture.
ANSWER: a

74. In the accompanying world food production map, choose the location that has essentially no agriculture.
ANSWER: f

75. In the accompanying world food production map, choose the location that principally involves intensive traditional
agriculture.
ANSWER: c

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